外研英語(yǔ)三 Module 6 定語(yǔ)從句語(yǔ)法

定語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的名詞或代詞叫做先行詞。引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞稱為關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞兩類。關(guān)系代詞有that﹑who﹑whom﹑whose﹑which﹑as,關(guān)系副詞有when﹑where﹑why等。正確使用關(guān)系詞是學(xué)好定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)鍵。如何選用關(guān)系詞關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中有三個(gè)作用：1.引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句；2.在從句中代替先行詞；3.在從句中擔(dān)任某一句子成分。上面例句中的that則代替先行詞book,并在從句中作borrow的賓語(yǔ)。where代替intheroom,并在從句作live的地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。不通的關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中擔(dān)任不同的句子成分。因此，選用關(guān)系詞時(shí)須（1）分析先行詞在從句中擔(dān)任什么成分，或者說(shuō)分析從句中缺少什么句子成分；（2）選用可擔(dān)任該句子成分的關(guān)系詞。下面我們具體讀一下關(guān)系詞的選用。關(guān)系代詞1. 先行詞是人時(shí)的三種情況：（1）先行詞是人，在從句中作主語(yǔ)或者說(shuō)從句中缺少主語(yǔ)時(shí)，用who或that。例如：

Mysisteristhegirlwho(that)iswearingawhiteskirt.我妹妹就是那個(gè)穿白裙子的姑娘。當(dāng)先行詞是one,ones,-body,-one,those等，指人時(shí)一般用who,不用that。例如：

Thosewhowanttoseethefilm,pleaseraiseyourhands.想看電影的人，請(qǐng)舉手。句中有疑問(wèn)詞who或在從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)用關(guān)系代詞that,不用who.如：Whoisthegirlthatissittingoverthere?Heisnotthemanthatheusedtobe.(2)先行詞是人，在從句中作賓語(yǔ)即從句中缺動(dòng)賓或介詞時(shí)，用whom或that（介詞后不用that.例如：

1）Theteacherwantstoreturnthebooktothegirlfromwhomheborrowedit.這位老師想把從這個(gè)女孩那兒借的書還給她。2）Heistheman(whom)youwanttosee.他就是你想見(jiàn)的人。關(guān)系代詞that,which,whom在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略掉。但放在介詞后面時(shí)則不可省略掉。如上面第一個(gè)句子from后面的whom就不能省略掉。(3)先行詞是人，在從句中作定語(yǔ)或者說(shuō)從句中缺少定語(yǔ)時(shí)，用whose.例如：Theboywhosehomeworkhasn’tbeenhandedinwillbescoldedbythemaster.沒(méi)交作業(yè)的那個(gè)孩子將要受到老師的責(zé)備。2. 先行詞是物時(shí)的四種情況（1） 先行詞是物，在從句中作主語(yǔ)或者說(shuō)從句中缺少主語(yǔ)時(shí)，用that,which.例如：Thisisthepenwhich(that)isbeingusedbyTom.這就是Tom正在用的那只筆。（2） 先行詞是物，在從句中作賓語(yǔ)，即從句中缺少動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)或介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，用which或that.介詞后不用that.例如：1）Thebookthat(which)Ineedisn’tinthelibrary,我所需要的那本書不在圖書館。2）ThisisthefirefromwhichItookaburningstick.這就是那堆火，我從那里拿了一根正在燃燒的棍子。3）先行詞是物，且在從句中缺少定語(yǔ)時(shí)，用whose或the+名詞+ofwhich的結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：

1）Isawasnakewhoseheadwasturningthiswayandthat.我看見(jiàn)一條蛇，它的頭來(lái)回?cái)[動(dòng)。2）Westudyintheroomwhosedoor(=thedoorofwhich)facessouth.我們?cè)谝婚g門朝南開的房間里學(xué)習(xí)。如何區(qū)別whose與whichWhich所修飾的先行詞只能是物，它在從句中可擔(dān)任主語(yǔ)﹑賓語(yǔ)等；而whose意為“誰(shuí)的…”或者“…的…”不但可以指人而且可以指物，它在從句中只能作定語(yǔ)。1） Doyouknowthemanwhosehousewasonfirelastnight?你認(rèn)識(shí)昨天晚上家里著火的那個(gè)人嗎？2） Thisistheroomwhosewindowneedsrepairing.這就是窗需要修的那間房。3） IsthisthebookwhichiswrittenbyQiongyao?這就是瓊瑤哦寫的那本書嗎？4）Ihavereadthebookwhichyougaveme.你給我的那本書我已經(jīng)看過(guò)了。Practice:1.Isthisthefactory_____alotofstudentsvisitedyesterday?A.theone

B.whichC.who

D.Whomdidn’tmakefriendswithanyone____familywaspoor.A.ofthatB.whomC.ofwhoseD.whose3.Thehouse____roofwasdamagedhasnowbeenrepaired.A.whichB.whoseC.thatD.ofwhose4.Thisisoneofthearticlesthat_____writtenbyhim.

A.wasB.were

C.is

D.are5.Thewolveshidthemselvesintheplaces__________couldn’tbefound.

A.that

B.where

C.inwhich

D.inthat6.Thattree,__________branchesarealmostbare,isveryold.

A.whose

B.ofwhich

C.inwhich

D.onwhich7.Thegirl________anEnglishsonginthenextroomisTom’ssister.

A.whoissinging

B.issinging

C.sang

D.wassinging8.Anyone________thisopinionmayspeakout.

against

B.thatagainst

C.whoisagainsD.whoareagainst9.Canyoulendmethenovel______theotherday?A.thatyoutalked

B.youtalkedaboutit

C.whichyoutalkedwith

D.youtalkedaboutthereanything_______toyou?

A.thatisbelonged

B.thatbelongs

C.thatbelong

D.whichbelongs11.Maythefourthistheday___weChinesepeoplewillneverforget.A.which

B.when

C.onwhich

D.aboutwhich12.Hehastwosons,_______workaschemists.

A.twoofwhom

B.bothofwhom

C.bothofwhich

D.allofwhom13.Whocanthinkofasituation________thisidiomcanbeused?

A.which

B.that

C.where

D.inthat14.Ihavemanybooks,someof_______areonchemistry.

A.them

B.that

C.which

D.those15.

Thisisthebag_____mymotherboughtyesterday.

A.thatB.whoC.whomD.this16.Theman_____livesnexttousismyEnglishteacher.

A.whomB.whichC.whoD./17.Thegirl_____yousawinthestreetisMary.

A.thatB.whoseC.whichD.as18.Pleaseshowmethebook_____youboughtyesterday.

A.whichB.whomC.whoseD.this19.-Doyouknowtheman______istalkingwithyourfather？-Yes，he‘sourheadmaster.A.heB.

who

C.which

D.whom20.Canyoulendmethedictionary______theotherday？A.thatyoubought

B.youboughtitC.thatyouboughtit

D.whichyouboughtit關(guān)系副詞（1）when指時(shí)間，其先行詞表示時(shí)間，在句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。例如：Thiswasthetimewhenhearrived.這是他到達(dá)的時(shí)間。（2）where指地點(diǎn)，其先行詞表示地點(diǎn)，在句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。例如：

Thisisplacewhereheworks.這是他工作的地點(diǎn)。（3）why指原因，其先行詞是原因，作原因狀語(yǔ)作用。例如：Nobodyknowsthereasonwhyheisoftenlateforschool.沒(méi)人知道他為什么上學(xué)總遲到。比較：先行詞是表示時(shí)間的名詞時(shí)的兩種情況（1） 先行詞是表示時(shí)間的名詞，在從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)或者說(shuō)從句中缺少時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，用when（相當(dāng)于相應(yīng)的介詞短語(yǔ)）。例如：

1）Thedaywhen(=onwhich)Iwasgivenajobfinallycame.我得到工作的那一天終于到了。2）Itoldhimtheyearwhen(=inwhich)hestudiedintheschool.我給他說(shuō)了他在這個(gè)學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)的那一年。當(dāng)先行詞是time,moment,dayweek等時(shí)也可用that(=when=介詞+which),也可省去。Therewillbeaday(that,when,onwhich)you’llfeelsorryforit.總有一天你會(huì)為此后悔的。當(dāng)先行詞是thefirst(second,third,last)time時(shí)，只能用that或省去。Thisisthelast(first)time(that)I’llgiveyoualesson.(2)先行詞是表示時(shí)間的名詞，在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí)即從句中缺少主語(yǔ)，介賓或動(dòng)賓時(shí)，用which或that.例如：1）Thedaywhich(that)wasimportanttoHelenfinallycame.對(duì)海倫來(lái)說(shuō)至關(guān)重要的一天終于到了。2）Gonearethedaysthat(which)wespenttogether.我們一起度過(guò)的日子一去不復(fù)返了。先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞時(shí)的三種情況：1） 先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的詞，在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，即從句中缺少地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，用where（相當(dāng)于相應(yīng)的介詞短語(yǔ)）。例如：Thisisthevillagewhere(inwhich)ChairmanMaooncelivedandworked.這就是毛主席曾經(jīng)住過(guò)工作過(guò)的那個(gè)村子。2） 先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞，在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，即從句中缺少主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，用which,that.例如：I’llneverforgetthevillagewhich(that)standsatthefootofthehill.我永遠(yuǎn)也忘不了位于山腳下的那個(gè)村莊。Justnowwetalkedaboutthevillagewhich(that)Ihadvisitedtwice.剛才我們談起了我曾去過(guò)兩次的那個(gè)村子。3） 先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞，在從句中作定語(yǔ)，即從句中缺少定語(yǔ)時(shí)，用whose或“名詞+ofwhich”.例如：Thehouse,whoseroof(=theroofofwhich)iswhite,belongstome.那間屋子是白色的房子是我的。先行詞是表示原因的名詞reason,because,explanation時(shí)，如后面的從句是表示它的內(nèi)容時(shí)，用why(也可省略)，forwhich,引導(dǎo)都可以。例如：Thereasonwhy(=forwhich或that，在非正式文體中也可省去)hewasabsentyesterdayisstillunknown.昨天他缺席的原因至今仍不清楚。如果reason后面的從句不是表示其內(nèi)容時(shí)，則只用that或which例如：Whobelievesthereasonthathetoldus.誰(shuí)相信他給我們的原因。先行詞是表示的方式的名詞way,manner時(shí)，它的從句用that（也可省略）或inwhich引導(dǎo)。例如：1)Doyoulikethewayhetalks?你喜歡他談話的方式嗎？2)Thisisthewayinwhichhekeepsintouchwithme.這就是他同我保持聯(lián)系的方式。Practice:1.Isthisthefactory__________heworkedtenyearsago?

A.that

B.where

C.which

D.theone2.Isthatthereason_______youareinfavouroftheproposal?

A.which

B.what

C.why

D.forthat3.Istillrememberthenight_______Ifirstcametothehouse.

4.Illneverforgettheday________wemeteachotherlastweek.

A.which

B.when

C.that

which5.Thisistheschool______Iusedtostudy.

A.that

B.where

C.which

D.theone6.Doyoustillremembertheplace_______wevisitedthepaintingexhibition?

A.that

B.where

C.which

D.theone7.HaveyoueverbeetoHangzhou,______liestheWestLake?

A.that

B.where

C.which

D.theone8.TomwillgotoShanghai,______livehistwobrothers.

A.that

B.where

C.which

D.theone9.Therewasatime______therewereslavesintheUSA.

A.that

B.when

C.which

D.theone10.Thisisthehour_____theplaceisalwaysfullofwomenandchildren.

A.that

B.when

C.which

D.theone11.Ihopeyouwillfindthisvalleyabeautifulplace____youmayspendyourweekend.A.that

B.where

C.which

D.theone12.Iloveplaces______thepeoplearereallyfriendly.A.that

B.which

C.where

D.who13.Theworld______ismadeupofmatter.A.inthatwelive

B.onwhichweliveC.wherewelivein

D.welivein14．Wevisitedafactory_______makestoysforchildren.

B.which

C.where

D.who15.Isthistheplace_______yourfatheroncelived?A.that

B.which

C.where

D.who16.I’llneverforgetthedays_______IjoinedtheLeague.

A.that

B.when

C.where

D.who17.Hegottothevillage_______hisfamilyoncelivedbeforeliberation.A.thatB.whichC.whenD.where18.Thisisthehouse_______Iwanttobuy.A.inwhichB.thatC.whoseD.where19.Thisisthehouse_______ourbelovedPremierZhouoncelivedandworked.A.whichB.thatC.whenD.where20.Hedidn’ttellmetheplace_______hewasborn.A.thatB.whichC.whenD.where限制性定語(yǔ)從句與非限制性定語(yǔ)從句1.限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞在意義上不可或缺的定語(yǔ)，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意義。這種從句書寫時(shí)不用逗號(hào)分開。例如：1）HeistheonlypersonwhoknowsJapanese.他是唯一懂得日語(yǔ)的人。2）ThisisthequestionaboutwhichI’mgoingtospeak.這就是我要談的問(wèn)題。2.非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只是對(duì)先行詞做些附加說(shuō)明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然完整。這種從句與主句之間往往用逗號(hào)隔開，一般不用that引導(dǎo)。翻譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)通常譯成一個(gè)單獨(dú)的句子。例如：1）Myfather,whoisfondofmusic,worksasadriver.我父親是個(gè)司機(jī)，他愛(ài)好音樂(lè)。2）IstudyinthecityofMiddleschool,whichwasbuiltin1958.我在二中上學(xué)，它建于1958年。3）MarylivesinthecityofHangzhou,wherethereisabeautifullake瑪麗住在杭州，那里有一個(gè)美麗的湖。比較：Hehasasonwhoworksasapoliceman.他有個(gè)當(dāng)警察的兒子。（限制性定語(yǔ)從句）Hehasason,whoworksasapoliceman.他有個(gè)兒子，是當(dāng)警察的。（非限制性定語(yǔ)從句）Allthebooksthere,whichhavebeautifulpicturesinthem,werewrittenbyhim.那里所有的書都是他寫的，里面都有美麗的插圖。（非限制性定語(yǔ)從句）Allthebookstherewhich(that)havebeautifulpicturesinthemwerewrittenbyhim.那里所有美麗插圖的書都是他寫的。（限制性定語(yǔ)從句）只能用that引導(dǎo)的幾種情況定語(yǔ)從句修飾①anything,nothing,everything(不包括something),all等不定代詞；②表示方位的名詞或被序數(shù)詞，形容詞的最高級(jí)或only,very,that修飾的表示事物的名詞或代詞；③同時(shí)修飾物和人兩個(gè)名詞時(shí)，通常用that引導(dǎo)。例如：1) Isthereanythingthatyouwant?有你要的東西嗎？2) ThisisthefirstfilmthatI’veseensinceIcamehere這是我來(lái)到這里以來(lái)看的第一部電影。3) Theonlythingthatherememberedwashername.他唯一記的東西是她的名字。4) Wetalkedaboutthethingsandpeoplethatwerememberedintheschool.我們談?wù)摿宋覀兯浀玫膶W(xué)校的人和事。用which的情況（1）指物位于介詞之后做賓語(yǔ)（2）引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，并在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí)須用關(guān)系代詞。例如：1)ThepencilwithwhichIwaswritingbroke.我正在用著寫字的鋼筆斷了2）Myhometown,whichwasliberatedin1947,haschangedalot.我的家鄉(xiāng)是1947年解放的，已經(jīng)發(fā)生了很大的變化。Practice:1.Haveyouvisitedthehouse_____thefamousscientistwasborn?A.inwhich

B.inthat

C.that

D.which2.Doyoustillremembertheday___wefirstmet?

A.that

B.onwhich

C.what

D.onthat3.October1,1949wastheday_____thePeople’sRepublicofChinawasfounded.A.which

B.that

C.onthat

D.onwhich4.Istillrememberthesitting-room_____mymotherandIusedtositintheevening.A.what

B.whichC.that

D.inwhich5.Alecaskedthepoliceman______heworkedtocallhimwhenevertherewasanaccident.A.withhim

B.whoC.withwhomD.whom6."Whomovedmycheese?”,______isabest-sellingbook,iswrittenbySpencerJohnson.

A.which

B.that

C.it

D.what7.Theartist__thejudgegaveaprizeistheteacher__Ihavebeentaughtpaintingfortwoyears.

A.fromwhom;bywhom

B.towhom;who

C.fromwhom;who

D.towhom;bywhom8.Thisistheveryhouse_wearelookingfor.

A.thatB.whereC.which

D.whose9.I’vereturnedallthebooks____Iborrowedfromthelibrary.

A.whichB.themC.whatD.that10.Thereisn’tmuch______Icantellyou.

A.whatB.whichC.that

D.where11.Shekeptarecordofeverything____happenedduringthemeeting.

A.whenB.thatC.whichD.what12.Pleasetellusaboutthepersonsandtheplaces____youvisitedinShanghai.A.thatB.whoC.whichD.whom13.Californiawasthefirststate____IhadvisitedintheUS.

A.whereB.thatC.which

D.what14.Thetwothings____theyfeltveryproudwereJim’sgoldwatchandDella’hair.A.aboutwhichB.ofwhich

C.inwhich

D.forwhich15.Hefailedintheexamination,__________madehisfatherveryangry.

A.which

B.it

C.that

D.what16.We’retalkingaboutthepianoandthepianist_______wereintheconcertweattendedlastnight.

A.which

B.whom

C.who

D.that17.Thetrain_______shewastravellingwaslate.

A.which

B.where

C.onwhich

D.inthat18.Hehaslostthekeytothedrawer_______the