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ClinicalCytogeneticsDisorders
oftheAutosomesand
theSex
ChromosomesChapter6ClinicalFeaturesofChromosomeDiseaseClinicalfeatureThegeneralfeaturesinautosomeabnormalitiesaretriadof
growthretardation,mentalretardation,and
specificsomaticabnormalities.Changeof
sexchromosome
alsohavetheabnormalitiesandmalformationsofinternalorexternalgenitalorgans.DownSyndrome(Trisomy21Syndrome)Trisomy18SyndromeTrisomy13SyndromeCriDuChatSyndromeMicrodeletionSyndromeAutosomalDisorders
(常染色體病)DownSyndrome(Trisomy21Syndrome,21三體綜合征)
Asyndromeresultsfromcompleteorpartialtrisomy21chromosome,knownas
Downsyndrome.ClinicalFeaturesClinicalFeatures
TheKaryotypesinDownSyndromeTrisomy21
(三體型)——95%
47,XX(orXY),+21Translocation
(易位型)——4%
46,XX(orXY),-14,+t(14;21)(p10;q10)46,XX(orXY),-21,+t(21;21)(p10;q10)MosaicDownSyndrome(嵌合型)——1%
46,XX(orXY)/47,XX(orXY),+21RobertsonianTranslocation46,XY,-14,+rob(14;21)BalancedTranslocationCarrier
45,XY,-14,-21,+rob(14;21)(平衡易位攜帶者)
14q21qTranslocationcarrier(viable)21q21qTranslocationNondisjunctioninmitosisMosaicDownSyndromeThegenesonchromosome21
Mentalretardation:
DSCAM、ADNP、DSCR1、ETS2
MNBH/DYRK1、SOD1Congenitalheartdefects,CHD:
COL6A1/2、
KCNE-2Leukaemia:
AML1
RiskofTrisomy21MotherageDownsyndromeincidence20~251:180025~291:150030~341:80035~391:25040~441:10045~1:50Trisomy18Syndrome(18三體綜合征)ClinicalFeaturesClinicalFeatures1in3500~8000newbornsTrisomy18syndrome(EdwardsSyndrome)ClinicalfeatureGrowthretardationMentalretardationCongenitalheartdisease(先心)Rocker-bottomfeet(搖椅型足)fixedflexiondeformityofthefingers(手指彎曲畸形)Trisomy18SyndromeTrisomy18SyndromeThecategory:
Trisomy18(80%)
47,XX(orXY),+18
Mosaictrisomy18(10%)
46,XX(orXY)/47,XX(orXY),+18Trisomy18SyndromeTrisomy13Syndrome(PatauSyndrome)(13三體綜合征)VaryingdegreesofmentalretardationCleftlip&Cleftpalate(唇裂腭裂)Polydactyly(postaxial)(多指)Equinovarus(馬蹄內(nèi)翻足)1in25000newbornsClinicalfeature47,XX,+13Trisomy13Syndrome
Thecategory:
Trisomy13(80%)
47,XX(orXY),+13
RobertsonianTranslocation(14%)
46,XX(orXY),-14,+t(13q14q)46,XX(orXY),-13,+t(13q13q)
Mosaictrisomy13syndrome(6%)
46,XX(orXY)/47,XX(orXY),+13Trisomy13SyndromeCriDuChatSyndrome(貓叫綜合征)1in50000newbornsRound,moon-shapedface(滿月臉)“Cryofthecat”(貓樣哭聲)VaryingdegreesofmentalretardationLowsetearsClinicalfeature:ClinicalFeaturesCriDuChatSyndrome
Thekaryotype
46,XX(orXY),del(5)(p15)CriDuChatSyndrome
EtiologyofCriDuChatSyndromeGenomicDisorders(基因組疾?。?/p>
MicrodeletionandDuplicationSyndrome(微缺失和重復(fù)綜合征)
22q11.2微小缺失:DiGeorge綜合征腭帆-心-面綜合征(velocardiofacial)面部畸形及心室流出道缺陷綜合征
(conotruncalanomalyfacesyndrome)PWSASMicrodeletionorContiguousgeneSyndrome
RearrangementDisorder
LocationType
Size(kb)RepeatLength(kb)Smith-Magenissyndrome
17p11.2Deletion4000175-250
dup(17)(p11.2p11.2)
Duplication
DiGeorge/Velocardiofaciasyndrome
22q11.2
Deletion
3000200Cat-eyesyndrome
22q11.2
Duplication
Prader-Willi/Angelman
syndromes
15q11-q13Deletion3500400
Williamssyndrome7q11.23Deletion1600300-400
Neurofibromatosis17q11.2Deletion140085Sotossyndromes5q35Deletion2000400
Thisgeneralsequence-dependentmechanismhasbeenimplicatedinseveralsyndromesinvolvingcontiguousgenerearrangements,whichhavethereforebeentermedgenomicdisorders某些綜合征涉及以序列為基礎(chǔ)的鄰接基因重排機(jī)制,因而稱為基因組病。GenomicDisordersTheSexChromosomes
andTheirAbnormalitiesTheChromosomalBasisofSexDetermination
KaryotypePhenotype
47,XXYmale(Klinefeltersyndrome)
46,XX
normalfemale
45,Xfemale(Turnersyndrome)
46,XYnormalmale
TheYchromosome
makesacrucialroleinnormalmaledevelopment.46,XX45,X47,XXX
KaryotypesandPhenotypesTheXChromatin(X染色質(zhì))
46,XX46,XY46,XXXTheLyonhypothesis(萊昂假說)
1.Inthesomaticcellsoffemalemammals,onlyoneXchromosomeistranscriptionallyactive.ThesecondXisheterochromaticandinactiveandappearsininterphasecellsassexchromatin,theBarrbody.2.Inactivationoccursearlyinembryoniclife.3.Inanyonefemalesomaticcell,theinactiveXmaybeeitherthepaternalorthematernalX,namelytheinactivationisrandomly.MaryF.Lyon
(1961)RandomX-chromosomeInactivationoccursearlyinembryoniclifeTheXInactivationCenter(XIC)andtheXISTGene
TheXinactivationcenter(X失活中心)hasbeenmappedtoproximalXq,inthebandXq13.TheXISTgeneisexpressedonlyfromthealleleontheinactiveX;ItistranscriptionallysilentontheactiveXinbothmaleandfemalecells.
TheXInactivationCenter(XIC)andtheXISTGeneXq13NonrandomXInactivation
Karyotype47,XXY80%mosaics46,XY/47,XXYor
46,XY/48,XXXY15%
KlinefelterSyndrome
身材較高,四肢細(xì)長,生殖器官發(fā)育不全,睪丸不發(fā)育或隱睪,曲細(xì)精管萎縮,呈玻璃樣變性,無精子生成,不育,第二性征發(fā)育不良,女性化性狀,有男子女性型乳房,因雌激素增高。47,XXY
EtiologyofKlinefelterSyndromePaternalmeiosisI1/2MaternalmeiosisI1/3MaternalmeiosisII/postzygoticmitosisremainderNondisjunctionoftheXandtheY1in1000malesTallstaturePredispositiontoviolent,>180cm:1/200>190cm:1/30>200cm:1/10XYYsyndrome(47,XYY)Characteristics
Karyotype
45,X
1/5000femalelivebirths50%
46,X,i(Xq)
1/50,000females15%
Deletionsand
45,X/46,XXTurnerSyndrome1/15,000females15%TurnerSyndrome(45,X)1in5000livebornfemalesCharacteristics
:Shortstature&Webbedneck(身材矮,有蹼頸)Ovariandysgenesis,primaryamenorrhea,infertility(卵巢發(fā)育不良,原發(fā)性閉經(jīng),不孕)Absenceofsecondarysexcharacteristics(第二性征不發(fā)育)Underdevelopedbreasts;widenipples(乳房發(fā)育不良,乳距寬)ClinicalFeaturesClinicalFeaturesClinicalFeaturesspontaneousabortions99%Karyotype:45,XFragileXSyndrome
FragilesiteFragileXFragileXSyndromeFragileXsyndrome
Karyotype:46,fra(X)YIncidence:
1/4000males1/4000-8000females
ClinicalFeaturesMentalretardation(精神發(fā)育遲緩)Languagehandicap(語言障礙)Veryactiveandrestless(多動)Impairedconcentration(凝視回避)Self-mutilation(自殘)Specificfeature(長臉、大下頜)Hugetestis(大睪丸)Clinical
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