1997年全國(guó)入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)試題及解析

Section ClozeForeachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C],and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.(10points)ManpowerInc.,with560,000workers,istheworld’slargesttemporaryemploymentagency.Everymorning,itspeople大41家intotheofficesandfactoriesofAmerica,seekingaday’sforaday’spay.Onedayatatime.大42家industrialgiantslikeGeneralMotorsandIBMtosurvive大43家reducingthenumberofemployeesManpowerbasedinMilwaukee,Wisconsin,isbooming.大44家itseconomycontinuestorecover,theUSisincreasingly inganationofpart-timersandtemporaryworkers.This“大45家work isthemostimportant大46家inAmericanbusinesstoday,anditis大47家changingtherelationshipbetweenpeopleandtheirjobs.Thephenomenonprovidesawayforcompaniestoremaingloballycompetitive大48家avoidingmarketcyclesandthegrowingburdens大49家byemploymentrules,healthcarecostsandns.Forworkersitcanmeananendtothesecuritybenefitsandsenseof大50家thatcamefrombeingaloyalemployee.[A] [B] [C]separate[D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A]Eventhough[B]Now [C]If [D]Provided[A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C]fundamentally[D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D]SectionIIIReadingEachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEETbyblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.(40points)Itwas3:45inthemorningwhenthevotewasfinallytaken.Aftersixmonthsofarguingandfinal16hoursofhotparliamentarydebates,Australia’sNorthernTerritorybecamethefirstlegalauthorityintheworldtoallowdoctorstotakethelivesofincurablyillpatientswhowishtodie.Themeasurepassedbytheconvincingvoteof15to10.AlmostimmediaywordflashedontheInternetandwaspickedup,halfaworldaway,byJohnHofsess,executivedirectoroftheRighttoDieSocietyofCanada.Hesentitonviathegroup’son-lineservice,DeathNET.SaysHofsess:“Wepostedbulletinsalldaylong,becauseofcoursethisisn’tjustsomethingthathappenedinAustralia.It’sworldhistory.Thefullimportmaytakeawhiletosinkin.TheNTRightsoftheTerminallyIlllawhasleftphysiciansandcitizensaliketryingtodealwithitsmoralandpracticalimplications.Somehavebreathedsighsofrelief,others,includingchurches,right-to-lifegroupsandtheAustralianMedicalAssociation,bitterlyattackedthebillandthehasteofitspassage.Butthetideisunlikelytoturnback.InAustralia--whereanagingpopulation,life-extendingtechnologyandchangingcommunityattitudeshaveallyedtheirpart--otherstatesaregoingtoconsidermakingasimilarlawtodealwitheuthanasia.IntheUSandCanada,wheretheright-to-diemovementisgatheringstrength,observersarewaitingforthedominoestostartfalling.UnderthenewNorthernTerritorylaw,anadultpatientcanrequestdeath--probablybyadeadlyinjectionorpill--toputanendtosuffering.Thepatientmustbediagnosedasterminallyillbytwodoctors.Aftera“coolingoffperiodofsevendays,thepatientcansignaofrequest.After48hoursthewishfordeathcanbemet.ForLloydNickson,a54-year-oldDarwinresidentsufferingfromlungcancer,theNTRightsofTerminallyIlllawmeanshecangetonwithlivingwithoutthehauntingfearofhissuffering:aterrifyingdeathfromhisbreathingcondition.“I’mnotafraidofdyingfromaspiritualpointofview,butwhatIwasafraidofwashowI’dgo,becauseI’vewatchedpeopledieinthehospitalfightingforoxygenandclawingattheirmasks,hesays.Fromthesecondparagraphwelearnthat theobjectiontoeuthanasiaisslowtocomeinotherphysiciansandcitizenssharethesameviewonchangingtechnologyischieflyresponsibleforthehastypassageoftheittakestimetorealizethesignificanceofthelaw’sWhentheauthorsaysthatobserversarewaitingforthedominoestostartfalling,he observersaretakingawait-and-seeattitudetowardsthefutureofsimilarbillsarelikelytobepassedintheUS,Canadaandotherobserversarewaitingtoseetheresultofthegameoftheeffect-takingprocessofthepassedbillmayfinallycometoaWhenLloydNicksondies,hewill facehisdeathwithcalmcharacteristicofexperiencethesufferingofalungcancerhaveanintensefearofterribleundergoacoolingoffperiodofsevenTheauthor’sattitudetowardseuthanasiaseemstobethatof AreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendly,courteous,andhelpfulmostAmericansweretothem.Tobefair,thisobservationisalsofrequentlymadeofCanadaandCanadians,andshouldbestbeconsideredNorthAmerican.Thereare,ofcourse,exceptions.Small-mindedofficials,rudewaiters,andill-manneredtaxidriversarehardlyunknownintheUS.Yetitisanobservationmadesofrequentlythatitdeservescomment.Foralongperiodoftimeandinmanypartsofthecountry,atravelerwasa ebreakinanotherwisedullexistence.Dullnessandlonelinesswerecommonproblemsofthefamilieswhogenerallyliveddistantfromoneanother.Strangersandtravelerswere esourcesofdiversion,andbroughtnewsoftheoutsideworld.Theharshrealitiesofthefrontieralsoshapedthistraditionofhospitality.Someonetravelingalone,ifhungry,injured,orill,oftenhadnowheretoturnexcepttothenearestcabinorsettlement.Itwasnotamatterofchoiceforthetravelerormerelyacharitableimpulseonthepartofthesettlers.Itreflectedtheharshnessofdailylife:ifyoudidn’ttakeinthestrangerandtakecareofhim,therewasnooneelsewhowould.Andsomeday,remember,youmightbeinthesamesituation.Todaytherearemanycharitableorganizationswhichspecializeinhelthewearytraveler.Yet,theoldtraditionofhospitalitytostrangersisstillverystrongintheUS,especiallyinthesmallercitiesandtownsawayfromthebusytouristtrails.“Iwasjusttravelingthrough,gottalkingwiththisAmerican,andprettysoonheinvitedmehomefordinner--amazing.SuchobservationsreportedvisitorstotheUSarenot mon,butarenotalwaysunderstoodproperly.ThecasualfriendlinessofmanyAmericansshouldbeinterpretedneitherassuperficialnorasartificial,butastheresultofahistoricallydevelopedculturaltradition.Asistrueofanydevelopedsociety,inAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignals,assumptions,andconventionsunderliesallsocialinterrelationships.And,ofcourse,speakingalanguagedoesnotnecessarilymeanthatsomeoneunderstandssocialandculturalpatterns.Visitorswhofailto“translateculturalmeaningsproperlyoftendrawwrongconclusions.Forexample,whenanAmericanusestheword“friend,theculturalimplicationsofthewordmaybequitedifferentfromthoseithasinthevisitor’slanguageandculture.Ittakesmorethanabriefencounteronabustodistinguishbetweencourteousconventionandindividualinterest.Yet,beingfriendlyisavirtuethatmanyAmericansvaluehighlyandexpectfrombothneighborsandstrangers.Intheeyesofvisitorsfromtheoutsideworld, rudetaxidriversarerarelyseeninthesmall-mindedofficialsdeserveaseriousCanadiansarenotsofriendlyastheirmostAmericansarereadytoofferItcouldbeinferredfromthelastparagraph cultureexercisesaninfluenceoversocialcourteousconventionandindividualinterestarevariousvirtuesmanifestthemselvesexclusivelyamongsocialinterrelationshipsequalthecomplexsetofculturalFamiliesinfrontiersettlementsusedtoentertain toimprovetheirhardinviewoftheirlong-distancetoaddsomeflavortotheirowndailyoutofacharitableThetraditionofhospitalitytostrangers tendstobesuperficialandisgenerallywellkeptupintheUnitedisalwaysunderstoodhassomethingtodowiththebusytouristTechnically,anysubstanceotherthanfoodthataltersourbodilyormentalfunctioningisadrug.Manypeoplemistakenlybelievethetermdrugrefersonlytosomesortofmedicineoranillegalchemicaltakenbydrugaddicts.Theydon’trealizethatfamiliarsubstancessuchasalcoholandarealsodrugs.Thisiswhythemoreneutraltermsubstanceisnowusedbymanyphysiciansandpsychologists.Thephrase“substanceabuseisoftenusedinsteadof“drugabusetomakeclearthatsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccocanbejustasharmfullymisusedasande.Weliveinasocietyinwhichthemedicinalandsocialuseofsubstances(drugs)ispervasive:anaspirintoquietaheadache,somewinetobesociable,coffeetogetgoinginthemorning,acigaretteforthenerves.Whendothesesociallyacceptableandapparentlyconstructiveusesofasubstanceemisuses?Firstofall,mostsubstancestakeninexcesswillproducenegativeeffectssuchaspoisoningorintenseperceptualdistortions.Repeateduseofasubstancecanalsoleadtophysicaladdictionorsubstancedependence.Dependenceismarkedfirstbyanincreasedtolerance,withmoreandmoreofthesubstancerequiredtoproducethedesiredeffect,andthenbytheappearanceunpleasantwithdrawalsymptomswhenthesubstanceisdisDrugs(substances)thataffectthecentralnervoussystemandalterperception,mood,andbehaviorareknownaspsychoactivesubstances.Psychoactivesubstancesarecommonlygroupedaccordingtowhethertheyarestimulants,depressants,orhallucinogens.Stimulantsinitiallyspeeduporactivatethecentralnervoussystem,whereasdepressantsslowitdown.Hallucinogenshavetheirprimaryeffectonperception,distortingandalteringitinavarietyofwaysincludingproducinghallucinations.Thesearethesubstancesoftencalledpsychedelic(fromtheGreekwordmeaning“mind-manifesting)becausetheyseemedtoradicallyalterone’sstateofconsciousness.“Substanceabuse(Line5,Paragraph1)ispreferableto“drugabuseinthat substancescanalterourbodilyormentalfunctioningifillegally“drugabuseisonlyrelatedtoalimitednumberofdrugalcoholandtobaccoareasfatalasandmanysubstancesotherthanorecanalsobeTheword“pervasive(Line1,Paragraph2)mightmean Physicaldependenceoncertainsubstancesresultsfrom uncontrolledconsumptionofthemoverlongperiodsofexclusiveuseofthemforsocialtativeapplicationofthemtothetreatmentofcarelessemploymentofthemforunpleasantFromthelastparagraphwecaninferthat stimulantsfunctionpositivelyonthehallucinogensareinthemselvesharmfultodepressantsaretheworsttypeofpsychoactivethethreetypesofpsychoactivesubstancesarecommonlyusedin likestobetolditiscontributingtothemoraldeclineofanation.“Isthiswhatyouintendedto plishwithyourcareers?SenatorRobertDoleaskedTimeWarnerexecutiveslastweek.“Youhavesoldyoursouls,butmustyoucorruptournationandthreatenourchildrenaswell?AtTimeWarner,however,suchquestionsaresimplythelatestmanifestationofthesoul-searchingthathasinvolvedthe eversincethe wasbornin1990.It’saself-examinationthathas,atvarioustimes,involvedissuesofresponsibility,creativedomandthecorporatebottomline.AtthecoreofthisdebateischairmanGeraldLevin,56,whotookoverforthelateSteveRossin1992.Onthefinancialfront,Levinisunderpressuretoraisethestockpriceandreducethe mountainousdebt,whichwillincreaseto$17.3billionaftertwonewcabledealsclose.Hehaspromisedtoselloffsomeofthepropertyandrestructurethe butinvestorsarewaitingTheflapoverrapisnotmakinglifeanyeasierforhim.Levinhasconsistentlydefendedthe’srapmusiconthegroundsofexpression.In1992,whenTimeWarnerwasunderfirereleasingIce-T’sviolentrapsongCopKiller,Levindescribedrapasalawfulexpressionofstreetculture,whichdeservesanoutlet.“Thetestofanydemocraticsociety,hewroteinaWallStreetJournalcolumn,“l(fā)iesnotinhowwellitcancontrolexpressionbutinwhetheritgivesdomofthoughtandexpressionthewidestpossiblelatitude,howeverdisputableorirritatingtheresultsmaysometimesbe.Wewon’tretreatinthefaceofanythreats.Levinwouldnotcommentonthedebatelastweek,butthereweresignsthatthechairmanwasbackingoffhishard-linestand,atleasttosomeextent.Duringthediscussionofrocksingingversesatlastmonth’sstockholders’meeting,Levinassertedthat“musicisnotthecauseofsociety’sillsandevencitedhisson,ateacherintheBronx,NewYork,whousesraptocommunicatewithstudents.Buthetalkedaswellaboutthe“balancedstrugglebetweencreativedomandsocialresponsibility,andheannouncedthatthe wouldlaunchadrivetodevelopstandardsfordistributionandlabelingofpotentiallyobjectionablemusic.The15-memberTimeWarnerboardisgenerallysupportiveofLevinandhiscorporatestrategy.Butinsiderssayseveralofthemhaveshowntheirconcernsinthismatter.“Someofushaveknownformany,manyyearsthatthedomsundertheFirstAmendmentarenottotallyunlimited,saysLuce.“Ithinkitisperhapsthecasethatsomepeopleassociatedwiththe haveonlyrecentlycometorealizethis.SenatorRobertDolecriticizedTimeWarnerfor itsraisingofthecorporatestockitsself-examinationofitsneglectofsocialitsemphasisoncreativeAccordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisLuceisaspokesmanofTimeGeraldLevinisliabletoTimeWarnerisunitedasoneinthefaceoftheSteveRossisnolongerInfaceoftherecentattacksonthe,thechairman stucktoastrongstandtodefenddomofsoftenedhistoneandadoptedsomenewchangedhisattitudeandyieldedtoreceivedmoresupportfromthe15-memberThebesttitleforthispassagecouldbe AunderADebateonMoralALawfulOutletofStreetAFormofCreativeMuchofthelanguageusedtodescribemonetary,suchas“steeringtheeconomytoasoftlandingor“atouchonthebrakes,makesitsoundlikeaprecisescience.Nothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth.Thelinkbetweeninterestratesandinflationisuncertain.Andtherearelong,variablelagsbeforechangeshaveanyeffectontheeconomy.Hencetheogythatlikenstheconductofmonetarytodrivingacarwithablackenedwindscreen,acrackedrear-viewmirrorandafaultysteeringwheel.Givenallthesedisadvantages,centralbankersseemtohavehadmuchtoboastaboutoflate.Averageinflationinthebigsevenindustrialeconomiesfelltoamere2.3%lastyear,closetoitslowestlevelin30years,beforerisingslightlyto2.5%thisJuly.Thisisalongwaybelowthedouble-digitrateswhichmanycountriesexperiencedinthe1970sandearly1980s.Itisalsolessthanmostforecastershadpredicted.Inlate1994thepanelofeconomistswhichTheEconomistpollseachmonthsaidthatAmerica’sinflationratewouldaverage3.5%in1995.Infact,itfellto2.6%inAugust,andisexpectedtoaverageonlyabout3%fortheyearasawhole.InBritainandJapaninflationisrunninghalfapercentagepointbelowtheratepredictedattheendoflastyear.Thisisnoflashinthepan;overthepastcoupleofyears,inflationhasbeenconsistentlylowerthanexpectedinBritainandAmerica.EconomistshavebeenparticularlysurprisedbyfavorableinflationfiguresinBritainandtheUnitedStates,sinceconventionalmeasuressuggestthatbotheconomies,andespeciallyAmerica’s,havelittleproductiveslack.America’scapacityutilization,forexample,hithistoricallyhighlevelsearlierthisyear,anditsjoblessrate(5.6%inAugust)hasfallenbelowmostestimatesofthenaturalrateofunemployment--theratebelowwhichinflationhastakenoffinthepast.Whyhasinflationprovedsomild?Themostthrillingexnationis,unfortunay,adefective.Someeconomistsarguethatpowerfulstructuralchangesintheworldhaveupendedtheoldeconomicmodelsthatwerebaseduponthehistoricallinkbetweengrowthandinflation.Fromthepassagewelearnthat thereisadefiniterelationshipbetweeninflationandinteresteconomywillalwaysfollowcertaintheeconomicsituationisbetterthaneconomistshadforeseenthepresenteconomicAccordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisMakingmonetarypoliciesiscomparabletodrivingaAnextremelylowjoblessratewillleadtoAhighunemploymentratewillresultfromInterestrateshaveanimmediateeffectontheThesentence“Thisisnoflashinthepan(Line5,Paragraph3)meansthat thelowinflationratewilllastforsometheinflationratewillsoontheinflationwilldisappearthereisnoinflationatThepassageshowsthattheauthoris thepresentcriticalpuzzleddisappointedamazedSectionIVEnglish-Readthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesinto.YourtranslationmustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Doanimalshaverights?Thisishowthequestionisusuallyput.Itsoundslikeauseful,ground-clearingwaytostart.71)Actually,itisn’t,becauseitassumesthatthereisanagreedaccountofhumanrights,whichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave.Ononeviewofrights,tobesure,itnecessarilyfollowsthatanimalshavenone.72)Somephilosophersarguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontract,aspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements.Therefore,animalscannothaverights.Theideaofpunishingatigerthatkillssomebodyisabsurd,forexactlythesamereason,soistheideathattigershaverights.However,thisisonlyoneaccount,andbynomeansanuncontestedone.Itdeniesrightsnotonlytoanimalsbutalsotopeople--forinstance,toinfants,thementallyincapableandfuturegenerations.Inaddition,itisunclearwhatacontractcanhaveforpeoplewhoneverconsentedtoit:howdoyoureplytosomebodywhosays“Idon’tlikethiscontract?Thepointisthis:withoutagreementontherightsofpeople,arguingabouttherightsofanimalsisfruitless.73)Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset:itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumans,orwithnoconsiderationatall.Thisisafalsechoice.Bettertostartwithanother,morefundamental,question:isthewaywetreatanimalsamoralissueatall?Manydenyit.74)Arguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespect,extremistsofthiskindthinkthatanimalslieoutsidetheareaofmoralchoice.Anyregardforthesufferingofanimalsisseenasamistake--asentimentaldiscementoffeelingthatshouldproperlybedirectedtootherhumans.Thisview,whichholdsthattorturingamonkeyismorallyequivalenttochopwood,mayseembravely“l(fā)ogical.Infactitissimplyshallow:theconfusedcenterisrighttorejectit.Themostelementaryformofmoralreasoning--theethicalequivalentoflearningtocrawl--istoweighothers’interestsagainstone’sown.Thisinturnrequiressympathyandimagination:withoutwhichthereisnocapacityformoralthought.Toseeananimalinpainisenough,formost,toengagesympathy.75)Whenthathappens,itisnotamistake:itismankind’sinstinctformoralreasoninginaction,aninstinctthatshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughedat.Section Studythefollowingsetofpicturescarefullyandwriteanessayinnolessthan120YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET.(15YouressayshouldcoveralltheinformationprovidedandmeettherequirementsInterpretthefollowingPredictthetendencyoftobaccoconsumptionandgiveyour1997年考研英語(yǔ)答SectionII:ClozeTest(100.SectionIII:ReadingComprehension(409.70.SectionIV:English-Translation(15事實(shí)并非如此,因?yàn)檫@種問(wèn)法是以人們對(duì)人的權(quán)利有共同認(rèn)識(shí)為基礎(chǔ)的,而有些哲學(xué)家論