2021-2022年四川省綿陽(yáng)市大學(xué)英語(yǔ)6級(jí)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)真題(含答案)

2021-2022年四川省綿陽(yáng)市大學(xué)英語(yǔ)6級(jí)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)真題(含答案)學(xué)校:________班級(jí):________姓名:________考號(hào):________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20題)1.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

A.Techniquesinphysicalexercises.

B.Exercisethatyoucandobyyourself.

C.Localsportsclubsandgyms.

D.Suggestionsfororganizedsportclasses.

2.

Now,theforeignteachergetsnolessthan5,500yuanpermonthfora12hourworkweekplusalltheotherbenefitsbecausetheauthorityhasrealizedthatthefirstofferwastoolow.

A.YB.NC.NG

3.

TheGovernmentbotherstomaintaingamereserves______.

4.

Mostpeopledon'tthinkBritishlovemusic.Thatisbecause______.

5.CryosatshouldhelpfigureoutwhatishappeningattheWestAntarcticfringebecauseitsradaraltimetersshouldbeableto______.

6.

Antibioticshavenoeffectondiseasescausedbyviruses.

A.YB.NC.NG

7.

Inthelast-pacedworld,TVshowsandvideogamesmaydistractusfromour______.

A.prioritiesinlife

B.studyatcollege

C.socialactivities

D.stressandweariness

8.AcidRain

WhatIsAcidRain?

"Acidrain"isabroadtermusedtodescribeseveralwaysthatacidsfalloutoftheatmosphere.Amoreprecisetermisaciddeposition,whichhastwoparts:wetanddry.

Wetdepositionreferstoacidicrain,fog,andsnow.Asthisacidicwaterflowsoverandthroughtheground,itaffectsavarietyofplantsandanimals.Thestrengthoftheeffectsdependsonmanyfactors,includinghowacidicthewateris,thechemistryandbuffering(隔離)capacityofthesoilsinvolved,andthetypesoffish,trees,andotherlivingthingsthatrelyonthewater.

Drydepositionreferstoacidicgasesandparticles.Abouthalfoftheacidityintheatmospherefallsbacktoearththroughdrydeposition.Thewindblowstheseacidicparticlesandgasesontobuildings,cars,homes,andtrees.Dry-depositedgasesandparticlescanalsobewashedfromtreesandothersurfacesbyrainstorms.Whenthathappens,therunoffwateraddsthoseacrestotheacidrain,makingthecombinationmoreacidicthanthefallingrainalone.

HowDoWeMeasureAcidRain?

Acidrainismeasuredusingascalecalled"pH".Thelowerasubstance'spH,themoreacidicitis.PurewaterhasapHof7.0.Normalrainisslightlyacidicbecausecarbondioxidedissolvesintoit,soithasapHofabout5.5.Asoftheyear2000,themostacidicrainfallingintheU.S.hasapHofabout4.3.EffectsofAcidRain

Acidraincausesacidification(酸化)oflakesandstreamsandcontributestodamageoftreesathighelevations(forexample,redsprucetreesabove2,000feet)andmanysensitiveforestsoils.Inaddition,acidrainacceleratesthedecayofbuildingmaterialsandpaints,includingirreplaceablebuildings,statues,andsculpturesthatarepartofournation'sculturalheritage.PriortofailingtotheEarth,SO2andNOxgasesandtheirparticulatematterderivatives,sulfatesandnitratescontributetovisibilitydegradationandharmpublichealth.

WhatSocietyCanDoAboutDeposition?

Thereareseveralwaystoreduceaciddeposition,rangingfromsocietalchangestoindividualaction.

?UnderstandAcidDeposition'sCausesandEffects

Tounderstandaciddeposition'scausesandeffectsandtrackchangesintheenvironment,scientistsfromEPA,stategovernments,andacademiesstudyacidificationprocesses.TheycollectairandwatersamplesandmeasurethemforvariouscharacteristicslikepHandchemicalcomposition,andtheyresearchtheeffectsofaciddepositiononhuman-madematerialssuchasmarbleandbronze.Finally,scientistsworktounderstandtheeffectsofsulfurdioxide(SO2)andnitrogenoxides(NOx)—thepollutantsthatcauseaciddepositionandfineparticles—onhumanhealth.

Tosolvetheacidrainproblem,peopleneedtounderstandhowacidraincausesdamagetotheenvironment.Theyalsoneedtounderstandwhatchangescouldbemadetotheairpollutionsourcesthatcausetheproblem.Theanswerstothesequestionshelpleadersmakebetterdecisionsabouthowtocontrolairpollutionandthereforehowtoreduce—oreveneliminate—acidrain.Sincetherearemanysolutionstotheacidrainproblem,leadershaveachoiceofwhichoptionsorcombinationsofoptionsarcbest.Thenextsectiondescribessomeofthestepsthatcanbetakentoreduce,oreveneliminate,theaciddepositionproblem.

?CleanUpSmokestacks(煙囪)andExhaustPipes

Almostalloftheelectricitythatpowersmodemlifecomesfromburningfossilfuelslike

coal,naturalgas,andoil.Aciddepositioniscausedbytwopollutantsthatarereleasedintotheatmosphere,oremitted,whenthesefuelsareburned:sulfurdioxide(SO2)andnitrogenoxides(NOx).

CoalaccountsformostU.S.sulfurdioxide(SO2)emissionsandalargeportionofNOxemissions.Su

A.YB.NC.NG

9.TheprimarydifferencebetweenthetwobusinessmodelsJoostisignoringliesin______.

A.whethertocarryontogetherwithadvertising

B.whethertodeliveritsgoodsbyposttoitsconsumers

C.whethertomakeuserspayforwhattheydownload

D.whethertoallowuserstokeepwhattheydownload

10.

Ifyoudisagreewiththewayyourex-spouse______,youcanaskthecourttodecidethebestinterestsofthechildregardingsuchissuesasreligiousinstructionormedicalcare.

11.

In1924CivicClubDinner,sponsoredbyOpportunity,bringingblackwritersandwhitepublisherstogether,March21.Thiseventisconsideredtheformallaunchingof______.

12.

ApersonshouldreturnhistaxestotheIRSserviceandprocessingcenterforthepurposeof______.

13.

AccordingtoaFTCreport,U.S.mediacorporationsaremarketingviolententertainmenttochildrenactivelyand______________.

14.

Aswearestillignorantofmillionsofuniquelifeformsintherainforest,deforestationcanbecomparedtothedestructionof______.

15.

Oneoftheadvantagesofusinghydrogenasfuelisthatafterbeinguseditonlyproduces______.

16.

Whatdolocalresidentsclaimfor?

A.Theyaresickbecauseofyearsofpollution.

B.Theyeresickbecauseofpesticidesfromagriculture.

C.Theyeresickbecauseofindustriesontheirdoorsteps.

D.Theyaresickbecauseofairpollution.

17.

Themostabundantgreenhousegasesare______and______.

18.

WhenGarrettisachemistryprofessor,Raetzjudgeshercontributionson______.

A.herlargenumberoflaboratoryhours

B.herwillingnesstocontribute

C.thequalityandproductivityofherwork

D.herregularworkschedule

19.IsCollegeReallyWorththeMoney?

TheRealWorld

EsteGriffithhaditallfiguredout.WhenshegraduatedfromtheUniversityofPittsburghinApril2001,shehadhersightssetononething:workingforalaborunion.

Therealworldhadotherideas.Griffithleftschoolwithnotonlyadegreebutaboatloadofdebt.Sheowed$15,000instudentloansandhadrackedup$4.000increditcarddebtforbooks,groceriesandotherexpenses.Nolaborunionjobcouldpayenoughtobailherout.

SoGriffithwenttoworkinsteadforaWashington.D.C.firmthatspecializesineconomicdevelopment.Problemsolved?Nope.Atage24.shetakeshomeabout$1.800amonth.$1.200ofwhich-disappearstopayhertent.Addanother$t80amonthtoretireherstudentloansand$300amonthtowhittledownhercreditcardbalance."Youdothemath."shesays.

Griffithhaspracticallynomoneytoliveon.Shebrown-bags(自帶午餐)herlunchandbikestowork.Aboveall,shefearsshe'llneverownahouseorbeabletoretire.It'snotthatsheregretsgettingherdegree."Buttheydon'ttellyouthatthetrade-offisthenexttenyearsofyourincome."shesays

That'spreciselythedealbeingmadebymoreandmorecollegestudents.They'remortgagingtheirfuturestomeetsoaringtuitioncostsandothercollegeexpenses.LikeGriffith.they'refacingaone-twopunchatgraduation:hefty(沉重的)studentloansandsmotheringcreditcarddebtnottomentionajobmarketthat,fornowanyway,isdismal.

"Weareforcingourchildrentomakeachoicebetweentwoevils."saysElizabethWarren.aHarvardLawprofessorandexpertonbankruptcy."Skipcollegeandfacealifeofdiminishedopportunity,orgotocollegeendfacealifeshackled(束縛)bydebt."

TuitionHikes

Forsometime.collegeshaveinsistedtheirsteeptuitionhikesareneededtopayforcutting-edgetechnologies,facultyandadministrationsalaries,endrisinghealthcarecosts.Nowthere'sanewculprit(犯人):shrinkingstatesupport.Caughtinaseverebudgetcrunch,manystateshavesharplyscaledbacktheirfundingforhighereducation.

Someonehadtomakeupforthoselostdollars.Andyoucanguesswho---especiallyifyouliveinMassachusetts,whichlastyearhikeditstuitionandfeesby24percent,afterfundingdroppedby3percent,orinMissouri,whereappropriations(撥款)fellbyt0percent,buttuitionroseatdoublethatrate.Aboutone-thirdofthestates,infact,haveincreasedtuitionandfeesbymorethen10percent.

OneofthosestatesisCalifornia,andJanetBurrell'sfamilyisfeelingthepalmAbookkeepermTorrance,BurrellhasadaughterattheUniversityofCaliforniaatDavis.Meanwhile,hersonsattendtwo-yearcollegesbecauseBurrellcan'taffordtohavealloftheminfour-yearschoolsatonce.

Meanwhile,evenwithtuitionhikes,California'scommunitycollegesaresostrappedforcashtheydroppedthousandsofclasseslastspring.Theresult:54,000fewerstudents.

CollapsingInvestments

Manyfamiliesthoughttheyhadasurefireplan:eveniftuitionkeptskyrocketing,theyhadinvestedenoughmoneyalongthewaytomeetthecosts.ThenafunnythinghappenedonthewaytoWallStreet.Thoseinvestmentscollapsedwiththestockmarket.Amongtheloserslastyear:thewildlypopular"529"plans--federaltax-exemptcollegesavingsplansofferedbyindividualstates,whichhaveattractedbillionsfromfamiliesaroundthecountry."Wehearfr0mmanyparentsthatwhattheyhadsetasidedeclinedinvaluesomuchthattheynowdon'thaveenoughtoseetheirstudentsthrough,"saysPennStatefinancialaiddirectorAnnaGriswold,whowitnesseda10percentincreaseinloanapplicationslastyear.Evenwithamarketthatmaybeslowlyrecovering,itwilltaketime,perhap

A.YB.NC.NG

20.Feldmancitedtheexampleofwildanimalstoshowthat______.

A.wildanimalsaregoodatprotectingtheirlife

B.deceivingformedintheprocessofevolution

C.humanbeingslieinthesamewayasanimals

D.modempeoplearemoreselfishthananimals

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20題)21.聽力原文：W:Sohowwasthedramaclub'snewproductionlastnight?DidImissoutonanythinggood?

M:Hardly.Ikeptlookingatmywatchthewholetime.

Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?

(19)

A.Thedramawasn'tinterestingatall.

B.Hiswatchisexpensive.

C.Hehadanotherappointmentlastnight.

D.Thewomanshouldhavebeentherelastnight.

22.(29)

A.Thetechnicalspecialistshouldimprovethesoftware.

B.Thesoftwarecannotsolvethestudents'problemsatall.

C.Thesoftwareisdesignedforeditorsandwriters,notthestudents.

D.Studentsshouldhavetheirownjudgmentwhenusingthesoftware.

23.

【B8】

24.

【B6】

25.聽力原文：M:Whereistheumbrellathatwasinthecloset?Ihavetoreturnittomyboss,

W:Igaveittoyourbrother.I'llgetitback.

Q:Whomdoestheumbrellabelongto?

(13)

A.Theman.B.Thewoman.C.Theman'sboss.D.Himself.

26.(26)

A.Hedoesn'thaveapartner.

B.Hedoesn'tliketoplaygames.

C.Healreadyknowshowtoplay.

D.Hedoesn'thaveenoughfreetime.

27.(32)

A.Becausethemarkethasbothupanddownyears.

B.Becauseyoucangetbiggerguaranteedreturns.

C.Because30%returnscanbeachievedwiththerightstocks.

D.Becauseyouhavetoweatherthestorm.

28.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.

(12)

A.Inanoffice.

B.Inahotel.

C.Atadinnertable.

D.Attheman'shouse.

29.聽力原文：Wehavemettheenemy,andheisours.Weboughthimatapetshop.Whenmonkey-pox,adiseaseusuallyfoundintheAfricanrainforest,suddenlyturnsupinchildrenintheAmericanMidwest,it'shardnottowonderifthediseasethatcomesfromforeignanimalsishominginonhumanbeings."Mostoftheinfectionswethinkofashumaninfectionsstartedinotheranimals,"saysStephenMorse,directoroftheCenterforPublicHealthPreparednessatColumbiaUniversity.

It'snotjustthatwe'regoingtowheretheanimalsare;we'realsobringingthemclosertous.Popularforeignpetshavebroughtawholenewdiseasetothiscountry.AstrangeillnesskilledIsaksen'spets,andshenowthinksthatkeepingforeignpetsisabadidea."Idon'tthinkit'sfairtohavethemaspetswhenwehavesuchalimitedknowledgeofthem,"saysIsaksen.

"Lawsallowingtheseanimalstobebroughtinfromdeepforestareaswithoutstrictercontrolneedchanging,"saysPeterSchantz.Monkey-poxmaybethewake-upcall.Researchersbelieveinfectedanimalsmayinfecttheirowners.Weknowverylittleaboutthesenewdiseases.Anewbugmaybekindatfirst.Butsomestrainsmaybecomeharmful.Monkey-poxdoesn'tlooklikeamajorinfectiousdisease.Butitisnotimpossibletopassthediseasefrompersontoperson.

Questions33to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.

33.Whatdowelearnaboutthepetsoldattheshop?

34.WhydidIsaksenadvisepeoplenottohaveforeignpets?

35.Whatdoesthepassagesuggestwemayhavetodointhefuture?

(30)

A.ItmaycomefromColumbia.

B.Itmaysufferfrommonkey-pox.

C.Itmayenjoybeingwithchildren.

D.Itmaypreventusfrombeinginfected.

30.(25)

A.TansPueblo.B.Apache.C.Navajo.D.Ute.

31.聽力原文：M：Rachelsoundslikeinabluemoodrecently.Iwasquiteworriedabouther.Didshequarrelwithherhusband?

W：Don'tyouthinkthatIamtryingtofigureitout?ButIsimplycouldn'tpinherdown．

Q：Whatcanwelearnabouttheconversation?

(18)

A.Rachelhassomeproblemwithherhusband.

B.It'shardtoknowRachel'srealfeeling.

C.ThemanhasgotnochancetotalkwithRachel.

D.ThewomanknowswhatRachelisthinkingabout.

32.【B6】

33.SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.

聽力原文：In1985aFrenchtelevisioncompanysentitsreporterstotheParisMetro.Theytookcamerastoseewhatpassengerswoulddoiftheysawsomeoneattackedontheplatform.ortrains.Theincidentslookedrealbuttheywerealldonewiththehelpofactors.However,veryfewpeopletriedtohelp,andmostpassengerspretendednottonotice.Inoneincident,aforeignerwasattackedbythreemen.Theattackwasonatrainwhichwasquitefull,andalthoughonemantriedtogettheotherpassengerstohelp,theyallrefused.ThisisnotonlyaFrenchproblem.ABritishnewspaperreportedin1991thataprofessorofSocialPsychologyinNewYorkhadsenthisstudentsouttorobtheirowncars.Thestudentsdidn'ttrytohidewhattheyweredoing.About800peoplewatched250carthefts,andonlytwelvepeopletriedtostopthestudentrobbers.Inatypicalincident,onemanstopped,looked,andthenputhishandsoverhiseyesandshouted"Ididn'tseethat!"Aboutfortypeopleofferedtohelpthethieves,andtwopeopleactuallysatdownnexttothecarandwaitedtobuyacameraandtelevisionsetastudentwastakingfromthebackseatofhisownear.Theprofessorwonderswhetherit'saproblemofbigcities,orwouldthesamethinghappenanywhere.

(27)

A.ProfessorsB.Reporters.C.Students.D.Policemen.

34.聽力原文：M:Now，I'mgoingtostartoffbyaskingyouadifficultquestion．Whywouldyouliketogetthispost?

W:Well，firstofa11Iknowthatyourfirmhasaverygoodreputation．ThenI'veheardyouoffergoodopportunitiesforpromotionforthefightperson．

Q:Whatdoweknowfromtheconversation?

(13)

A.Thewomanisbeinginterviewedbyareporter.

B.Thewomanisapplyingforajob.

C.Thewomanisaskingtorapromotion.

D.Thewomanisbeinggivenanexamination.

35.(14)

A.Ateacher.B.Apsychologist.C.Alibrarian.D.Apublisher.

36.【B9】

37.聽力原文：W:I'dliketoreadsomethingthat'sinterestingbutdoesn'trequiretoomuchconcentration.

M:Whatyouneedisagoodmystery.

Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?

(13)

A.Thewomanwouldenjoyreadingamystery.

B.Heisn'tinterestedinreading.

C.Heneedssomethingtoread,too.

D.Historybooksrequireconcentration.

38.(35)

A.None.B.Lessthantwo.C.Two.D.Morethantwo.

39.

【B7】

40.(21)

A.Six.B.Seven.C.Five.D.Sixorseven.

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20題)41.Thekeytothesequestionsistheemotionalresponsewecallanxiety.Unlikehungerorthirst,whichbuildanddissipate(驅(qū)散)intheimmediatepresent,anxietyisthesortoffeelingthatsneaksuponyoufromthedayaftertomorrow.It'ssupposedtokeepyoufromfeelingtoosafe.Withoutit,fewofuswouldsurvive.

Allanimals,especiallythesmall,scurryingkind,appeartofeelanxiety.Humanshavefeltitsincethedaystheysharedtheplanetwithsaber-tootbedtigers.Butweliveinaparticularlyanxiousage.TheinitialshockofSept.11haswornoff,andthefearhaslifted,butmillionsofAmericanscontinuetoshareakindofgeneralizedmassanxiety.ArecentTIME/CNNpollfoundthateightmonthsaftertheevent,nearlytwo-thirdsofAmericansthinkabouttheterrorattacksatleastseveraltimesaweek.Anditdoesn'ttakemuchforalltheoldfearstocomerushingback.Whatwassurprisingabouttherecentdrumbeatofterrorwarningswashowquicklyittriggeredtheanxietysomanyofusthoughtwehadputbehindus.

Thisisoneofthemysteriesofanxiety.Whileitisanormalresponsetophysicaldanger--andcanbeausefultoolforfocusingthemindwhenthere'sadeadlinelooming(或隱或現(xiàn))--anxietybecomesaproblemwhenitpersiststoolongbeyondtheimmediatethreat.Sometimesthere'sanobviouscause,aswiththeshell-shockedsoldiersofWorldWarIortheterror-scarredciviliansoftheWorldTradeCentercollapse.Othertimes,wedon'tknowwhywecan'tstopworrying.

Thereiscertainlyalotofanxietygoingaround.Anxietydisorder--whichiswhathealthexpertscallanyanxietythatpersiststothepointthatitinterfereswithone'slife--isthemustcommonmentalillnessintheU.S.Initsvariousforms,rangingfromveryspecificphobias(恐懼癥)togeneralizedanxietydisorder,itafflicts19millionAmericans.

Andyet,accordingtoasurveypublishedlastJanuarybyresearchersfromUCLA,lessthan25%ofAmericanswithanxietydisordersreceiveanykindoftreatmentfortheircondition."Ifmentalhealthisthestepchildofthehealth-caresystem,"saysJerilynRoss,presidentoftheAnxietyDisordersAssociationofAmerica,"thenanxietyisthestepchildofthestepchild."

SigmundFreudwasfascinatedwithanxietyandrecognizedearlyonthatthereismorethanonekind.Heidentifiedtwomajorformsofanxiety:onemorebiologicalinnatureandtheothermoredependentonpsychologicalfactors.Unfortunately,hisfollowersweresoobsessedwithhisideasaboutsexdrivesandunresolvedconflictsthatstudiesofthephysicalbasisofanxietylanguished(減退).

Whatcanbethemostsuitabletitleofthispassage?

A.TheOriginofAnxiety.

B.TheHazardsofAnxiety.

C.HealingAnxiety.

D.UnderstandingAnxiety.

42.InGermany，______.

A.birthratehasgoneupto1.3perwoman

B.peopleover65nowconstitutesabouthalftheadultpopulation

C.itspopulationofunder-35sistwiceaslargeasthatofover-65s

D.by2030itsworkingforcemayhaveshrunkby25%

43.

AccordingtoPfunst'sexperiment,Hansmostprobablydidhisworkby______.

44.

Thehouse-owner'sexampleshowsthatheactuallymeans______.

A.thestephasbeenlikethatforyears

B.hedoesn'tthinkitnecessarytofixthestop

C.theconditionofthestepisonlyaminorfault

D.thecostinvolvedinthefixingshouldbeshared

45.

Whatdidpeoplesayabouthim?

A.Theysaidhewasafamouswriter.

B.Theysaidhewasanimportantmodernpainter.

C.TheysaidhispaintingwasimportantandContemporary.

D.Theysaidhewasanimportantcontemporary.

46.

Whathappenedtotheleavesfallingfromthetreesinthesecondstudy?

A.Theybrokedownandthemainpartsturnedintooxygen.

B.Theybrokedownandthecarboncontenthadmainlyturnedintocarbondioxide.

C.Theybrokedownandthecarboncontentwasmainlyabsorbedinthesoil.

D.Theyabsorbedmorecarbondioxide.

47.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.

WhenChristopherColumbuslandedonAmerica'sshore,heencounteredcopper-skinnedpeoplewhomhepromptlycalled"Indians".CurrentestimatesindicatethattherewereoveramillionIndiansinhabitingNorthAmericathen.Thereareapproximately800,000Indianstoday,ofwhomabout250,000liveonreservations.

TheearlysettlershadanamicablerelationshipwithIndians,whosharedtheirknowledgeofhunting,fishing,andfarmingwiththeiruninvitedguests.Thestereotypedstealthy,wickedIndianofmodemwesternmovieswascreatedbyindifferent,faithlesswhitemen;theIndianwasbornfriendly.

DisgustdevelopedbetweentheIndiansandthesettlers,whoseencroachmentonIndianlandsprovokedaneraofturbulence.Asearlyas1745,IndiantribesjoinedtogethertodrivetheFrenchofftheirland.TheFrenchandIndianwardidnotenduntil1763.TheIndianshadsucceededindestroyingmanyofthewesternsettlements.TheBritishsuperficiallysubmissivetotheIndians,promisedthatfurthermigrationswestwouldnotextendbeyondaspecifiedboundary.

Evictedfromtheirlandor,worsestill,franklycedingtheirpropertytothewhitesforafewbaubles,Indianswereruthlesslypushedwest.Thebattlein1876atLittleBigHornRiverinMontanainwhichSittingBullandtheSiouxbribesmassacredGeneralCusterscavalry,causedthewhitestointensifytheircampaignagainsttheredmen.ThebattleatWoundedKnee,SouthDakota,in1890putanendtothelastvestigeofhopeforamitybetweenIndiansandwhites.

AlthoughtheBureauofIndianAffairshasoperatedsince1824,presumablyforthepurposeofguardingIndians'interests,Indiansonreservationsleadnotoriouslydeprivedlives.InrecenttimesirateIndianshavetakenamilitantstandandhaveappealedtothecourtsandtheAmericanpeopletoimprovetheirsubstandardlivingconditions.

Inthemodemwhitewesterner'seyes,theIndiansare______.

48.Creativityhasbeenconsideredintermsofprocess,productorpersonandhasbeendefinedastheinterpersonalandtheinterpersonalprocessbymeansofwhichoriginal,highquality,andgenuinelysignificantproductsaredeveloped.Indealingwithyoungchildren,thefocusshouldbeontheprocess,whichisseenasthebasisofcreativepotential.Whentryingtounderstandthisprocess,itishelpfultoconsiderGuilford'sdifferentiationbetweenconvergentanddivergentthought.Problemsassociatedwithdivergentthoughtoftenhaveonecorrectsolution.Butproblemsassociatedwithdivergentthoughtrequiretheproblem-solvertogeneratemanysolutions,afewofwhichwillbenovel,ofhighquality,andworkable--hencecreative.

Foraproperunderstandingofchildren'screativity,onemustdistinguishcreativityfromintelligenceandtalent.Wardexpressedconcernaboutwhethercreativityinyoungchildrencouldbedifferentiatedfromothercognitiveabilities.Morerecentstudieshaveshownthatcomponentsofcreativepotentialcanindeedbedistinguishedfromintelligence.Theterm"gifted"isoftenusedtoimplyhighintelligence.ButWallachhasarguedthatintelligenceandcreativityareindependentofeachother,andahighlycreativechildmayormaynotbehighlyintelligent.

Creativitygoesbeyondpossessionanduseofartistictalent.Inthiscontext,talentreferstothepossessionofahighdegreeoftechnicalskillinaspecializedarea.Thusanartistmayhavewonderfultechnicalskills,butmaynotsucceedinevokingtheemotionalresponsethatmakestheviewerfeelthatapainting,forexample,isunique.Itisimportanttokeepinmindthatchildren'screativityisevidencednotonlyinmusic,art,orwriting,butalsoinscience,socialstudiesandotherareas.

Mostmeasuresofchildren'screativityhavefocusedonideationalfluency.Ideationalfluencytasksrequirechildrentogenerateasmanyresponsesastheycantoaparticularstimulus,asisdoneinbrainstorming.Ideationalfluencyisgenerallyconsideredtobeacriticalfeatureofthecreativeprocess.Children'sresponsemaybeeitherpopularororiginal,withthelatterconsideredevidenceofcreativepotential.Thuswhenweaskfour-year-oldstotellus"allthethingstheycanthinkofred,"wefindthatchildrennotonlylistwagons,apples,andcardinals,butalsochildrenpoxandcoldhands.

Foryoungchildren,thefocusofcreativityshouldremainonprocess:thegenerationofideas.Adultacceptanceofmultipleideasinanon-evaluativeatmospherewillhelpchildrengeneratemoreideasormovetothenextstage,whichisself-evaluation.Aschildrendeveloptheabilityforself-evaluation,issuesofqualityandthegenerationofproductsbecomemoreimportant.Theemphasisatthisstageshouldbeonself-evaluationratherthanevaluationbyothers,forthesechildrenareexploitingtheirabilitiestogenerateandevaluatehypothesisandtorevisetheirideasbasedonthatevaluation.Evaluationbyothersandcriteriaforgenuinelysignificantproductsshouldbeusedonlywitholderadolescentsoradults.

Thepassagesuggeststhatcreativityinchildrenismostlycloselyrelated______.

A.talent

B.intelligence

C.ahigherdegreeoftechnicalskills

D.theprocessofdevelopingoriginalideas

49.(56)

50.

AdenSpectermostprobablythoughtthat______.

A.somesenatorswouldbecomeundeterminedintheprocessofvoting

B.theeconomicproblemsshouldbesolvedimmediately

C.deficitandnationaldebtshouldn'thav