英語資源庫(kù)盧閱讀翻譯

1996TextTight-lippedeldersusedtosay,“It’snotwhatyouwantinthisworld,butwhatyouPsychologyteachesthatyoudogetwhatyouwantifyouknowwhatyouwantandwanttherightthings.出言謹(jǐn)慎的老人們經(jīng)常說：“在上，最重要的不是你想要什么，而是你得到Y(jié)oucanmakeamentalblueprintofadesireasyouwouldmakeablueprintofahouse,andeachofusiscontinuallymakingtheseblueprintsinthegeneralroutineofeverydayliving.Ifweintendtohavefriendstodinner,wenthe ,makeashoplist,decidewhichfoodtocookfirst,andsuchnningisanessentialforanytypeofmealtobeserved.Likewise,ifyouwanttofindajob,takeasheetofpaper,andwriteabriefaccountofyourself.Inmakingablueprintforajob,beginwithyourself,forwhenyouknowexactlywhatyouhavetooffer,youcaninligentlynwheretosellyourservices.Thisaccountofyourselfisactuallyasketchofyourworkinglifeandshouldincludeeducation,experienceandreferences.Suchanaccountisvaluable.Itcanbereferredtoinfillingoutstandardapplicationblanksandisextremelyhelpfulin alinterviews.Whiletalkingtoyou,youcould-beemployerisdecidingwhetheryoureducation,yourexperience,andotherqualifications,willpayhimtoemployyouandyour“wares”andabilitiesmustbedisyedinanorderlyandreasonablyconnectedmanner.“商品”和能力必須有條不紊、有理表現(xiàn)出來。Whenyouhavecarefullypreparedablueprintofyourabilitiesanddesires,youhavesomethingtangibletosell.Thenyouarereadytohuntforajob.Getallthepossibleinformationaboutyourcould-bejob.Makeinquiriesastothedetailsregardingthejobandthefirm.Keepyoureyesandearsopen,anduseyourownjudgment.Spendacertainamountoftimeeachdayseekingtheemploymentyouwishfor,andkeepinmind:Securingajobisyourjobnow.1996Text2新10-WiththestartofBBCWorldServiceevision,millionsofviewersinAsiaandAmericacannowwatchtheCorporation’snewscoverage,aswellaslistentoit.AndofcourseinBritainlistenersandviewerscantuneintotwoBBC evisionchannels,fiveBBCnationalradioservicesanddozensoflocalradiostations.Theyhavebroughtsport,comedy,drama,music,newsandcurrentaffairs,education,religion,parliamentarycoverage,children’sprogrammesandfi foranannuallicensefeeof83poundsperhousehold.隨著BBC國(guó)際電視服務(wù) 觀眾們能收看到兩個(gè)BBC電道、收聽到五個(gè)BBC國(guó)內(nèi)廣播電臺(tái)和幾十個(gè)地方廣播電臺(tái)。這些電臺(tái)能給每年交納83英鎊的用戶提供諸如體育、喜劇、戲劇、音樂、、教育、、議會(huì)、兒童以及等電視節(jié)Itisaremarkablerecord,stretchingbackover70yearsyettheBBC’sfutureisnowindoubt.TheCorporationwillsurviveasapublicly-fundedbroadcastingorganization,atleastforthetimebeing,butitsrole,itssizeanditsprogrammesarenowthesubjectofanation-widedebateinBritain.70BBC來說是一個(gè)矚目的成就——可是現(xiàn)在的BBC卻前途未卜。該公司至少在目前將作為依靠基金維持的生存下來，但是其作用、規(guī)模和它的卻在當(dāng)前成為了全英國(guó)爭(zhēng)論的話題。Thedebatewaslaunchedbythe ernment,whichinvitedanyonewithanopinionoftheBBCincludingordinarylistenersandviewerstosaywhatwasgoodorbadabouttheCorporation,andevenwhethertheythoughtitwasworthkee.ThereasonforitsinquiryisthattheBBC’sroyalcharterrunsoutin1996anditmustdecidewhethertokeeptheorganizationasitis,ortomakechanges.這場(chǎng)爭(zhēng)論是由英國(guó)發(fā)起的。邀請(qǐng)了每一個(gè)對(duì)BBC有見解的人——包括普通的聽眾和觀眾——來關(guān)于公司的各種不同意見，甚至包括他們是否認(rèn)為這家公司值得繼續(xù)保持下去之類的意見。這樣征求的原因在于BBC持有的了1996年就會(huì)到期，必須決定繼續(xù)使公司維持現(xiàn)狀，DefendersoftheCorporationofwhomtherearemanyarefondofquotingtheAmericanslogan“Ifitain’tbroke,don’tfixit.”TheBBC“ain’tbroke,”theysay,bywhichtheymeanitisnotbroken(asdistinctfromtheword‘broke’,meaninghavingnomoney),sowhybothertochangeit?公司有很多的支持者，他們最喜歡的一句就是：“如果還沒有壞，就不要修理它?！币虼怂麄冋f，既然BBC“還沒有壞”，也就是說BBC還沒有垮掉（即還沒有），那么為什么要這么麻煩地去改變它呢？YettheBBCwillhavetochange,becausethebroadcastingworldarounditischanging.ThecommercialTVchannelsITVandChannel wererequiredtheThatcherernment’sBroadcastingActto emorecommercial,competingwitheachotherforadvertisers,andcuttingcostsandjobs.Butitisthearrivalofnew litechannels fundedpartlybyadvertisingandpartlybyviewers’ whichwillbringaboutthebiggestchangesinthelong然而，BBC的勢(shì)在必行，因?yàn)槠渲車亩荚诟淖?。政府頒布的《廣播法》要求的商業(yè)電道——獨(dú)立電視和4頻道——都進(jìn)一步進(jìn)行商業(yè)化，在業(yè)務(wù)、降低成本和裁減人員等方面展開競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。但是在將來會(huì)引起最大變化的還是新頻道的出現(xiàn)——這些頻道的部分來自廣注：subscription這里的英文解釋為membershipdues，所以翻譯為“收視1996TextInthelasthalfofthenineteenthcentury“capital”and“l(fā)abour”wereenlargingandperfectingtheirrivalorganizationsonmodernlines.Manyanoldfirmwasrecedbyalimited withabureaucracyofsalariedmanagers.Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementsofthenewagebyengagingalargeprofessionalelementandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.Itwasmoreoverastepawayfromindividualinitiative,towardscollectivismandmunicipalandstate-ownedbusiness.Therailwaycompanies,thoughstillprivatebusinessmanagedforthebenefitofshareholders,wereveryunlikeoldfamilybusiness.Atthesametimethegreatmunicipalitieswentintobusinesstosupplylighting,tramsandotherservicestothetaxpayers.19世紀(jì)后半葉，“資方”和“勞方”按現(xiàn)代不斷擴(kuò)大和完善各自的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手。許多老字號(hào)都被責(zé)任所取代，由領(lǐng)薪經(jīng)理構(gòu)成其管理層。通過聘用大批專業(yè)人員，這種第一代千辛萬苦創(chuàng)立的舊式企業(yè)毀在第二、三代手中。另外，這也是公司擺脫創(chuàng)造，集體化、市營(yíng)化和國(guó)營(yíng)化邁出的一步。雖然鐵路公司仍是為股東謀利的私有企Thegrowthofthelimitedliability andmunicipalbusinesshadimportantconsequences.Suchlarge,imalmanipulationofcapitalandindustrygreatlyincreasedthenumbersandimportanceofshareholdersasaclass,anelementinnationalliferepresentingirresponsiblewealthdetachedfromthelandandthedutiesofthelandowners;andalmostequallydetachedfromtheresponsiblemanagementofbusiness.Allthroughthenineteenthcentury,America,Africa, ,AustraliaandpartsofEuropewerebeingdevelopedbyBritishcapital,andBritishshareholderswerethusenrichedbytheworld’smovementtowardsindustrialization.TownslikeBournemouthandEastbournespranguptohouselarge“comfortable”classeswhohadretiredontheir es,andwhohadnorelationtotherestofthecommunityexceptthatofdrawingdividendsandoccasionallyattendingashareholders’meetingtodictatetheirorderstothemanagement.Ontheotherhand“shareholding”meantleisureand domwhichwasusedbymanyofthelaterVictoriansforthehighestpurposeofagreatcivilization.人大地增加股東作一個(gè)階的數(shù)量其要性。他是國(guó)民活的重部分，代表著非的，不與土地土地所者責(zé)任相分，而且乎也同與企業(yè)的責(zé)任經(jīng)脫離。個(gè)19世，美洲非洲、澳洲及洲的部地區(qū)都英國(guó)的本發(fā)展起的，而國(guó)股東因世界的工業(yè)而發(fā)其財(cái)。伯恩茅和本這樣“除了領(lǐng)紅利，爾參加?xùn)|會(huì)議管人員外，們與周其他人沒有聯(lián)系另一方，“股意味著閑和自，后許多人這種有有閑的The“shareholders”assuchhadnoknowledgeofthelives,thoughtsorneedsoftheworkmenemployedbythe inwhichheheldshares,andhisinfluenceontherelationsofcapitalandlabourwasnotgood.Thepaidmanageractingforthe wasinmoredirectrelationwiththemenandtheirdemands,butevenhehadseldomthatfamiliaralknowledgeoftheworkmenwhichtheemployerhadoftenhadunderthemorepatriarchalsystemoftheoldfamilybusinessnowpassingaway.Indeedthemeresizeofoperationsandthenumbersofworkmeninvolvedrenderedsuchalrelationsimpossible.Fortunay,however,theincreasingpowerandorganizationofthetradeunions,atleastinallskilledtrades,enabledtheworkmentomeetonequaltermsthemanagersofthecompanieswhoemployedthem.Thecrueldisciplineofthestrikeandlockouttaughtthetwopartiestorespecteachother’sstrengthandunderstandthevalueoffairnegotiation.這種股東盡管持有，卻絲毫不了解他們所持股公司里工人們的生活、思想和需 企業(yè)在日益壯大，至少在各個(gè)技術(shù)行業(yè)是這樣，從而工人與雇用他們的公司經(jīng)理們擁有了的地位。和封廠的嚴(yán)酷懲罰使雙方學(xué)會(huì)了彼此尊重的力量，理解公正協(xié)商的價(jià)值。1996Text4新11-WhataccountsforthegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmerica--breakthroughssuchasthe egraph,the boatandtheweavingmachine?Amongthemanyshafactors,Iwouldsingleoutthecountry’sexcellentelementaryschools:alabor edthenewtechnology;thepracticeofgivingpremiumstoinventors;andabovealltheAmericangeniusfornonverbal,“spatial”thinkingaboutthings在早期，像電報(bào)、汽船和織布機(jī)這樣重大的發(fā)明和突破紛涌而出，是什Whymentiontheelementaryschools?Becausethankstotheseschoolsourearlymechanics,especiallyintheNewEnglandandMiddleAtlanticstates,weregenerallyli teandathomeinarithmeticandinsomeaspectsofgeometryandtrigonometry.AcuteforeignobserversrelatedAmericanadaptivenessandinventivenesstothiseducational-advantage.AsamemberofaBritishcommissionvisitingherein1853reported,“Withamindpreparedbythoroughschooldiscipline,theAmericanboydevelopsrapidlyintotheskilledworkman.”在目光敏銳的外國(guó)觀察家眼里，人的適應(yīng)能力和創(chuàng)新能力與這種教育優(yōu)勢(shì)是分不開的。正如1853年訪美的一個(gè)英國(guó)團(tuán)成員所的那樣，“由于的孩子們?cè)趯W(xué)校Afurtherstimulustoinventioncamefromthe“premium”system,whichprecededourpatentsystemandforyearsranparallelwithit.Thisapproach,originatedabroad,offeredinventorsmedals,cashprizesandotherincentives.IntheUnitedStates,multitudesofpremiumsfornewdeviceswereawardedatcountryfairsandattheindustrialfairsinmajorcities.Americansflockedtothesefairstoadmirethenewmachinesandthustorenewtheirfaithinthebeneficenceoftechnologicaladvance.對(duì)發(fā)明創(chuàng)造的另一刺激因素來自“”制度，它產(chǎn)生于專利制度之前，且與后者共存了許多年。這種做法源自國(guó)外，它不僅為發(fā)明者頒發(fā)獎(jiǎng)?wù)潞酮?jiǎng)金，也帶來了其他。在，鄉(xiāng)村博覽會(huì)和在大城市中舉辦的工業(yè)博覽會(huì)大量地頒發(fā)各種獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)給新發(fā)明。Giventhisoptimisticapproachtotechnologicalinnovation,theAmericanworkertookreadilytothatspecialkindofnonverbalthinkingrequiredinmechanicaltechnology.AsEugeneFergusonhaspointedout,“Atechnologistthinksaboutobjectsthatcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions:theyaredealtwithinhismindbyavisual,nonverbalprocess...Thedesignerandtheinventor...areabletoassembleandmanipulateintheirmindsdevicesthatasyetdonotexist.”由于對(duì)這種對(duì)技術(shù)革新的樂觀態(tài)度，工人很快便接受了機(jī)械技術(shù)需要的那種特殊的非語言的思維方式。正如EugeneFerguson所的那樣：“技術(shù)人員思考的東西是無法用明確的語言來表述的；這些東西在他們的頭腦中通過、非語言性的方式被處理加Thisnonverbal“spatial”thinkingcanbejustascreativeaspaintingandwriting.RobertFultononcewrote,“Themechanicshouldsitdownamonglevers,screws,wedges,wheels,etc.,likeapoetamongthelettersofthealphabet,consideringthemasanexhibitionofhisthoughts,inwhichanewarrangementtransmitsanewidea.”這種非語言的”“空間”思維方式與繪畫和寫作一樣具有創(chuàng)造性。RobertFultonWhenallthesesha s--schools,openattitudes,thepremiumsystem,ageniusforspatialthinking--in ctedwithoneanotherontherichU.S.,theyproducedthatAmericancharacteristic,emulation.Todaythatwordimpliesmereimitation.Butinearliertimesitmeantafriendlybutcompetitivestrivingforfameandexcellence.當(dāng)所有這些因素——學(xué)校、開放的態(tài)度、制度及空間思維天賦——在富饒的期，它卻意味著為名譽(yù)和出類拔萃而進(jìn)行友好且激烈的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。1996Text5新12-Rumorhasitthatmorethan20booksoncreationism/evolutionareinthepublisher’spipelines.Afewhavealreadyappeared.Thegoalofallwillbetotrytoexintoaconfusedandoftenunenlightenedcitizenrythattherearenottwoequallyvalidscientifictheoriesfortheoriginandevolutionofuniverseandlife.Cosmology,geology,andbiologyhaveprovidedaconsistent,unified,andconstantlyimprovingaccountofwhathappened.“Scientific”creationism,whichisbeingpushedbysomefor“equaltime”intheclassroomswheneverthescientificaccountsofevolutionaregiven,isbasedonreligion,notscience.Virtuallyallscientistsandthemajorityofnonfundamentalistreligiousleadershavecometoregard“scientific”creationismasbadscienceandbadreligion.據(jù)說，有20多本關(guān)于創(chuàng)世紀(jì)論或進(jìn)化論的書即將。有幾本已經(jīng)面世了。所有這ThefirstfourchaptersofKitcher’sbookgiveaverybriefintroductiontoevolution.Atappropriateces,heintroducesthecriticismsofthecreationistsandprovidesanswers.Inthelastthreechapters,hetakesoffhisglovesandgivesthecreationistsagoodbeating.Hedescribestheirprogrammesandtactics,and,forthoseunfamiliarwiththewaysofcreationists,theextentoftheirdeceptionanddistortionmaycomeasanunpleasantsurprise.Whentheirbasicmotivationisreligious,onemighthaveexpectedmoreChristianbehavior.擊。他了這些人的和，對(duì)那些不了解創(chuàng)世紀(jì)論者慣用手法的人來說，其原本還期待他們會(huì)做出更具精神的作為。Kitcherisaphilosopher,andthismayaccount,inpart,fortheclarityandeffectivenessofhisarguments.Thenon-specialistwillbeabletoobtainatleastanotionofthesortsofdataandargumentthatsupportevolutionarytheory.Thefinalchaptersonthecreationistswillbeextremelycleartoall.Onthedustjacketofthisfinebook,StephenJayGouldsays:“Thisbookstandsforreasonitself.”Andsoitdoes--andallwouldbewellwerereasontheonlyjudgeinthecreationism/evolutiondebate.專業(yè)至少可以了解支持進(jìn)化論的各種數(shù)據(jù)和觀點(diǎn)。最后一章關(guān)于創(chuàng)世紀(jì)論的論述對(duì)每一位讀者來說都闡述得極為清楚。這部?jī)?yōu)秀作品的護(hù)封上了?杰?的話，1997Text1新09-Itwas3:45inthemorningwhenthevotewasfinallytaken.Aftersixmonthsofarguingandfinal16hoursofhotparliamentarydebates,Australia’sNorthernTerritorybecamethefirstlegalauthorityintheworldtoallowdoctorstotakethelivesofincurablyillpatientswhowishtodie.Themeasurepassedbytheconvincingvoteof15to10.Almostimmedia ywordflashedontheInternetandwaspickedup,halfaworldaway,byJohnHofsess,executivedirectoroftheRighttoDieSocietyofCanada.Hesentitonviathegroup’son-lineservice,DeathNET.SaysHofsess:“Wepostedbulletinsalldaylong,becauseofcoursethisisn’tjustsomethingthathappenedinAustralia.It’sworldhistory.”34516個(gè)小時(shí)的國(guó)會(huì)激烈辯1510票的無可爭(zhēng)議的結(jié)果通過的。該消息幾乎同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上。身處地球另一端的權(quán)利執(zhí)行JohnHofsess在看到該消息后便通過的服務(wù)“之網(wǎng)”發(fā)布了公告。他說：“我們這一整天都在發(fā)布公告，因?yàn)檫@件事的意義不僅僅是澳大利亞發(fā)生的事情，而是世界的歷史”Thefullimportmaytakeawhiletosinkin.TheNTRightsoftheTerminallyIlllawhasleftphysiciansandcitizensaliketryingtodealwithitsmoralandpracticalimplications.Somehavebreathedsighsofrelief,others,includingchurches,right-to-lifegroupsandtheAustralianMedicalAssociation,bitterlyattackedthebillandthehasteofitspassage.Butthetideisunlikelytoturnback.InAustralia——whereanagingpopulation,life-extendingtechnologyandchangingcommunityattitudeshaveallyedtheirpart——otherstatesaregoingtoconsidermakingasimilarlawtodealwitheuthanasia.IntheUSandCanada,wheretheright-to-diemovementisgatheringstrength,observersarewaitingforthedominoestostartfalling.這一法案的深刻意義也許還需要一段時(shí)間才能們接受。澳大利亞北部各州所通過到如釋重負(fù)，而另一些人，包括，生命權(quán)利組織以及澳大利亞醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)成員都對(duì)這一決議進(jìn)行了猛烈的，并批評(píng)該決議的通過過于草率。但是這一潮流是的。在澳大利亞，人口化，延長(zhǎng)技術(shù)和公眾態(tài)度的變化都發(fā)揮著各自的作用。其他州也將考慮制定類似的來處理問題。在和，權(quán)利運(yùn)動(dòng)正UnderthenewNorthernTerritorylaw,anadultpatientcanrequestdeath——probablybyadeadlyinjectionorpill——toputanendtosuffering.Thepatientmustbediagnosedasterminallyillbytwodoctors.Aftera“coolingoff”periodofsevendays,thepatientcansignaofrequest.After48hoursthewishfordeathcanbemet.ForLloydNickson,a54-year-oldDarwinresidentsufferingfromlungcancer,theNTRightsofTerminallyIlllawmeanshecangetonwithlivingwithoutthehauntingfearofhissuffering:aterrifyingdeathfromhisbreathingcondition.“I’mnotafraidofdyingfromaspiritualpointofview,butwhatIwasafraidofwashowI’dgo,becauseI’vewatchedpeopledieinthehospitalfightingforoxygenandclawingattheirmasks,”he根據(jù)北部地區(qū)所通過的這項(xiàng)新法案，成年可以要求——可以是通過注射致死藥劑或服用致死藥片——來結(jié)束痛苦。但此前必須經(jīng)由兩名醫(yī)生診斷為晚期病人，然后再需經(jīng)過7天的“冷靜思考期”，才可在申請(qǐng)書上簽字。48小時(shí)后，安樂死的愿望才會(huì)得到滿足。對(duì)于居住在Darwin54歲的肺癌患者LloydNickson來1997Text2新于2011-10-AreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendly,courteous,andhelpfulmostAmericansweretothem.Tobefair,thisobservationisalsofrequentlymadeofCanadaandCanadians,andshouldbestbeconsideredNorthAmerican.Thereare,ofcourse,exceptions.Small-mindedofficials,rudewaiters,andill-manneredtaxidriversarehardlyunknownintheUS.Yetitisanobservationmadesofrequentlythatitdeservescomment.去過的人經(jīng)常帶回報(bào)告說，大多數(shù)人對(duì)他們非常友善、好客、且他們都很樂于助人。公正地說，人們對(duì)和人也有這樣的評(píng)論，因而，應(yīng)當(dāng)認(rèn)為這是一個(gè)普遍的現(xiàn)象。當(dāng)然也有例外。在，心胸狹隘的，舉止粗魯?shù)恼写腿狈甜B(yǎng)的出租車也并非罕見。但人們卻常常得出人好客的評(píng)論，這就值得我們探討。Foralongperiodoftimeandinmanypartsofthecountry,atravelerwasa ebreakinanotherwisedullexistence.Dullnessandlonelinesswerecommonproblemsofthefamilieswhogenerallyliveddistantfromoneanother.Strangersandtravelerswere esourcesofdiversion,andbroughtnewsoftheoutsideworld.過去很長(zhǎng)的一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，在很多地方，旅行者的到來因暫時(shí)打破了本地人原本的Theharshrealitiesofthefrontieralsoshapedthistraditionofhospitality.Someonetravelingalone,ifhungry,injured,orill,oftenhadnowheretoturnexcepttothenearestcabinorsettlement.Itwasnotamatterofchoiceforthetravelerormerelyacharitableimpulseonthepartofthesettlers.Itreflectedtheharshnessofdailylife:ifyoudidn’ttakeinthestrangerandtakecareofhim,therewasnooneelsewhowould.Andsomeday,remember,youmightbeinthesameTodaytherearemanycharitableorganizationswhichspecializeinhelthewearytraveler.Yet,theoldtraditionofhospitalitytostrangersisstillverystrongintheUS,especiallyinthesmallercitiesandtownsawayfromthebusytouristtrails.“Iwasjusttravelingthrough,gottalkingwiththisAmerican,andprettysoonheinvitedmehomefordinner--amazing.”SuchobservationsreportedbyvisitorstotheUSarenot mon,butarenotalwaysunderstoodproperly.ThecasualfriendlinessofmanyAmericansshouldbeinterpretedneitherassuperficialnorasartificial,butastheresultofahistoricallydevelopedculturaltradition.現(xiàn)在有很多慈善組織專門致力于幫助疲憊的旅行者。不過，熱情接待陌生人的傳統(tǒng)在仍然非常流行，尤其是在遠(yuǎn)離旅游的小城鎮(zhèn)。“隨便走了一圈，和這個(gè)到這種的還不少，但他們并非對(duì)這個(gè)現(xiàn)象都能正確理解。很多人在不經(jīng)意間表現(xiàn)Asistrueofanydevelopedsociety,inAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignals,assumptions,andconventionsunderliesallsocialinterrelationships.And,ofcourse,speakingalanguagedoesnotnecessarilymeanthatsomeoneunderstandssocialandculturalpatterns.Visitorswhofailto“translate”culturalmeaningsproperlyoftendrawwrongconclusions.Forexample,whenanAmericanusestheword“friend,”theculturalimplicationsofthewordmaybequitedifferentfromthoseithasinthevisitor’slanguageandculture.Ittakesmorethanabriefencounteronabustodistinguishbetweencourteousconventionandindividualinterest.Yet,beingfriendlyisavirtuethatmanyAmericansvaluehighlyandexpectfrombothneighborsand同任何發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家一樣，人所有的社會(huì)交往的基礎(chǔ)是一整套復(fù)化特征，信念友”是出于好客的文化習(xí)俗還是出于個(gè)人，只靠在公共汽車上的萍水相逢是不夠的。然而，友好是很多人推崇備至的美德，同時(shí)他們也希望自己的鄰居和陌生人也能夠如1997Text3新2011-11-Technically,anysubstanceotherthanfoodthataltersourbodilyormentalfunctioningisadrug.Manypeoplemistakenlybelievethetermdrugrefersonlytosomesortofmedicineoranillegalchemicaltakenbydrugaddicts.Theydon’trealizethatfamiliarsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccoarealsodrugs.Thisiswhythemoreneutraltermsubstanceisnowusedbymanyphysiciansandpsychologists.Thephrase“substanceabuse”isoftenusedinsteadof“drugabuse”tomakeclearthatsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccocanbejustasharmfullymisusedasand“物質(zhì)”這個(gè)更加中性的詞的原因。他們常用“物質(zhì)”而不用“藥物”來清楚表明Weliveinasocietyinwhichthemedicinalandsocialuseofsubstances(drugs)ispervasive:anaspirintoquietaheadache,somewinetobesociable,coffeetogetgoinginthemorning,acigaretteforthenerves.Whendothesesociallyacceptableandapparentlyconstructiveusesofa emisuses?Firstofall,mostsubstancestakeninexcesswillproducenegativeeffectssuchaspoisoningorintenseperceptualdistortions.Repeateduseofasubstancecanalsoleadtophysicaladdictionorsubstancedependence.Dependenceismarkedfirstbyanincreasedtolerance,withmoreandmoreofthesubstancerequiredtoproducethedesiredeffect,andthenbytheappearanceofunpleasantwithdrawalsymptomswhenthesubstanceisdis 成了呢？首先，大多數(shù)物質(zhì)的過量使用都會(huì)產(chǎn)生負(fù)作用，如或嚴(yán)重的感知錯(cuò)亂。Drugs(substances)thataffectthecentralnervoussystemandalterperception,mood,andbehaviorareknownaspsychoactivesubstances.Psychoactivesubstancesarecommonlygroupedaccordingtowhethertheyarestimulants,depressants,orhallucinogens.Stimulantsinitiallyspeeduporactivatethecentralnervoussystem,whereasdepressantsslowitdown.Hallucinogenshavetheirprimaryeffectonperception,distortingandalteringitinavarietyofwaysincludingproducinghallucinations.Thesearethesubstancesoftencalledpsychedelic(fromtheGreekwordmeaning“mind-manifesting”)becausetheyseemedtoradicallyalterone’sstateof質(zhì)，這一類物質(zhì)通常分為、劑和幻覺劑。主要起到加速或激活中樞神經(jīng)不同的方式對(duì)感知加以或改變，其中包括產(chǎn)生幻覺。這些物質(zhì)常被認(rèn)為能“引起幻覺”（psychedelic），因?yàn)樗鼈兯坪跄芡耆淖ⅲ簆sychoactivea.“Substanceabuse”(Line5,Paragraph1)ispreferableto“drugabuse”inthat substancescanalterourbodilyormentalfunctioningifillegally“drugabuse”isonlyrelatedtoalimitednumberofdrugalcoholandtobaccoareasfatal andmanysubstancesother orecanalsobe使用“物質(zhì)”（第一段第五行）這個(gè)詞語比“藥物”更合適是因 除了和之外，還有很多物質(zhì)也[答案Theword“pervasive”(Line1,Paragraph2)mightmean [B]overwhelming [C]piercing [D]fashionable 普遍 [B]勢(shì)不可擋 [C]敏銳 [D]時(shí)尚[答案Physicaldependenceoncertainsubstancesresultsfrom uncontrolledconsumptionofthemoverlongperiodsofexclusiveuseofthemforsocialtativeapplicationofthemtothetreatmentofcarelessemploymentofthemforunpleasant [答案Fromthelastparagraphwecaninfer stimulantsfunctionpositivelyonthehallucinogensareinthemselvesharmfultodepressantsaretheworsttypeofpsychoactivethethreetypesofpsychoactivesubstancesarecommonlyusedin [A]對(duì)于大腦有積極作[答案]1997Text4新2011-11- likestobetolditiscontributingtothemoraldeclineofanation.“Isthiswhatyouintendedto plishwithyourcareers?”SenatorRobertDoleaskedTimeWarnerexecutiveslastweek.“Youhavesoldyoursouls,butmustyoucorruptournationandthreatenourchildrenaswell?”AtTimeWarner,however,suchquestionsaresimplythelatestmanifestationofthesoul-searchingthathasinvolvedthe eversincethe wasbornin1990.It’saself-examinationthathas,atvarioustimes,involvedissuesofresponsibility,creative domandthecorporatebottomline.RobertDole質(zhì)問時(shí)代--華納公司的高級(jí)經(jīng)理們時(shí)說：“難道這就是要成就的事業(yè)嗎？已經(jīng)了自己的，難道還一定要我們這個(gè)民族，我們的下一代嗎？”不過，對(duì)于成立于1990年的時(shí)代--華納公司而言，這樣的質(zhì)問僅僅只是公司自我的AtthecoreofthisdebateischairmanGeraldLevin,56,whotookoverforthelateSteveRossin1992.Onthefinancialfront,Levinisunderpressuretoraisethestockpriceandreduce’smountainousdebt,whichwillincreaseto$17.3billionaftertwonewcabledealsHehaspromisedtoselloffsomeofthepropertyandrestructurethe ,butinvestorsarewaitingimpatiently.56歲的現(xiàn)任董事長(zhǎng)GeraldLevin于1992年已故董事長(zhǎng)SteveRoss，他現(xiàn)在成為兩筆新的有線電視協(xié)議后，公司將達(dá)到173億。他也答應(yīng)部分財(cái)產(chǎn)并重組公Theflapoverrapisnotmakinglifeanyeasierforhim.Levinhasconsistentlydefendedthe’srapmusiconthegroundsofexpression_r.In1992,whenTimeWarnerwasunderforreleasingIce-T’sviolentrapsongCopKiller,Levindescribedrapasalawfulexpression_rofstreetculture,whichdeservesanoutlet.“Thetestofanydemocraticsociety,”hewroteinaWallStreetJournalcolumn,“l(fā)iesnotinhowwellitcancontrolexpression_rbutinwhetheritgivesdomofthoughtandexpression_rthewidestpossiblelatitude,howeverdisputableorirritatingtheresultsmaysometimesbe.Wewon’tretreatinthefaceofanythreats.”對(duì)于說唱音樂的爭(zhēng)論并沒使他的日子變得好過一些。Levin一直以說唱音樂是一種富1992年，當(dāng)公司因隊(duì)狂暴的說唱歌曲《條子》而了巨大的譴責(zé)時(shí)，Levin說這是文化的合法表達(dá)方式，它應(yīng)該有自己的宣泄途徑。他在《華爾街日?qǐng)?bào)》一篇專欄文章：“對(duì)于任何一個(gè)社會(huì)的檢驗(yàn)不在于它如何有效地控制各種和情感的表達(dá)，而在于社會(huì)是否給注：flapasituationinwhichpeoplefeelveryexcitedorworriedaboutsomething；牛津高階字典解釋為：1.(informal,especiallyBrE)astateofworry,confusionandexcitement:Shegetsinaflapovertheslightestthing.◆Harry'sinabitofaflapoverthisinterviewtomorrow.2.(AmE)publicdisagreement,angerorcriticismcausedbysthapublicfigurehassaidordone:theflapaboutthe'sbusinessaffairsLevinwouldnotcommentonthedebatelastweek,butthereweresignsthatthechairmanwasbackingoffhishard-linestand,atleasttosomeextent.Duringthediscussionofrocksingingversesatlastmonth’sstockholders’meeting,Levinassertedthat“musicisnotthecauseofsociety’sills”andevencitedhisson,ateacherintheBronx,NewYork,whousesraptocommunicatewithstudents.Buthetalkedaswellaboutthe“balancedstruggle”betweencreativedomandsocialresponsibility,andheannouncedthatthe wouldlaunchadrivetodevelopstandardsfordistributionandlabelingofpotentiallyobjectionablemusic.Levn愿對(duì)上的評(píng)論出評(píng)論但有跡表明位董事長(zhǎng)強(qiáng)起碼在定Levn強(qiáng)調(diào)“”任之間“保持衡”問題他還宣，公司全為那些可引起人的樂制定各種標(biāo)識(shí)的準(zhǔn)。The15-memberTimeWarnerboardisgenerallysupportiveofLevinandhiscorporatestrategy.Butinsiderssayseveralofthemhaveshowntheirconcernsinthismatter.“Someofushaveknownformany,manyyearsthatthedomsundertheFirstAmendmentarenottotallyunlimited,”saysLuce.“Ithinkitisperhapsthecasethatsomepeopleassociatedwiththehaveonlyrecentlycometorealize總的來說，時(shí)代-15Levin和公司的經(jīng)營(yíng)策略的。但據(jù)內(nèi)部消息透露，其中有幾位董事對(duì)此事表示擔(dān)憂?！拔覀冎械囊恍┤硕嗄陙硪恢倍贾赖谝粭l所說的自由并非毫的自由，”Luce說，“但我覺得與公司有關(guān)系的一些人可能是最近才這一點(diǎn)。”1997Text5新11-Muchofthelanguageusedtodescribemonetary,suchas“steeringtheeconomytoasoftlanding”or“atouchonthebrakes,”makesitsoundlikeaprecisescience.Nothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth.Thelinkbetweeninterestratesandinflationisuncertain.Andtherearelong,variablelagsbeforechangeshaveanyeffectontheeconomy.Hencetheogythatlikenstheconductofmonetarytodrivingacarwithablackenedwindscreen,acrackedrear-viewmirrorandafaultysteeringwheel.如“引導(dǎo)經(jīng)濟(jì)”，“觸動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)剎車”，不少這種用來描述貨幣政策的詞語使人們聽Givenallthesedisadvantages,centralbankersseemtohavehadmuchtoboastaboutoflate.Averageinflationinthebigsevenindustrialeconomiesfelltoamere2.3%lastyear,closetoitslowestlevelin30years,beforerisingslightlyto2.5%thisJuly.Thisisalongwaybelowthedouble-digitrateswhichmanycountriesexperiencedinthe1970sandearly1980s.2.3307月略微上揚(yáng)Itisalsolessthanmostforecastershadpredicted.Inlate1994thepanelofeconomistswhichTheEconomistpollseachmonthsaidthatAmerica’sinflationratewouldaverage3.5%in1995.Infact,itfellto2.6%inAugust,andisexpectedtoaverageonlyabout3%fortheyearasawhole.InBritainandJapaninflationisrunninghalfapercentagepointbelowtheratepredictedattheendoflastyear.Thisisnoflashinthepan,overthepastcoupleofyears,inflationhasbeenconsistentlylowerthanexpectedinBritainandAmerica.學(xué)專家座談，1994年底接受訪談的一組，1995年的平均通脹率將達(dá)到3.582.63％左的幾年里，英國(guó)和的通脹率始終低于預(yù)期水平。EconomistshavebeenparticularlysurprisedbyfavorableinflationfiguresinBritainandtheUnitedStates,sinceconventionalmeasuressuggestthatbotheconomies,andespeciallyAmerica’s,havelittleproductiveslack.America’scapacityutilization,forexample,hithistoricallyhighlevelsearlierthisyear,anditsjoblessrate(5.6%inAugust)hasfallenbelowmostestimatesofthenaturalrateofunemployment--theratebelowwhichinflationhastakenoffinthepast.尤其讓感到驚訝的是，英美兩國(guó)的通脹率帶來了良性的結(jié)果，因?yàn)閭鹘y(tǒng)的計(jì)量方法表明兩國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)，特別是經(jīng)濟(jì)幾乎沒有出現(xiàn)滑坡。例如，的生產(chǎn)力利用率在Whyhasinflationprovedsomild?Themostthrillingexnationis,unfortunay,alittledefective.Someeconomistsarguethatpowerfulstructuralchangesintheworldhaveupendedtheoldeconomicmodelsthatwerebaseduponthehistoricallinkbetweengrowthandinflation.1998TextFewcreationsofbigtechnologycapturetheimaginationlikegiantdams.Perhapsitishumankind’slongsufferingatthemercyoffloodanddroughtthatmakestheideaofforcingthewaterstodoourbiddingsofascinating.Buttobefascinatedisalso,sometimes,tobeblind.Severalgiantdamprojectsthreatentodomoreharmthan聽任旱澇的擺布才使得人們?nèi)绱税V迷于治理江河、使洪水聽從人類調(diào)遣的理想。但使Thelessonfromdamsisthatbigisnotalwaysbeautiful.Itdoesn’thelpthatbuildingabig,powerfuldamhas easymbolofachievementfornationsandpeoplestrivingtoassertthemselves.Egypt’sleadershipintheArabworldwascementedbytheAswanHighDam.Turkey’sbidforFirstWorldstatusincludesthegiantAtaturk建造大壩的教訓(xùn)是：大的未必總是美好的。但這個(gè)教訓(xùn)也