合集是我雅思學(xué)術(shù)類(lèi)閱讀

第IELTS的基本情況TrainingcenterIELTS口語(yǔ)課程是一個(gè)考試準(zhǔn)備課程。consistency:規(guī)定時(shí)間：1個(gè)小時(shí) 234567896.5分的科目：Accounting,InternationalBusinessAndCommerce,Marketing,Advertisement,人力資源管理Computer,建筑，化學(xué)，數(shù)學(xué)，生物1123456789（口語(yǔ)：不要求有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的英式語(yǔ)音。3500字）第

MBAListofheadings（標(biāo)題對(duì)應(yīng)）2．True,False,NotgivenTESTINGSYSTEMTIMEALLOWED:1HourNUMBEROFQUESTIONS:38Thetestisdividedas Startatthebeginningofthetestandworkthroughit.Youshouldanswerallthequestions.Ifyoucannotdoaparricularquestionleaveitandgoontothenext.Youcanreturntoitlater.St.Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1-11whicharebasedonReadingPassage1onSt.TheeruptioninMay1980ofMountSt.Helens,WashingtonState,astoundedtheworldwithits.Agiganticexplosiontoremuchofthevolcano'ssummittofragments;theenergyreleasedwasequaltothatof500ofthenuclearbombsthatdestroyedHiroshimain1945.TheeventoccurredalongtheboundaryoftwoofthemovingtesthatmakeuptheEarth'scrust.TheymeetatthejunctionoftheNorthAmericancontinentandthePacificOcean.OneedgeofthecontinentalNorthAmericanteover-ridestheoceanicJuandeFucamicro-te,producingthevolcanicCascaderangethatincludesMountsBaker,RainierandHood,andLassenPeakaswellasMountSt.UntilMountSt.Helensbegantostir,onlyMountBakerandLassenPeakhadshownsignsoflifeduringthe20thcentury.AccordingtogeologicalevidencefoundbytheUnitedStatesGeologicalSurvey,therehadbeentwomajoreruptionsofMountSt.Helensintherecent(geologicallyspeaking)past:around1900B.C.,andaboutA.D.1500.SincethearrivalofEuropeansintheregion,ithadexperiencedasingleperiodofspasmodicactivity,between1831and1857.Then,formorethanacentury,MountSt.Helenslaydormant.By1979,theGeologicalSurvey,alertedbysignsofrenewedactivity,hadbeenmonitoringthevolcanofor18months.Itwarnedthelocalpopulationagainstbeingdeceivedbythemountain'soutwardcalm,andforecastthataneruptionwouldtakecebeforetheendofthecentury.Theinhabitantsoftheareadidnothavetowaitthatlong.OnMarch27,1980,afewcloudsofsmokeformedabovethesummit,andslighttremorswerefelt.Onthe28th,largeranddarkerclouds,.consistingofgasandashes,.emergedandclimbedashighas20,000feet.InAprilaslightlullensued,butthevolcanologistsremainedpessimistic.The,inearlyMay,thenorthernflankofthemountainbulged,andthesummitroseby500feet.Stepsweretakentoevacuatethepopulation.Most-campers,hikers,timbercutterslefttheslopesofthemountain.Eighty-four-year-oldHarryTruman,aholidaylodgeownerwhohadlivedthereformorethan50years,refusedtobeevacuated,inspiteofofficialandpublic,includinganentireclassofschoolchildren,wrotetohim,begginghimtoleave.Heneverdid.OnMay18,at8.32inthemorning,MountSt.Helensblewitstop.lilly.Suddenly,itwas1300feetshorterthanithadbeenbeforeitsgrowthhadbegun.Overhalfacubicofrockhaddisintegrated.Atthesamemoment,anearthquakewithanintensityof5ontheRichterscalewasrecorded.Ittriggeredanavalancheofsnowandice.mixedwithhotrock-theentirenorthfaceofthemountainhadfallenaway.Awaveofscorchingvolcanicgasandrockfragmentsshothorizontallyfromthevolcano'srivenflank,ataninescapable200perhour.Astheslidingiceandsnowmelted,ittouchedoffdevastatingtorrentsofmudanddebris,whichdestroyedalllifeintheirpath.Pulverised,whichdestroyedalllifeintheirpath.Pulverisedrockclimbedasadustcloudintotheatmosphere.Finally,viscouslava, paniedbyburningcloudsofashandgas,welledoutofvolcano'snewcrater,andfromlesserventsandcracksinitsflanks.Afterwards,scientistswereabletoysethesequenceofevents.First,magmamoltenrock-attemperaturesabove2000oF.hadsurgedintothevolcanofromtheEarth'smantle.Thebuild-upwas paniedbyanaccumulationofgas,whichincreasedasthemassofmagmagrew.Itwasthepressureinsidethemountainthatmadeitswell.Next,theriseingaspressurecausedaviolent pression.Whichejectedtheshatteredsummitlikeacorkfromashakensodabottle.Withthesummitgone,themoltenrockwithinwasreleasedinajetofgasandfragmentedmagma,andlavawelledfromthecrater.TheeffectsoftheMountSt.Helenseruptionwerecatastrophic.Almostallthetreesofthesurrounding,mainlyDouglasfirs.wereflattened.andtheirbranchesandbarkrippedoffbytheshockwaveoftheexplosion.Ashandmudspreadovernearly200squareofcountry.Allthetownsandsettlementsintheareaweresmotheredinanevencoatingofash.VolcanicashsilteduptheColumbiaRiver35away,reducingthedebristhataccumulatedatthefootofthevolcanoreachedadepth.inces,of200feet.TheeruptionofMountSt.Helenswasoneofthemostcloselyobservedandysedinhistory.Becausegeologistshadbeenexpectingtheevent,theywereabletoamassvastamountsoftechnicaldatawhenithappened.Studyofatmosphericparticlesformedasaresultoftheexplosionshowedthatdropletsofsulphuricacid,actingasascreenbetweentheSunandtheEarth'ssurface,causedadistinctdropintemperature.ThereisnodoubtthattheactivityofMountSt.Helensandothervolcanoessince1980hasinfluencedourclimate.Evenso,ithasbeencalculatedthatthetyofdustejectedbyMountSt.Helens-aquarterofacubic-wasnegligibleincomparisonwiththatthrownoutbyearliereruptions,suchasthatofMountKatmaiinAlaskain1912(threecubic).Thevolcanoisstillactive.Lavadomeshaveformedinsidethenewcrater,andhaveperiodicallyburst.ThethreatofMountStHelensliveson..Questions1andReadingPassage1has9paragraphslabelledA-Whichparagraphcomparestheeruptiontotheenergyreleasedbynuclearbomb?Answerquestions1and2bywritingtheappropriateletterA-IWhichparagraphcomparestheeruptiontotheenergyreleasedbynuclearbomb?WhichparagraphdescribestheevacuationoftheWhichparagraphdescribesthemomentoftheexplosionofMountSt.Questions3andWhatarethedatesoftheTWOmajoreruptionsofMountSt.HelensbeforeWriteTWOdatesinbox3onyouranswer HowdoscientistsknowthatthevolcanoexplodedaroundthetwodatesUsingNOMORETHANTHREEWORDS,writeyouranswerinbox4onyouranswerQuestions5-CompletethesummaryofeventsbelowleadinguptotheeruptionofMountSt.Helens.ChooseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes5-8onyouranswerIn1979theGeologicalSurveywarned...(5)...toexpectaviolenteruptionbeforetheendofthecentury.Theforecastwassoonprovedaccurate.AttheendofMarchthereweretremorsandcloudsformedabovethemountain.Thiswasfollowedbyalull,butinearlyMaythetopofthemountainroseby...(6)....Peoplewere...(7)...fromaroundthemountain.Finally,onMay18that...(8)...,MountSt.Helensexploded.Question9andCompletethetablebelowgivingevidenceforthepoweroftheMountSt.HelensWriteyouranswersinboxes9and10onyouranswerTheenergyreleasedbytheexplosionofMountSt.500nuclearTheareaoflandcoveredinmudorThetyofdustQuestionChoosetheappropriateletterA-Dandwriteitinbox11oneyouranswerAccordingtothetexttheeruptionofMountSt.Helensandothervolcanoeshasinfluencedourclimatebyincreasingtheamountofheatingthecoolingtheair第Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions12-25whichandbasedonReadingPassage2onpages6andQuestions12-ReadingPassage2hassevenparagraphsA-ChoosethemostsuitableheadingsforparagraphsB-EandGfromthelistofheadingbelow.Writetheappropriatenumbers(i-x)inboxes12-16onyouranswersheet.NBTherearemoreheadingsthanparagraphssoyouwillnotuseallofYoumayuseanyoftheheadingsmorethanListofTheeffectofchangingdemographicsonFuturechangesintheEuropeanTheunstructuredinterviewanditsThe-skillsmatchapproachtoTheimplicationsofapoor-environmentSomepoorselectionThevalidityofselectionThe-environmentPastandfuturedemographicchangesin ParagraphParagraphParagraphParagraph Paragraph AnswerParagraphIn1991,accordingtotheDepartmentofTradeandIndustry,arecord48,000Britishcompanieswentoutofbusiness.Whenbusinessesfail,thepost-mortemysisistraditionallyundertakenbyaccountantsandmarketstrategists.Unarguablyorganisationsdofailbecauseofundercapitalisation,poorfinancialmanagement,adversemarketconditionsetc.Yet,conversely,organisationswithsoundfinancialbacking,goodproductideasandmarketacumenoftenunderperformandfailtomeetshareholders'expectations.Thecomplexity,degreeandsustainmentoforganisationalperformancerequiresanexnationwhichgoesbeyondthebalancesheetandthe"paperconversion"offinancialinputsintoprofitmakingoutputs.Amorecompleteexnationof"whatwentwrong"necessarilymustconsidertheessenceofwhatanorganisationactuallyisandthatoneofthefinancialinputs,themostimportantandoftenthemostexpensive,ispeople.Anorganisationisonlyasgoodasthepeopleitemploys.Selectingtherightforthejobinvolvesmorethanidentifyingtheessentialordesirablerangeofskills,educationalandprofessionalqualificationsnecessarytoperformthejobandthenrecruitingthecandidatewhoismostlikelytopossesstheseskillsoratleastisperceivedtohavetheabilityandpredispositiontoacquirethem.Thisisapurely/skillsmatchapproachtoselection.Workinvariablytakesceinthepresenceand/orunderthedirectionofothers,inaparticularorganisationalsetting.Theindividualhasto"fit"inwiththeworkenvironment,withotheremployees,withtheorganisationalclimate,styleorwork,organisationandcultureoftheorganisation.Differentorganisationshavedifferentcultures(Cartwright&Cooper,1991;1992).WorkingasanengineeratBritishAerospacewillnotnecessarilybeasimilarexperiencetoworkinginthesamecapacityatGECorPlessey.Poorselectiondecisionsareexpensive.Forexample,thecostsoftrainingamanareabout￡20,000(approx.US$30,000).Thecostsofemployinganunsuitabletechnicianonanoilrigorinanuclearntcould,inanemergency,resultinmillionsofpoundsofdamageorlossoflife.Thedisharmonyofapoor-environmentfit(PE-fit)islikelytoresultinlowjobsatisfaction,lackoforganisationalcommitmentandemployeestress,whichaffectorganisational ductivity,highlabourturnoverandabsenteeism,and esi.e.physical,psychologicalandmentalwell-being.However,despitetheimportanceoftherecruitmentdecisionandtherangeofsophisticatedandobjectiveselectiontechniquesavailable,includingtheuseofpsychometrictests,assessmentcentresetc.,manyorganisationsarestillpreparedtomakethisdecisiononthebasisofasingle30to45minuteunstructuredinterview.Indeed,researchhasdemonstratedthataselectiondecisionisoftenmadewithinthefirstfourminutesoftheinterview.Intheremainingtime,theinterviewerthenattendsexclusivelytoinformationthatreinstheinitial"accept"or"reject"decision.Researchintothevalidityofselectionmethodshasconsistentlydemonstratedthattheunstructuredinterview,wheretheinterviewerasksanyquestionsheorshelikes,isapoorpredictoroffuturejobperformanceandfareslittlebetterthatmorecontroversialmethodslikegraphologyandastrology.Intimesofhighunemployment,! esa"buyer'smarket"andthiswasthecaseinBritainduringthe1980s.Thefuture,wearetold,islikelytobedifferent.DetailedsurveysofsocialandeconomictrendsintheEuropeancommunityshowthatEurope'spopulationisfallingandgettingolder,ThebirthrateintheCommunityisnowonlythree-quartersofthelevelneededtoensurerecementoftheexistingpopulation.Bytheyear2020,itispredictedthatmorethanoneinfourEuropeanswillbeaged60ormoreandbarelyoneinfivewillbeunder20.Inafive-yearperiodbetween1983and1988theCommunity'sfemaleworkgrewbyalmostsixmillion.Asaresult,51%ofallwomenaged14to64arenoweconomicallyactiveinthelabourmarketcomparedwith78%ofmen.Thechangingdemographicswillnotonlyaffectselectionratios.Theywillalsomakeitincreasinglyimportantfororganisationswishingtomaintaintheircompetitiveedgetobemoreresponsiveand modatingtothechangingneedsoftheirworkiftheyaretoretainanddeveloptheirhumanresources.Moreflexibleworkinghours,theopportunityofworkfromhomeorjobshare,theprovisionofchildcarefacilitiesetc.,willyamajorroleinattractingandretainingstaffinthefuture.Questions17-DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeviewsofthewriterinReadingPassageInboxes17-22onyouranswersheet ifthestatementagreeswiththe ifthestatementdoesnotagreewiththeNOT ifthereisnoinformationaboutthisintheOrganisationsshouldrecognisethattheiremployeesareasignificantpartoftheirfinancialassets.TheriseinthefemaleworkintheEuropeanCommunityisapositiveGraphologyisagoodpredictoroffuturefobInthefuture,thenumberofpeopleinemployableagegroupswillIn2020,thepercentageofthepopulationunder20willbesmallerthanQuestions23-CompletethenotesbelowwithwordstakenfromReadingPassage2.UseNOMORETHANONEorTWOWORDSforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes23-25onyouranswer第四Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions26-38whicharebasedonReadingPassage3onpages9and"TheRollfilmTheintroductionofthedryteprocessbroughtwithitmanyadvantages.Notonlywasitmuchmoreconvenient,sothatthephotographernolongerneededtopreparehismaterialinadvance,butitsmuchgreatersensitivitymadepossibleanewgenerationofcameras.Instantaneousexposureshadbeenpossiblebefore,butonlywithsomedifficultyandwithspecialequipmentandconditions.Now,exposuresshortenoughtopermitthecameratotheheldinthehandwereeasilyachieved.Aswellasfittingshuttersandviewfinderstotheirconventionalstandcameras,manufacturersbegantoconstructsmallercamerasintendedspecificallyforhanduse.OneofthefirstdesignstobepublishedwasThomasBolas's'Detective'cameraof1881.Externallyainbox,quiteunlikethefoldingbellowscameratypicaloftheperiod,itcouldbeusedunobtrusively.Thenamecaughton,andforthenextdecadeorsoalmostallhandcameralwerecalled'Detectives',Many.ofthenewdesignsinthe1880swereformagazinecameras,inwhichanumberofdrytescouldbepre-loadedandchangedoneafteranotherfollowingexposure.Althoughmuchmoreconvenientthanstandcameras,stillusedbymostseriousworkers,magazinetecameraswereheavy,andrequiredaccesstoadarkroomforloadingandprocessingthetes.ThiswasallchangedbyayoungAmericanbankclerkturnedphotographicmanufacturer,GeorgeEastman,fromRochester,NewYork.Eastmanhadbeguntomanufacturegelatinedrytesin1880.beingoneofthefirsttodosoinAmerica.Hesoonlookedforwaysofsimplifyingphotography,believingthatmanypeoplewereputoffbythecomplicationandmessiness.Hisfirststepwastodevelop,wihthecameramanufacturerWilliamH.Walker,aholderforalongrollofpapernegative'film'.Thiscouldbefittedtoastandardtecameraanduptoforty-eightexposuresmadebeforereloading.Thecombinedweightofthepaperrollandtheholderwasfarlessthanthesamenumberofglasstesintheirling-tightwoodenholders.Althoughroll-holdershadbeenmadeasearlyasthe1850s,nonehadbeenverysuccessfulbecauseofthelimitationsofthephotographicmaterialsthenavailable.Eastman'srollablepaperfilmwassensitiveandgavenegativesofgoodquality;theEastman-Walkerroll-holderwasagreatsuccess.Thenextstepwastocombinetheroll-holderwithasmallhandcamera;Eastman'sfirstdesignwaspatentedwithanemployee,F.M.Cossitt,in1886.Itwasnotasuccess.OnlyfiftyEastmandetectivecamerasweremade,andtheyweresoldasalottoadealerin1887;thecostwastoohighandthedesigntoocomplicated.Eastmansetaboutdeveloanewmodel,whichwaslaunchedinJune1888.Itwasasmallbox,containingarollofpaperbasedstripfilmsufficientfor100circularexposures6cmindiameter.Itsoperationwassimple:settheshutterbypullingawirestring;aimthecamerausingtheVlineimpressioninthecameratop;pressthereleasebottontoactivatetheexposure;andturnaspecialkeytowindtothefilm.Ahundredexposureshadtobemade,soitwasimportanttorecordeachpictureinthememorandumbookprovided,sincetherewasnoexposurecounter.Eastmangavehiscameratheinventedname'Kodak'-whichwaseasilypronounceableinmostlanguages.andhadtwoKswhichEastmanfeltwasafirm, promisingkindofletter.TheimportanceofEastman'snewroll-filmcamerawasnotthatitwasthefirst.Therehadbeenseveralearliercameras,notablytheStirn'America',firstdemonstratedinthespringof1887andonsalefromearly1888.Thisalsousedarollofnegativepaper,andhadsuchrefinementsasareflectingviewfinderandaningeniousexposuremarker.TherealsignificanceofthefirstKodakcamerawasthatitwasbackedupbyadeveloandprintingservice.Hitherto,virtuallyallphotographersdevelopedandprintedtheirownpictures.Thisrequiredthatfacilitiesofadarkroomandthetimeandinclinationtohandlethenecessarychemicals,maketheprintsandsoon.Eastmanrecognizedthatnoteveryonehadtheresourcesorthedesiretodothis.WhenacustomerhadmadeahundredexposuresintheKodakcamera,hesentittoEastman'sfactoryinRochester(orlaterinHarrowinEngland)wherethefilmwasunloaded,processedandprinted,thecamerareloadedandreturnedtotheowner."YouPresstheButton,WeDotheRest"ranEastman'sclassicmarketingslogan;photographyhadbeenbroughttoeveryone.Everyone,thatis,whocouldafford$25orfiveguineasforthecameraand$10ortwoguineasforthedeveloandprinting.Aguinea($5)wasaweek'swagesformanyatthetime,sothissimplecameracosttheequivalentofhundredsofdollarstoday.In1889animprovedmodelwithanewshutterdesignwasintroduced,anditwascalledtheNo.2Kodakcamera.Thepaper-basedstripfilmwascomplicatedtomanipulate,sincetheprocessednegativeimagehadtobestrippedfromthepaperbaseforprinting.Attheendof1889Eastmanlaunchedanewrollfilmonacelluloidbase.Clear,tough,transparentandflexible,thenewfilmnotonlymadetherollfilmcamerafullypractical,butprovidedtherawmaterialfortheintroductionofcinematographyafewyearslater.Other,largermodelswereintroduced,includingseveralfoldingversions,oneofwhichtookpictures21.6cmx16.5cminsize.OthermanufacturersinAmericaandEuropeintroducedcamerastotaketheKodakroll-fi,andotherfirmsbegantoofferdeveloandprintingservicesforthebenefitofthenewbreedofphotographers.BySeptember1889,over5,000KodakcamerashadbeensoldintheUSA,andthe wasdailyprinting6-7,000negatives,Holidaysandspecialeventscreatedenormoussurgesindemandforprocessing:900KodakusersreturnedtheircamerasforprocessingandreloadingintheweekaftertheNewYorkcentennialcelebration.Questions26-DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeviewsofthewriterinReadingPassageInboxes26-29onyouranswersheet ifthestatementagreeswiththe ifthestatementdoesagreewiththeNOT ifthereisnoinformationaboutthisintheBeforethedryteprocessshortexposurescouldonlybachievedwithcamerasheldintheThefirstKodakfilmcosttheequivalentofaweek'swagestoSomeofEastman's1891rangeofcamerascouldbeloadedinQuestions30-Completethediagrambelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthepassageforeachWriteyouranswersinboxes30-34onyouranswerQuestions35-Completethetablebelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthepassageforeachWriteyouranswersinboxes35-38onyouranswerName ManufactureofgelatinedryThomasIntroductionofmodelwithACADEMICREADING-ANSWERReadingPassage1,Questions1-900B.C.ANDA.D.1500(Bothfor1mark.)NOT1900AND5.(the)localpopulation6.500/fivehundred2(am./inthe9.(nearly)20010.(a)quarter/1/4of(a)11.8.19.NOT20.4. 8.29.NOT30.windon(the)31.(a)wire32.set(the)33.(the)memorandum34.recordeach35.(George)36.37.(a)(small)hand38.(a)new第五Youareadvisedtospendabout20minutesonQuestions1-15whicharebasedonReadingPassage1.TheBirthOfTheChancesare,you'lluseamicrowaveovenatleastoncethisweek-probably(accordingresearch)forheatingupleftoversordefrostingsomething.Microwaveovensaresocommontodaythatit'seasytoforgethowraretheyoncewere.Aslateas1977,only10%ofU.S.homeshadone.By1995,85%ofhouseholdshadatleastone.Today,morepeopleownmicrowavesthanownMagnetrons,thetubesthatproducemicrowaves,wereinventedbyBritishscientistsin1940.TheywereusedinradarsystemsduringWorldWarII,andwereinstrumentalindetectingGermannesduringtheBattleofBritain.Thesetubes—whicharesortoflikeTVpicturetubes—mightstillbestrictlymilitaryhardwareifPercySpencer,anengineeratRaytheon(aU.S.defensecontractor),hadn'tsteppedinfrontofonein1946.Hehadachocolatebarinhispocket;whenhewenttoeatitafewminuteslater,hefoundthatthechocolatehadalmostcompleymelted.Thatdidn'tmakesense.Spencerwasn'thot—howcouldthechocolatebarbe?Heedthemagnetronwasresponsible,sohetriedanexperiment.Heputabagofpopcornkernelsinthetube.Secondslater,theypopped.Thenextday,Spencerbroughteggsandanoldtea-kettletowork.Hecutaholeinthesideofthekettle,putanegginit,anlaceditnexttothemagnetron.Justasacolleaguewenttoseewhatwashappening,theeggexploded.SpencersharedhisdiscoverywithhisemployersatRaytheon,andsuggestedmanufacturingmagnetron-poweredovenstoselltothepublic.Raytheonwasinterested.Theyhadthecapacitytoproduce10,000magnetrontubesperweek,butwithWorldWarIIover,militarypurchaseshadbeencutdowntoalmostnothing.WhatisthebetterwaytorecoverlostsalesthantoputaradarsetdisguisedasamicrowaveovenineveryAmericanhome?Raytheonagreedtobacktheproject.Thepatentedthefirst"highfrequencydielectricheatingapparatus"in1953.Thentheyheldacontesttofindanamefortheirproduct.Somecameupwith"RadarRange",whichwaslatercombinedintothesingleword—Radarange.Raytheonhadagreatproductideaandagreatname,buttheydidn'thaveanovenanyonecouldafford.The1953modelwas51/2feettall,weighedmorethan750pounds,andcost$3000.Overthenext20years,railroads,oceanlinersandhigh-endrestaurantswerevirtuallytheonlyRadarangecustomers.In1955,a calledTappanintroducedthefirstmicrowaveovenforaverageconsumers;itwassmallerthantheRadarange,butstillcost$1,295—morethansomesmallhomes.Thenin1964,aJapanese perfectedaminiaturizedmagnetron,andRaytheonsoonafterintroducedaRadarangethatusedthenewmagnetron.Itsoldfor$495.ButthatwasstilltooexpensivefortheaverageAmericanfamily.Finally,inthe1980s,technicalimprovementsloweredthepriceandimprovethequalityenoughtomakemicrowaveovensbothaffordableandpractical.By1988,10%ofallnewfoodproductsintheU.Sweremicrowaveable.Hereisthefirstthingyoushouldknowabout"microwaves":Likevisiblelight,radiowavesandX-rays,theyarewavesofelectromagneticenergy.Whatmakesthefourwavesdifferentfromeachother?Eachhasadifferentlength(wavelength)andvibratesatadifferentspeed(frequency).MicrowavesgettheirnamebecausetheirwavelengthismuchshorterthanelectromagneticwavesthatcarryTVandradiosignals.Themicrowavesinamicrowaveovenhaveawavelengthoaboutfourinches,andtheyvibrate2.5billiontimespersecond—aboutthesamenaturalfrequencyaswatermolecules.That'swhatatmakesthemsoeffectiveatheatingfood.Aconventionalovenheatstheairintheoven,whichthencooksthefood.Butmicrowavescausewatermoleculesinthefoodtovibrateathighspeeds,creatingheat.Theheatedwatermoleculesarewhatcookthefood.Glass,ceramicsandsticscontainvirtuallynowatermolecules,whichiswhytheydon'theatupinthemicrowave.Whenthemicrowaveovenisturnedon,electricitypassesthroughthemagnetron,thetubethatproducesmicrowaves.Themicrowavesarethenchanneleddownametaltube(waveguide)andthroughaslowrotatingmetalfan(stirrer),whichscattersthemintothepartoftheovenwherethefoodisced.Thewallsoftheovenaremadeofmetal,whichreflectsmicrowavesthesamewaythatamirrorreflectsvisiblelight.Sowhenthemicrowaveshitthestirrerandarescatteredintothefoodchamber,theybounceoffthemetalwallsandpenetratethefoodfromeverydirection.Someovenshavearotatingturntablethathelpsfoodcookmoreevenly.Domicrowavescookfoodfromtheinsideout?Somepeoplethinkso,buttheanswerseemstobeno.Microwavescookfoodfromtheoutsidein,likeconventionalovens.Butthemicrowaveenergyonlypenetratesaboutaninchintothefood.Theheatthat'screatedbythewatermoleculesthenpenetratesdeeperintothefood,cookingitallthewaythrough.Thissecondarycookingprocessisknownas"conduction".Whensalesofmicrowaveovenstookoffinthelate1980s,millionsofcooksdiscoveredthesamething:Microwavesjustdon'tcooksomefoodsaswellasregularovensdo.Thereason:Becausemicrowavescookbyexcitingthewatermoleculesinfood,thefoodinsidethemicrowaveovenrarelycooksattemperaturehigherthan212°F,thetemperatureatwhichwaterturnsto.Conventionalovens,ontheotherhand,cooktotemperaturesashighas550°F.Hightemperaturesareneededtocaramelizesugarsandbreakdownproteins,carbohydratesandothersubstances,andcombinethemintomorecomplexflavors.So,microwaveovencan'tdoanyofthis,anditcan'tbake,either.Somepeoplefeelthisisthemicrowave'sAchillesheel."Thename'microwaveoven'isamisnomer,"saysCindyAyers,anexecutivewithCampbellSoup."Itdoesn'tdowhatanovendoes.""It'saglorifiedpopcornpopper,"saysTomVierhile,aresearcherwithMarketingInligence,anewsletterthattracksmicrowavesales."Whenthemicrowavefirstcameout,peoplethoughttheyhadstumbledonnirvana.It'snottheappliancethefoodindustrythoughtitwouldbe.It'samajordisappointment."Addsonecookingcritic:"Microwavesalesarestillstrong,buttimewilllwhethertheyhaveafutureintheAmericankitchen."Questions1-ReadingPassage1hassevenparagraphsA-G.Statewhichparagraphdiscusseseachofthepointsbelow.WritetheappropriatelettersA-Ginboxes1-6onyouranswersheet. TheDiscoveryThatSpencerMade TheIntroductionoftheTheConductionProcessofHeatingBasicCookingMethodofMicrowaveTheCommercialDevelopmentoftheLimitationsoftheQuestions7-Completethesummarybelowwiththewordtakenfromeachblank.Writeyouranswersinboxes-11inyouranswersheet.UseNOMORETHANONEWORDforeachBeforemagnetronswereusedformicrowavestheywereprimarilyused(7)systems.Microwaveshavemuch wavelengththanelectromagneticwaves.Whydomicrowavescooksofast?Thereasonthatregularovenscooksoslowlyisbecauseovensheatairmoleculesfirst,whilemicrowavesheat(9)moleculesfirst.Microwaveovenscookfoodinanydirectionbecausewhenthemicrowaveshitsthemetalwallsinamicrowavethey(10)offthemetalwalls.Theprocessthatallowsmicrowavestocookfoodfromtheoutsidetotheinsidemaybestbecalled"heattransferby(11)."Questions12-DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage1?Writeyouranswersinboxes12-15onyouranswersheet. ifthestatementagreeswiththe ifthestatementcontradictstheNOT ifthereisnoinfor