2016考研英語二真題簡析及詞句講解

2016年入學考試英語(二)簡SectionIUseofReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Happypeopleworkdifferently.They’remoreproductive,morecreative,andwillingtotakegreaterrisks.Andnewresearchsuggeststhathappinessmightinfluence1howfirmswork,too.Companieslocatedincewithhappierpeopleinvestmore,accordingtoarecentresearchpaper.2,firmsinhappycesspendmoreonR&D(researchanddevelopment).That’sbecausehappinessislinkedtothekindoflonger-termthinking3formakinginvestmentforthefuture.Theresearcherswantedtoknowifthe4andinclinationforrisk-takingthatcomewithhappinesswould5thewaycompaniesinvested.SotheycomparedU.S.cities’averagehappiness6providedbyGalluppollingwiththeinvestmentactivityofpubliclytradedfirmsinthoseareas.7enough,firms’investmentandR&Dintensitywerecorrelatedwiththehappinessoftheareainwhichtheywere8located.Butitisreallyhappinessthat’slinkedtoinvestment,orcouldsomethingelseabouthappiercities9whyfirmstherespendmoreonR&D?Tofindout,theresearchescontrolledforvarious10factorsthatmightmakefirmsmorelikelytoinvestlikesize,industry,andsales--andforindicatorsthatacewas11tolivein,likegrowthinwagesorpopulation.Thelinkbetweenhappinessandinvestmentgenerally12evenafteraccountingforthesethings.Thecorrelationbetweenhappinessandinvestmentwasparticularlystrongforyoungerfirms,whichtheauthors13attributeto"lessconfineddecisionmakingprocess"andthepossiblepresenceofyoungerandless14managerswhoaremorelikelytobeinfluencedbysentiment.’’Therelationshipwas15strongerinceswherehappinesswasspreadmore16.Firmsseemtoinvestmoreinceswheremostpeoplearerelativelyhappy,ratherthaninceswithhappinessinequality.17whilethisdoesn’tprovethathappinesscausesfirmstoinvestmoreortotakealonger-termview,theauthorsbelieveitatleast18atthatpossibility.It’snothardtoimaginethatlocalcultureandsentimentwouldhelp19howexecutivesthinkaboutthefuture.Itsurelyseemsusiblethathappypeoplewouldbemoreforward-thinkingandcreativeand20R&Dmorethantheaverage,"saidone[A] [B] [C] [D][A]In [B]In [C]In [D]In[A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A][A] [B] [C][A] [B] [C]

[C] [D][A][B] [C][A][A] [B] [C] [D][B]sociable[C]reputable[D]reliable[A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A]pray [C]give [D]sendPartAReadthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)It’struethathigh-schoolcodingclassesaren’tessentialforlearningcomputerscienceincollege.Studentswithoutexperiencecancatchupafterafewintroductorycourses,saidTomCortina,theassistantdeanatCarnegieMellon’sSchoolofComputerScience.However,Cortinasaid,earlyexposureisbeneficial.Whenyoungerkidslearncomputerscience,theylearnthatit’snotjustaconfusing,endlessstringoflettersandnumbers-butatooltobuildapps,orcreateartwork,ortesthypotheses.21It’snotashardforthemtotransformtheirthoughtprocessesasitisforolderstudents.Breakingdownproblemsintobite-sizedchunksandusingcodetosolvethem esnormal.Givingmorechildrenthistrainingcouldincreasethenumberofpeopleinterestedinthefieldandhelpfillthejobsgap,Cortinasaid.Studentsalsobenefitfromlearningsomethingaboutcodingbeforetheygettocollege,whereintroductorycomputer-scienceclassesarepackedtothebrim,whichcandrivetheless-experiencedor-determinedstudentsTheFlatironSchool,wherepeoplepaytolearnprogramming,startedasoneofthemanycoding epopularforadultslookingforacareerchange.Thehigh-schoolersgetthesamecurriculum,but"wetrytogearlessonstowardthingsthey’reinterestedin,"22saidVictoriaFriedman,aninstructor.Forinstance,oneoftheappsthestudentsaredevelosuggestsmoviesbasedonyourmood.ThestudentsintheFlatironclassprobablywon’tdropoutofhighschoolandbuildthe Programminglanguageshaveaquickturnover,sothe"RubyonRails"languagetheylearnedmaynotevenberelevantbythetimetheyenterthejobmarket.Buttheskillstheylearn-howtothinklogicallythroughaproblemandorganizetheresults-23applytoanycodinglanguage,saidDeborahSeehorn,aneducationconsultantforthestateofNorthCarolina.Indeed,theFlatironstudentsmightnotgointoITatall.Butcreatingafuturearmyofcodersisnotthesolepurposeoftheclasses.Thesekidsaregoingtobesurroundedbycomputers-intheirpockets,intheiroffices,intheirhomes-fortherestoftheirlives.Theyoungertheylearnhowcomputersthink,howtocoaxthemachineintoproducingwhattheywant-theearliertheylearnthattheyhavethepowertodothat24-thebetter.Cortinaholdsthatearlyexposuretocomputersciencemakesiteasier completefuturejobremodelthewayofformulatelogicalperfectartworkIndeliveringlessonsforhigh-schoolers,Flatironhasconsidered careeracademicDeborahSeehornbelievesthattheskillslearnedatFlatiron helpstudentslearnothercomputerhavetobeupgradedwhennewneedimprovingwhenstudentslookforenablestudentstomakebigquickAccordingtothelastparagraphFlatironstudentsareexpected bringforthinnovativecomputerstaylongerintheinformationtechnology ebetterpreparedforthedigitalizedcompetewithafuturearmyofTheword"coax"(Line4,Para.6)isclosestinmeaningto 思最接近direct或guidepersuadedirect或guideBiologistsestimatethatasmanyas2millionlesserprairiechickens--akindofbirdlivingonstretchinggrasslands--oncelentredtotheoftengreylandscapeofthemidwesternandsouthwesternUnitedStates.Butjustsome22,000birdsremaintoday,occupyingabout16%ofthespecies’historicrange.Thecrash26wasamajorreasontheU.S.FishandWildlifeService(USFWS)decidedtoformallylistthebirdasthreatened."Thelesserprairiechickenisinadesperatesituation,"saidUSFWSDirectorDanielAshe.Someenvironmentalists,however,weredisappointed.Theyhadpushedtheagencytodesignatethebirdas"endangered,"27astatusthatgivesfederalofficialsgreaterregulatorypowertocrackdownonthreats.ButAsheandothersarguedthatthe"threatened"taggavethefederal ernmentflexibilitytotryoutnew,potentiallylessalconservationsapproaches.Inparticular,theycalledforforgingclosercollaborationswithwestern ernments,whichareoftenuneasywithfederalaction,andwiththeprivatelandownerswhocontrolanestimated95%oftheprairiechicken’shabitat.UndertheUnderthe n,forexample,theagencysaiditwouldnotprosecutelandownerorbusinessesunintentionallykill,unintentionallykill,harm,ordisturbthebird,aslongastheyhadsignedarange-widemanagement ntoprairiechickenhabitat.28NegotiatedbyUSFWSandthestates,the nrequiresindividualsandbusinessesdamagehabitataspartoftheiroperationstopayintoafundto ceeveryacredestroyedwith2newacressuitablehabitat.Thefundwillalsobeusedtocompensatelandownerswhosetasidehabitat.USFWSalsosetaninterimgoalofrestoringprairiechickenpopulationstoanannualaverageof67,000birdsoverthenext10years.AnditgivestheWesternAssociationofFishandWildlifeAgencies(WAFWA),acoalitionofstateagencies,thejobofmonitoringprogress.Overall,theideaistolet"states29remaininthedriver’sseatformanagingthespecies,"Ashesaid.Noteveryonebuysthewin-winrhetoric.SomeCongressmembersaretryingtoblockthen,andatleastadozenindustrygroups,fourstates,andthreeenvironmentalgroupsarechallengingitinfederalcourt.Notsurprisingly,industrygroupsandstatesgenerallyargueitgoestoofar;environmentalistssayitdoesn’tgofarenough.enough.30"The ernmentisgivingresponsibilityformanagingthebirdtothesameindustriesthatpushingittoextinction,"saysbiologistJayThemajorreasonforlistingthelesserprairieasthreatenedis [A]itsdrasticallydecreasedpopulation[B]theunderestimateofthegrasslandacreage[C]adesperateappealfromsomebiologists[D]theinsistenceofprivatelandownersThe"threatened"tagdisappointedsomeenvironmentalistsinthat wasagive-into [B]wouldinvolvefeweragenciesinaction[C]grantedlessfederalregulatorypower[D]wentagainstconservationpoliciesItcanbelearnedfromParagraph3thatunintentionalharm-doerswillnotbeprosecutedif .agreetopayasumforcompensation[B]volunteertosetupanequallybighabitat[C]offertosupporttheWAFWAmonitoringjob[D]promisetoraisefundsforUSFWSoperationsAccordingtoAshetheleadingroleinmanagingthespecies thefederal [B]thewildlifeagencies[C]thelandowners[D]theJayLiningerwouldmostlikelysupport Lininger認為保護不足。industrygroups[B]thewin-winrhetoric[D]thenunderTextThateveryone’stoobusythesedaysisacliché.Butonespecificcomintismadeespeciallymournfully:There’sneveranytimetoread.Whatmakestheproblemthornieristhattheusualtime-managementtechniquesdon’tseemsufficient.Theweb’sfullofarticlesofferingtipsonmakingtimetoread:"GiveupTV"or"Carryabookwithyouatalltimes."Butinmyexperience,usingsuchmethodsto uptheodd30minutesdoesn’twork.Sitdowntoreadandtheflywheelofwork-relatedthoughtskeepsspinning--orelseyou’resoexhaustedthatachallengingbook’sthelastthingyouneed.Themodernmind,TimParks,anovelistandcritic,writes,"isoverwhelminglyinclinedtowardcommunication…Itisnotsimplythatoneisinterrupted;itisthatoneisactuallyinclinedtointerruption."Deepreadingrequiresnotjusttime,31butaspecialkindoftimewhichcan’tbeobtainedmerelyby ingmoreInfact," ingmoreefficient"ispartoftheproblem.Thinkingoftimeasaresourcetobe isedmeansyouapproachitinstrumentally,judginganygivenmomentaswellspentonlyinsofarasitadvancesprogresstowardsomegoal.Immersivereading,bycontrast,dependsonbeingwillingtoriskinefficiency,goallessness,eventime-wasting.Trytoslotitasato-dolistitemandyou’llmanageonlygoal-focusedreading--useful,sometimes,butnotthemostfulfillingkind."Thefuturecomesatuslikeemptybottlesalonganunstoppableandnearlyinfiniteconveyorbelt,"writesGaryEberleinhisbookSacredTime,and"wefeelapressuretofillthesedifferent-sizedbottles(days,hours,minutes)astheypass,foriftheygetbywithoutbeingfilled,32wewillhavewastedthem."Nomind-setcouldbeworseforlosingyourselfinabook.thedefaultstatefromwhichyoutemporarilysurfacetotakecareofbusiness,before backdown.Sowhatdoeswork?Perhapssurprisingly,thedefaultstatefromwhichyoutemporarilysurfacetotakecareofbusiness,before backdown.Onareallygoodday,itnolongerfeelsasifyou’re"makingtimetoread,"butjustreading,andmakingtimeforeverythingTheusualtime-managementtechniquesdon’tworkbecausewhattheycanofferdoesnoteasethemodernwhatchallengingbooksdemandisrepetitivewhatpeopleoftenforgetiscarryingabookwithwhatdeepreadingrequirescannotbeTheemptybottlesmetaphorillustratesthatpeoplefeelapressuretoupdatetheirto-domakepassingtimecarrytheirnspursuecareEberlewouldagreethatschedulingregulartimesforreadinghelps進入soultimeencouragetheefficiencymind-developonlinereadingachieveimmersive"Carryabookwithyouatalltimescanworkif esyourprimarybusinessofthedayallthedailybusinesshasbeenpromptlydealtyouareabletodropbacktobusinessaftertimecanbeevenlysplitforreadingandThebesttitleforthistextcouldbeHowtoEnjoyEasyHowtoFindTimetoReadHowtoSetReadingHowtoReadAgainstabackdropofdrasticchangesineconomyandpopulationstructure,youngerAmericansaredrawinganew21st-centuryroadmaptosuccess,alatestpollhasfound.AcrossAcrossgenerationallines,Americanscontinuetoprizemanyofthesame tonesofaButwhileyoungandoldmostlyagreeonwhatconstitutesthefinishlineofafulfillinglife,theyofferstrikinglydifferentpathsforreachingit.Youngpeoplewhoarestillgettingstartedinlifeweremorelikelythanolderadultstoprioritize alfulfillmentintheirwork,tobelievetheywilladvancetheircareersmostbyregularlychangingjobs,37tofavorcommunitieswithmorepublicservicesandafasterpaceoflife,toagreethatcouplesshouldbefinanciallysecurebeforegettingmarriedorhavingchildren,andtomaintainthatchildrenarebestservedbytwoparentsworkingoutsidethehome,thesurveyfound.Fromcareertocommunityandfamily,thesecontrastssuggestthatintheaftermathofthesearingGreatRecession,thosejuststartingoutinlifearedefiningprioritiesandexpectationsthatwillincreasinglyspread38throughvirtuallyallaspectsofAmericanlife,fromconsumerpreferencestohousingpatternstopolitics.Youngandoldconvergeononekeypoint:Overwhelmingmajoritiesofbothgroupssaidtheybelieveforyoungpeopletodaytogetstarted39inlifethanitwasforearliergenerations.Whileyoungerpeoplearesomewhatmoreoptimisticthantheireldersabouttheprospectsforthosestartingouttoday,bigmajoritiesinbothgroupsbelievethose"justgettingstartedinlife"faceatougheragood-payingjob,startingafamily,managingdebt,andfindingaffordablehousing.PeteSchneiderconsiderstheclimbtoughertoday.Schneider,a27-yaear-oldautotechnicianfromtheChicagosuburbssayshestruggledtofindajobaftergraduatingfromcollege.Evennowthatheisworkingsteadily,hesaid."Ican’taffordtopaymymonthlymortgagepaymentsonmyown,soIhavetorentroomsouttopeopletomakethathappen."Lookingback,heisstruckthathisparentscouldprovideacomfortablelifefortheirchildreneventhoughneitherhadcompletedcollegewhenhewasyoung.40"Istillgrewupinanuppermiddle-classhomewithparentswhodidn’thavecollegedegrees,"Schneidersaid."Idon’tthinkpeoplearecapableofthatanymore."Onecross-generationmarkofasuccessfullifeis.tryingoutdifferenthavingafamilywithworkingbeyondretirementsettingupaprofitableItcanbelearnedfromParagraph3thatyoungpeopletendtofavoraslowerlifeholdanoccupationattachimportancetopre-maritalTheprioritiesandexpectationsdefinedbytheyoungwilleincreasinglyfocusonmaterialisticdependlargelyonpoliticalreachalmostallaspectsofAmericanBothyoungandoldagreethatgood-payingjobsarelesstheoldmademorelifehousingloanstodayareeasytogettingestablishedisharderfortheWhichofthefollowingistrueaboutSchneider?HefoundadreamjobaftergraduatingfromHisparentsbelieveworkingsteadilyisamustforHisparents’goodlifehaslittletodowithacollegeHethinkshisjobasatechnicianquitePartReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubheadingfromthelistA-Gforeachnumberedparagraphs(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubheadingswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)[A]43Be[B]44Have[C]Askfor[D]41Expressyour[E]45Don’toverthink[F]42Beeasily[G]NoticeAsadults,itseemsthatwe’reconstantlypursuinghappiness,oftenwithmixedresults.Yetchildrenappeartohaveitdowntoanart-andforthemostparttheydon’tneedself-helpbooksortherapy.Instead,theylookaftertheirwellbeinginstinctivelyandusuallymoreeffectivelythanwedoasgrownups.Perhapsit’stimetolearnafewlessonsfromthem.[D]ExpressyourWhatdoesachilddowhenhe’ssad?Hecries.Whenhe’sangry?Heshouts.Scared?Probablyabitofboth.Aswegrowup,welearntocontrolouremotionssotheyaremanageableanddon’tdictateourbehaviours,whichisinmanywaysagoodthing.Buttoooftenwetakethisprocesstoofarandendupsuppressingemotions,especiallynegativeones.That’saboutaseffectiveasbrushingdirtunderacarpetandcanevenmakeusill.Whatwefeelappropriayandthen-again,likechildren--moveon.[F]BeeasilyAcoupleofChristmasesago,myyoungeststepdaughter,whowas9yearsoldatthetime,gotaT-shirtforChristmas.Itcostlessthanafiverbutshewasoverjoyed,andcouldn’tbiggerhouseorbettercarwillbethemagicsilverbulletthatwillallowustofinallybecontent,buttherealityisthesethingshavelittlelastingimpactonourhappinesslevels.Instead,beinggratefulforsmallthingseverydayisamuchbetterwaytoimprovewellbeing.[A]BeHaveyouevernoticedhowmuchchildrenlaugh?Ifweadultscouldindulgeinabitofsillinessandgiggling,wewouldreducethestresshormonesinourbodies,increasegoodhormoneslikeendorphins,improvebloodflowtoourheartsandeverhaveagreaterchanceoffightingoffinfection.Allofwhichwould,ofcourse,haveapositiveeffectonourhappinesslevels.[B]HaveTheproblemwithbeingagrownupisthatthere’sanawfullotofseriousstufftodealwith-work,mortgagepayments,figuringoutwhattocookfordinner.Butasadultswealsohavetheluxuryofbeingabletocontrolourowndiariesandit’simportantthatwescheduleintimetoenjoythethingwelove.Thosethingsmightbesocial,sporting,creativeorcompleyrandom(dancingaroundthelivingroom,anyone?)--itdoesn’tmatter,solongasthey’reenjoyable,andnotlikelytohavenegativesideeffects,suchasdrinkingtoomuchalcoholorgoingonawildspendingspreeifyou’reonatightbudget.[E]Don’toverthinkHavingsaidalloftheabove,it’simportanttoaddthatweshouldn’ttrytoohardtobehappy.Scientistslusthiscanbackfireandactuallyhaveanegativeimpactonourwellbeing.AsthephilosopherChuangTzuisreportedtohavesaid:"Happinessistheabsenceofstrivingforhappiness."Andinthat,oncemore,weneedtolooktotheexampleofourchildren,towhomhappinessisnotagoalbutanaturalbyproductofthewaytheylive.SectionIIITranslatethefollowingtextinto.WriteyourtranslationontheANSWERSHEET.(15Thesupermarketisdesignedtolurecustomersintospendingasmuchtimeaspossiblewithinitsdoors.Thereasonforthisissimple:Thelongeryoustayinthestore,themorestuffyou’llsee,andthemorestuffyousee,themoreyou’llbuy.Andsupermarketscontainalotofstuff.Theaveragesupermarket,accordingtotheFoodMarketingInstitute,carriessome44,000differentitems,andmanycarrytensofthousandsmore.Thesheervolumeofavailablechoiceisenoughtosendshoppersintoastateofinformationoverload.Accordingtobrain-scanexperiments,thedemandsofsomuchdecision-makingquickly etoomuchforus.Afterabout40minutesofshop,mostpeoplestopstrugglingtoberationallyselective,andinsteadbeganshopemotionally-whichisthepointatwhichweaccumulatethe50percentofstuffinourcartthatweneverintendedbuying.在自己的購物車中堆積50%我們根本沒有打算的物品。SectionIVWritingPartASupposeyouwonatranslationcontestandyourfriend,Jack,wrotean tocongratulateyouandaskforadviceontranslation.Writehimareplytothankhim,giveyouYoushouldwriteabout100ontheANSWERDonotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)PartWriteanessaybasedonthechartbelow.Inyourwriting,youinterpretthechart,giveyourYoushouldwriteabout150wordsontheANSWERSHEET.(15Happypeopleworkdifferently.They’remoreproductive,morecreative,andwillingtotakegreaterrisks.Andnewresearchsuggeststhathappinessmightinfluencehowfirmswork,too.

productivea.creativea.

influencen.v.Companieslocatedincewithhappierpeopleinvestmore,accordingtoarecentresearchpaper.Inparticular,firmsinhappycesspendmoreonR&D(researchanddevelopment).That’sbecausehappinessislinkedtothekindoflonger-termthinkingnecessaryformakinginvestmentforthefuture.

根據(jù)最近的一篇研究，位于更快樂的人所在之處belocatedininvestv.Theresearcherswantedtoknowiftheoptimism

belinkedtoinclinationforrisk-takingthatcomewithhappinesswouldchangethewaycompaniesinvested.SotheycomparedU.S.cities’averagehappinessmeasuredbyGalluppollingwiththeinvestmentactivityofpubliclytradedfirmsinthose

optimismn.inclinationn.measurev.

pollingn.publiclytradedfirmSureenough,firms’investmentandR&Dintensitywerecorrelatedwiththehappinessoftheareainwhichtheywereheadquartered.Butisitreallyhappinessthat’slinkedtoinvestment,orcouldsomethingelseabouthappiercitiesexinwhyfirmstherespendmoreonR&D?Tofindout,theresearchescontrolledforvariousfactorsthatmightmakefirmsmorelikelytoinvestlikesize,industry,andsales--andforindicatorsthatacewasdesirabletolivein,likegrowthinwagesorpopulation.Thelinkbetweenhappinessandinvestmentgenerallyheldevenafteraccountingforthesethings.

intensityn.correlateda.headquartern.v.indicatorn.

desirablea.wagen.holdv.accountforThecorrelationbetweenhappinessandinvestmentwasparticularlystrongforyoungerfirms,whichtheauthorsattributeto"lessconfineddecisionmakingprocess"andthepossiblepresenceof"youngerandlessexperiencedmanagerswhoaremorelikelytobeinfluencedbysentiment.’’Therelationshipwasalsostrongerin

wherehappinesswasspreadmoreequally.Firmsseemtoinvestmoreinceswheremostpeoplearerelativelyhappy,快樂和投資之間的相關性對于更年輕的公司尤其強；作者ratherthaninceswithhappinesscorrelationn.authorn.attributev.confineda.presencen.

a.sentimentn.spreadv.equallyad.inequalityn.Whilethisdoesn’tprovethathappinesscausesfirmstoinvestmoreortotakealonger-termview,theauthorsbelieveitatleasthintsatthatpossibility.It’snothardtoimaginethatlocalcultureandsentimentwouldhelpshapehowexecutivesthinkaboutthefuture.Itsurelyseemsusiblethathappypeoplewouldbemoreforward-thinkingandcreativeandleantowardsR&Dmorethantheaverage,"saidoneresearcher.

盡管這并沒有證明快樂導致了公司投資或者采種。不難想象，當?shù)匚幕颓榫w有助于促成高管看causen.v.hintatimaginev.shapev.

executiven.usiblea.leantowards

It’struethathigh-schoolcodingclassesaren’tessentialforlearningcomputerscienceincollege.Studentswithoutexperiencecancatchupafterafewintroductorycourses,saidTomCortina,theassistantdeanatCarnegieMellon’sSchoolofComputerScience.

也能趕上來，CarnegieMellon計算機科學學院助理院長TomCortina表示。roductorya.However,Cortinasaid,earlyexposureis

coursen.assistantn.deann.Whenyoungerkidslearncomputerscience,theylearnthatit’snotjustaconfusing,endlessstringoflettersandnumbers-butatooltobuildapps,orcreateartwork,ortesthypotheses.It’snotashardforthemtotransformtheirthoughtprocessesasitisforolderstudents.Breakingdownproblemsintobite-sizedchunksandusingcodetosolve esnormal.Givingmorechildrenthistrainingcouldincreasethenumberofpeopleinterestedinthefieldandhelpfillthejobsgap,Cortinasaid.

解決之，成為了常態(tài)。Cortina表示，給的孩子exposuren.beneficiala.confusinga.stringn.createv.artworkn.Studentsalsobenefitfromlearningsomethingaboutcodingbeforetheygettocollege,whereintroductory

puter-scienceclassesarepackedtothebrim,whichcandrivetheless-experiencedor-determinedstudentsaway.

benefitn.packv.TheFlatironSchool,wherepeoplepaytoprogramming,startedasoneofthemany

brimn.determineda.bootcampsthat’s epopularforadultslookingforacareerchange.Thehigh-schoolersgetthesamecurriculum,but"wetrytogearlessonstowardthingsthey’reinterestedin,"saidVictoriaFriedman,aninstructor.Forinstance,oneoftheappsthestudentsaredevelosuggestsmoviesbasedonyourmood.

力朝著他們感的領域調(diào)整課程，”教員VictoriaFriedman說道。比如，學生們目前開發(fā)的一個appn.bootcampn.careern.n.

gearv.instructorn.moodn.ThestudentsintheFlatironclassprobablywon’tdrop ofhighschoolandbuildthe Programminglanguageshaveaquickturnover,sothe"RubyonRails"languagetheylearnedmaynotevenberelevantbythetime

theyenterthejobmarket.Buttheskillstheylearn-howtothinklogicallythroughaproblemandorganizetheresults-applytoanycodinglanguage,saidDeborahSeehorn,aneducationconsultantforthestateofNorthCarolina.

turnovern.logicallyad.

organizev.applytoconsultantn.Indeed,theFlatironstudentsmightnotgointoITatall.Butcreatingafuturearmyofcodersisnotthesolepurposeoftheclasses.Thesekidsaregoingtobesurroundedbycomputers--intheirpockets,intheiroffices,intheirhomes--fortherestoftheirlives,Theyoungertheylearnhowcomputersthink,howtocoaxthemachineintoproducingwhattheywant-theearliertheylearnthattheyhavethepowertodothat-thebetter.

solepurposen.surroundv.

ducev.Biologistsestimatethatasmanyas2millionlesserprairiechickens--akindofbirdlivingonstretchinggrasslands--oncelentredtotheoftengreylandscapeofthemidwesternandsouthwesternUnitedStates.Butjustsome22,000birdsremaintoday,occupyingabout16%ofthespecies’historic

大約22,000只了，占據(jù)這一物種歷史分布區(qū)的大約estimatev.stretchinga.landscapen.occupyv.

speciesn.historica.rangen.ThecrashwasamajorreasontheU.S.FishandWildlifeService(USFWS)decidedtoformallylistthebirdasthreatened."Thelesserprairiechickenisinadesperatesituation,"saidUSFWSDirectorDanielAshe.Someenvironmentalists,however,weredisappointed.Theyhadpushedtheagencytodesignatethebirdas"endangered,"astatusthatgivesfederalofficialsgreaterregulatorypowertocrackdownonthreats.ButAsheandothersarguedthatthe"threatened"taggavethefederal ernmentflexibilitytotryoutnew,potentiallyless conservationsapproaches.Inparticular,theycalledforforgingclosercollaborationswithwesternstateernments,whichareoftenuneasywithfederalaction,andwiththeprivatelandownerswhocontrolanestimated95%oftheprairiechicken’shabitat.

95%的草原松雞棲息地的私人土地所有者感到不crashmajor

wildlifen.flexibilityn.threateneda.desperatea.situationn.environmentalistn.disappointeda.agencyn.designatev.endangereda.statusn.federala.power

potentiallyad.a.conservationn.approachn.forgev.collaborationn.uneasya.privatea.landownern.habitatn.Underthen,forexample,theagencysaiditwouldnotprosecutelandownerorbusinessesthatunintentionallykill,harm,ordisturbthebird,aslongastheyhadsignedarange-widemanagementntorestoreprairiechickenhabitat.NegotiatedbyUSFWSandthestates,thenrequiresindividualsandbusinessesthatdamagehabitataspartoftheiroperationstopayintoafundtoreceeveryacredestroyedwith2newacresofsuitablehabitat.Thefundwillalsobeusedtocompensatelandownerswhosetasidehabitat.USFWSalsosetaninterimgoalofrestoringprairiechickenpopulationstoanannualaverageof67,000birdsoverthenext10years.AnditgivestheWesternAssociationofFishandWildlifeAgencies(WAFWA),acoalitionofstateagencies,thejobofmonitoringprogress.Overall,theideaistolet"statesremaininthedriver’sseatformanagingthespecies,"Ashesaid.

地的土地所有者。USFWS還制定了一項過渡目標：未來10年中將草原松雞種群恢復到年平均該物種的駕駛員位置（掌控地位），”Ashe表示。prosecutev.ad.disturbv.restorev.negotiatev.individualn.n.operationn.recev.acren.destroyv.

gressn.overalla.ad.Noteveryonebuysthewin-winrhetoric.SomeCongressmembersaretryingtoblockthen,andatleastadozenindustrygroups,fourstates,andthreeenvironmentalgroupsarechallengingitinfederalcourt.Notsurprisingly,industrygroupsandstatesgenerallyargueitgoestoofar;environmentalistssayitdoesn’tgofarenough."Thefederalernmentisgivingresponsibilityformanagingthebirdtothesameindustriesthatarepushingittoextinction,"saysbiologistJayLininger.

力阻撓這一計劃，至少12個行業(yè)團體、4個州和3JayLininger表示。buyv.rhetoric

challengecourtCongressn.blockv.dozenn.

ad.extinctionn.Thateveryone’stoobusythesedaysisacliché.Butonespecificcomintismadeesp