軟件項目管理部分課后習題答案

7、Identifythemaintypesofpersonnelemployedinaninformationsystemsdepartment.

(1)Requirementselicitationandanalysis

Thismightinvolve:businessanalysts,systemsanalysts,salesmanaaers,pre-sales

support,salesenaineersdeDendinqontheenvironmentandtheparticular

circumstancesoftheproject(e.g.isitbeingdevelopedforaninternalorexternalclient?).

TheISO12207suggeststhat'humanfactorsengineeringspecifications,wouldbe

producedatthisstagewhichimpliesthepossibledeploymentofhumac-computsr

interfacespecialists

Otherspecialistsmightbeinvolvedtodealwithother,technicalareas,forexample

security.

Note,also,thatyouwouldhavetohavesomeuserand/orclientrepresentatives

availabletoprovidedetailsoftheirneeds.

(2)Architecturaldesign

Systemarchitect-manyorganizationsnowhaveasinglepersonorgroupthatis

responsibleforensuringnewsystemcomponentsaredesignedaccordingto

organizationalstandard

Softwaredesigners

(3)Detaileddesign

Softwaredesigners,softwaredevelopers

(4)Code/test

Softwaredesigners,softwaredevelopers

(5)Integration

Softwaredesigners,softwaredevelopers(todealwithproblems)hardwaredesigners,

testers

(6)Qualificationtesting

Systemtesters,end-users,softwaredesignersanddevelopers(toresolveproblems

andissues)

(7)Installation

Businessanalysts,technicalsupport,trainers,localusermanagement

2、Asoftwarehousehasdevelopedacustomisedorderprocessingsystemforaclient.You

areanemployeeofthesoftwarehousethathasbeenaskedtoorganizeatrainingcourse

fortheend-usersofthesystem.Atpresent,auserhandbookhasbeenproduced,butno

specifictrainingmaterial.Aplanisnowneededfortheprojectwhichwillsetupthe

deliveryofthetrainingcourses.Theprojectcanbeassumedtohavebeencompleted

whenthefirsttrainingcoursestarts.Amongthethingsthatwillneedtobeconsideredare

thefollowing:

?Trainingmaterialswillneedtobedesignedandcreated;

?Atimetablewillneedtobedraftedandagreed;

?Date(s)forthecoursewillneedtobearranged;

?Thepeopleattendingthecoursewillneedtobeidentifiedandnotified;

?Roomsandcomputerfacilitiesforthecoursewillneedtobeprovidedfor.

Questions:

A.Identifythemainstakeholdersforthisproject;

B.Drawupastatementoftheobjectivesforthisproject;

C.Fortheobjectives,identifythemeasuresofeffectiveness;

Mainstakeholders

Thesemightinclude:

?Clientmanagement

?Usermanagement-atalowerlevelthantheabove,theywouldsharethehigher

managementconcerns,butalsohaveoperationalonessuchascoverintheoffice

whenstaffattendtrainingcourse.

?Users

?Trainers

?Technicalsupport-setupinatrainingenvironment

?Premisesmanagement（培訓場所管31人員）一availabilityofroomsfortraining

?Cateringservices（餐飲月艮務）-toproviderefreshmentsforcoursedelegates

?Reprographicsservices（復E|1月艮務）一toproducecopiesoftrainingmaterialcorrectly

andontime

Objectives

Tohaveinplacebydd/mm/yyallthematerialsandarrangementsneededforthedelivery

ofthetrainingcoursesrelatingtotheuseroftheaccountingpackageABCat

organizationXYZwithinthebudgetspecified,.

Notethattheactualdeliveryofthematerialandtrainingofstaffisjustoutsidetheboundaryof

the'project：

Measuresofeffectiveness

Anobviousoneisthatthetrainingcoursescanactuallygoahead.However,thisisratherlate

ifthingsaremissing.Analternativewouldbetoproduceachecklistthatcanbeusedon

dd/mm/yytoensurethatthenecessaryarrangementsareinplace.e.g.

?Roomsandequipmentbooked

?Delegatesnotified

?Trainingmaterialsprepared

橫線部分為我加注（第2章）

1.ListtheproductscreatedbytheStepWiseplanningprocess.

Thiscanbeseenasafollow-uptoExercise2.6intext.Thepointersforthisshowhowthe

stepsintheStepWiseplanningprocesscouldmapontothevarioussectionsofaplanning

documentwhichcanbeseenasthefinaldeliverableofplanning.Thefurtherexercisein

effectasksthestudentstoidentifyintermediateproductsintheprocess.

Ifinditusefultoencouragestudentstodiscusshowtheyaregoingtodoanexercise-after

allthisisasubjecttodowithplanning.Oneapproachwouldbetogothrougheachofthe

stepsintheStepWiseframework,identifyingtheproductscreated.Youmightendupwith

somethinglikethis.

0.Selectproject：feasibilityreport

1.Identifyprojectscopeandobjectives；Termsofreference（責權范圍）

2.Identifyprojectinfrastructure：Standards,proceduresrelatingtoprogressreporting,

changecontrol,VersionControltool,costevaluationtools,vtc

3.Analyseprojectcharacteristics:Technicalplan,riskregister

4.Identifytheproductsandactivities:Productbreakdownstructure,product

descriptions,productflowdiagrams,IdeaHactivitynetwork

(Coarseonecotrefinedone)

5.Estimateeffortforeachactivity：Scheduleoftaskdurationsandcosts

6.Identifyactivityrisks.Updatedscheduleoftaskdurationsandcosts,updatedrisk

register

7.Allocateresources：Ganttchart

8.Review/publicizeplan:Publicizedplan

9.Lowerlevelplanning:Detailedplans

2.Whatproductsmustexistbeforetheactivity'testprogram'cantakeplace?Whatproducts

doesthisactivitycreate?

Pre-test.Softwarespecification,testingenvironment,testcases(includinginputdetailsand

expectedresults),softwaretobetested,testplan

Post-testActualresults,listofdiscrepancies(不一致f生)，errorreports

5.Question4intheFurtherExercisesforChapter1referstoascenariorelatingtoatraining

exercise.Usingthatscenario,drawupaProductBreakdownStructure,aProductFlow

Diagramandapreliminaryactivitynetwork.

Feedback

Training

Plan

2.P57

?llliness;

?Othercommitmentsinterferingwithworke.g.familiy,work;

?Hardwareorsoftwarefacilitiesnotbeingavailablewhenneeded;

?Ambiguityintheassignmentspeficifcationleadintgtomisunderstandings;

?Lackofunderstandingofthetechniquestobeused

?Hostilea情tudeamon。stakeholders

3.discountedcashflowbetterthannetprofitorreturnoninvestment?

?DCFtakesmoreaccountofthepossibilitythatinvestmentmightmoreprofitably

beplacedelsewherethantheproposedproject;

?Projectswherethemajorbenefitsareonlyexperiencedafterseveralyearsare

notfavoured.Thereismoreuncertaintyaboutestimatesofincomeandcostsof

thefuturethatyougaze.

?NPVvaluescanbecalculatedforanumberofdifferentfeasibleinterestrates-

differentprojectsmightbefavouredasaresult.

5.DetailsaregivenbelowoftheestimatedincomeandoutgoingsofProjectsA.Calculatethe

returnoninvestment,thepaybackperiodandthenetpresentvalueoftheprojectand

commentinwhichappearstobethemostattractive.Assumeadiscountrateof5%

Project

A

discountaccum.

yearincomeoutgoingscashflowrateNPVcashflow

0120000-1200001-120000-120000

14200010000320000.952430476.19-88000

24700010000370000.907033560.09-51000

3510009000420000.863836281.18-9000

44000012000280000.822723035.6719000

19000

ROINPVpayback

3.96%3353.134

四、

1.Abuildingsocietyhasalonghistoryofimplementingcomputer-basedinformation

systemstosupporttheworkofitsbranches.Itusesaproprietarystructuredsystems

analysisanddesignmethod.Ithasbeendecidedtocreateacomputermodelofthe

propertymarket.Thiswouldattemptforexampletocalculatetheeffectofchangesof

interestratesonhousevalues.Thereissomeconcernthattheusualmethodologyused

forISdevelopmentwouldnotbeappropriateforthenewproject.

(a)Whymighttherebethisconcernandwhatalternativeapproachesshouldbe

considered?

(b)Outlineaplanforthedevelopmentofthesystemwhichillustratesthe

applicationofyourpreferredmethodologyforthisproject.

a)Withtraditionalbusinesssystemsanalysisthereisusuallyanexistivaofficeprocedure

thatmanagersarehopingtostreamlineinsomeway.Therearepeoplewhounderstand

thedetailsofthejobscurrentlydone.Theycanhelptheanalystdrawupprecise

requirementstobemet.Thereis,inshort,awell-definedclericalequivalentofthe

applicationthatistobebuilt.

Withacomputermodelofthepropertymarketthereisprobablynoequivalentofthis

well-definedclericalmodel.

?Theanalystsw川thereforehavetoseekideasabouttheworkingofsuchamodel

fromavarietyofsources.Experts,suchasexperiencedestateagents,maybeable

tocontributeobservations,butthesearelikelytobefragmentaryrulesofthumb.The

academicliteratureoneconomicmodelingmightbestudied.

?Intheendtheanalystswillprobablyhavetoresorttobuildingaprototypeofthe

model.Theywillthentrialthistoseeifitbehavesinasimilarwaytotheproperty

market.

?Thereisalwaysthechancethatthepropertymarketbehavesinjusttoocomplex

andinconsistentmannerforacomputermodeltomimicaccurately.

Allthissuggeststhatthe'traditional'ISdevelopmentapproachbasedonawaterfall

frameworkwouldbeunsidtable.Amoreiterativeprototypingapproachissensible.

b)Expandingonthediscussionin1(a),thefollowingisonemethodofworking:

?Defineobjectives:whatdoesthemanagementoftheorganizationwantfromthe

model?

?Surveyexistingsoftwaresolutionsandtheliteratureonthesubject.Hasanyonedone

thisalready?

?Consultexperts.JAD(jointapplicationdevelopment)sessionsarementionedintext

asonepossibleapproach.Therearemanyothertechniquestoelicitrelevant

knowledgefromdomainexpertswhichshouldbeconsidered.

?Basedontheabovedrawupaninitialprototypedesign

?Buildprototype

?Testit,probablyusingrealdatafromtherecentpast;youcancomparetheresultsof

themodelwithwhatactuallyhappened

?Analysethecausesofdiscrepancies差異；modifythemodelandrerun

?Stopthiscyclewhenyourunoutoftime,orarenotgettingsignificantimprovements

?Carryoutageneralvalidationofhowaccuratethemodelitis,howeasyitistouse-

forexampleistheinputdataneededeasytocollect?

?Writeuprecommendations

3.Aninvoicingsystemistohavethefollowingcomponents:amendinvoice,produce

invoice,producemonthlystatements,recordcashpayment,clearpaidinvoicesfrom

database,createcustomerrecords,deletecustomer.

(a)Whatphysicaldependenciesgoverntheorderinwhichthesetransactionsare

implemented?

a)

Giventhedatastructureabove,theordermightbe:

?Createcustomer

?Deletecustomer

?Produceinvoice

?Amendinvoice

?Payment

?Clearpaidinvoices

?Producemonthlystatements

(b)Howcouldthesystembebrokendownintoincrementswhichwouldbeofsomevalueto

theusers(hint-thinkabouttheproblemsoftakingexistingdetailsontoadatabasewhena

systemisfirstimplemented).

b)Whenanapplicationlikethisisinstalled,

(1.1)carefulthoughthastogointohowtheinformationaboutexistingaccountsis

tobecarriedovertothenewapplication.

(1.2)Obviouslydetailsaboutexistingcustomersw川needtobesetupbeforethe

newapplicationcanbecomeoperational.

■一Itwouldbehelpfultoreleasethefunctionalitytosetupcustomerdetailswellin

advanceofthechange-over.

(2)Detailsofinvoicesthathavealreadybeensentoutbuthavenotyetbeenpaid

wouldalsoneedtoberecordedforthenewapplication.

—Iftheinvoiceshavealotofcomplexdetailitmightbeworthreleasingthat

functionalityearlier,eveniftheuserswouldhavetotransfertheinvoicenumberand

amountduetotheirexistingaccountingsystem.Itmightatleastsavethemtypingifthe

oldsystemisapurelyclericalone.____________________________________________

五、

成績僅根據(jù)第2和6題批改,第3題不需要看

2.Ifyouwereaskedasanexperttoprovideanestimateoftheeffortneededtomakecertain

changestoanexistingpieceofsoftware,whatinformationwouldyouliketohavetohandto

assistyouinmakingthatestimate?

Theestimationoftheefforttochangeasoftwarecomponentrequiresadifferentapproachto

thedevelopmentofcompletelynewsoftwareasamajorfactoristhestructureofthe

existingsoftware.

Theestimatormightneedtoknow:

■Thenatureofthechangesrequired

■Ideallytheyshouldbetoldaboutthereasonsforthechange,astheymaybeableto

suggestalternativesandmoreeconomicwaysofmeetingtherequirement

■Thestructureofthesoftwaretobechanged

■Someideaofwhichpartsofthesoftwareneedchanging

■Whowillbecarryingoutthechanges-willitbesomeonewhoisalreadyfamiliarwith

thesoftwaretobechanged,orwilladditionaltimehavetobeallocatedfor

familiarization?

■Evaluation,Tools,Risk,Personnel,Delay,Cost

3.(此題不需要改)Asmallapplicationmaintainsatelephonedirectory.Thedatabaseforthe

applicationcontainsthefollowingdatatypes:

Staffreference

Surname

Forenames

Title

Departmentcode

Roomnumber

Telephoneextension

E-mailaddress

Faxnumber

Transactionsareneededwhich:

//.setupnewentries;

Hi.amendexistingentries

iv.deleteentries

v.allowenquirerstolistonlinethedetailsforaparticularmemberofstaff

duceacompletelistingofthetelephonedirectoryentriesinalphabeticalorder

a)UsethisscenariotoproduceanestimatedMarkIIFPcount.Listalltheassumptionsyou

willneedtomake.

b)Anotherrequirementcouldbetoproducethelistingin(v)indepartmentalorder.Inyour

viewshouldthisincreaseFPcountandifsobyhowmuch?

a）涉及的input/output數(shù)據(jù)類型

transactioninputsoutputsentities

accessed

setupnewentrystaffreference9errormessage1directoryentry1

(tofaxnumber

amend(display)staffreference1surnametofax10directoryentry1

numberor

errormessage

amend(update)surnametofax9errormessage1directoryentry1

number

deleteentrystaffreference1surname,3directoryentry1

forenames(as

check)

errormessage

enquirystaffreference3fulldetails+10directoryentry1

(orsurname,(1)errormessage

forenames)

listingtrigger1fulldetails9directoryentry1

totals24x0.58=13.9235x0.26=9.17x1.66=11.62

grandtotal34.64

Discussion：

關于相同功能，工作量是否應當重復計算？

1,顯示2.報錯（不同原因）

b)Itcanarguedthatthedatapresentedinthetworeportsarethesame,sothattheyare

logicallythesameandsoshouldbecountedonlyonce.Mostdevelopmentenvironment

haveeasytousefeaturesforsortingdataandsotheactualamountofworkneededto

producethesecondreportwouldprobablybenegligible.

However,ifyouhaveeverytriedtolookupdetailsinanunsortedlist,thefactthatitissorted

canprovideconsiderablevalue.

ThereisthereforeadebateamongFPpractitionersaboutwhetherFPsshouldreflectthe

valueofthesystemtotheuserortheamountofworkthatisneededtodevelopit.

Thisisparticularlyanissueinrelationtothequestionofreusablecomponents.

6.Giventheprojectdatabelow:

projectinputsoutputsentityaccessessystemusersprogram-developerdays

ming

language

12104204010X30

2469140612520X85

351312837618y108

4660231088200y161

51833673510z22

62449756525z42

71600320023725y308

85828741115z62

X1803504020y

Y48411906935y

a)Whatitemsaresizedrivers?

inputs,outputs,entityaccesses(systemusersforcertainaspects)

b)Whatitemsareproductivitydrivers?

Programminglanguage

c)Whataretheproductivityratesforprogramminglanguagesx,yandz?

x10FPsaday

[0.58*(210+469)+1.66*(40+125)+0.26*(420+1406)]/(30+85)=

y7FPsaday

z12FPsaday

d)WhatwouldbetheestimatedeffortforprojectsXandYusingaMarkIIfunctionpoint

count?

projectinputsoutputsentitysystemprogram-mingdeveloperFPs

accessesuserslanguagedays

12104204010X30297.40

2469140612520X85845.00

351312837618y108757.15

4660231088200y1611129.48

71600320023725y3082153.42

51833673510z22259.66

62449756525z42502.92

85828741115z62749.06

X1803504020y261.80

Y48411906935y704.66

ProjectX:262/7i.e.37days

ProjectY705/7i.e.101days

e)WhatwouldbetheestimatedeffortforXandYusinganapproximateanalogyapproach?

ProjectX-Project522days,(languageisnotconsidered)

ProjectY-Project3108days.

f)WhatwouldhavebeenthebestestimatingmethodiftheactualeffortforXturnsouttobe

30daysandforYturnsouttobe120days?Canyousuggestwhytheresultsareastheyare

andhowtheymightbeimproved.

Ifweuseameasurementbasedonthepercentageerror,calculatedasabsolute

(actual-estimate)/actualwegetthefollowing:

ProjectXProjectY

FPmethod23%16%

analogy27%(project5:Z)10%(projects：Y)

Thisillustratesthatnooneestimatingmethodcanbeassumedtobethemostaccurateinall

cases.

TheanalogyestimateforProjectXmighthavebeenimprovedbyadjustingforthefactthat

ProjectXistobewritteninprogramminglanguageywhileProject5waswrittenin

programminglanguagez

六、

1.題目:

ActivityDependsonDuration

(days)

A5

BA7

CB6

DA5

ED10

FB15

GB8

HG8

IC4

JG4

KE,F5

Ll,H3

(a)CreateaPERTactivitynetworkusingthefollowingdetails:refertofigure6-16

(b)Calculatetheearliestandlateststartandenddatesandthefloatassociatedwitheach

activity.Fromthisidentifythecriticalpath.

第七章風險管理

1.InthecaseofFiona*sproject,therisksmightinclude:

P150

■Lackofclientcommitment-asthiscouldberegardedas'onlyastudent

projectitmaybedifficulttogettheclienttospareadequatetimeforsuch

thingsastheclarificationofrequirements

■Conflictsbetweenuniversityandbusinessrequirements-thebusinessmight

want,forexample,theprojecttocompletedtoatimescalethatdoesnotfitin

withthetimewhentheuniversityexpectstheprojecttobedone

■Technicalproblems-including:

oFiona'splacementwasspentasasupportanalystandthenasa

networkmanager.Shemayhavehadlittlerecentsystem-building

practiceandmayfindthatasaconsequencethatsherunsinto

technicalproblems

oThehardware/softwareenvironmentattheuniversitymaybedifferent

fromthatofthebusinesswheretheapplicationisactuallygoingtobe

used.

a)Provideanestimateoftheriskexposure(asafinancialvalue)fortheriskthatthe

seniorfirefightermightnotbeabletoattendatthetimesneeded.

Thecostofanadverseoutcomewouldbe￡2000.

Thereisa20%(0.20)probabilityoftheadverseoutcome.

Theriskexposureistherefore20%of￡2000,thatis￡400.

b)Suggestpossibleriskmitigationactions.

Giventheriskexposureof￡400,therewouldbeacaseofpayingsomeoneovertimeto

coverforthefirefighter/trainerwhoisbeinginterviewed.

Alternatively,appointmentscouldbemadewithtwotrainersatdifferenttimeswithinthe

sameweek.Thiswouldnotcompletelyeliminatetherisk,asitispossiblefor

emergenciestohappenatthetimesofbotharrangedinterviews.

5.

■Lackofawarenessoftheapproach

■Unwillingnesstospendadditionaltimeandresourcesonriskmanagement

■Developmentmanagersmaywantprojectstogoaheadanddonotwant

projectsponsorstobedeterredbyconsiderationofpossiblefailure

九、第7章P150

3.InExercise7.2youwereaskedtoidentifyrisksunderthefourheadingsofActors,

Technology,StructureandTasksfortheIOEmaintenancegroupaccountsandthe

BrightmouthCollegepayrollscenarios.Nowidentifyrisksforeachscenariothatrelatetopairs

ofdomains,forexample,Actors-Techinology,Actors-Tasksandsoon.

■Actor-Technologye.g.Pc23pe28unfamiliaritywiththenewtechnology.Thiscould

becausedbythetechnologybeinggenuinelynovel,orbythefactthedevelopers

havesimplynothadtheopportunitytouseitpreviously.

■Actor-Taskpc23pe27testgroupnotavailable

■Forexample,aparticulartaskmightbetoodemandingforthenovicedeveloper

whohappenstobetheonlyonewhoisavailableattherequiredtime.

■Actor-Structure.Organizationalbarriersmaymakeitdifficultforpeoplewhoneed

tocommunicatetodoso.Pc30pe36

■Technology-Structure.(Pc24pe29)

Pc22pe24nomachineavailable

Anexampleheremightbewheresoftwareforacontrolsystemhastobetestedon

anexpensivehardwareconfiguration,whichisusedbymorethanoneteam.There

couldbeclashesovertheuseofthisvaluableresourceifanappropriateprocesswas

notinplacetoallocateuserinanorderlyandrationalmanner.

■Technology-Task.

■Pc24pe29commercialpackageavailable

Pc29pe35estimatecostwhileusingcommercialpackage

Theexampleimmediatelyaboveconcerningtheshareduseofatestingfacilitycould

alsoapplyheretothetaskoftestingasoftwarecomponentintheshared

technologicalenvironment.

■Structure-Task.2pointsonPc21pe25&extrawork

Forexample,themanagementprocessmightdictatethataparticulartaskcanonlybe

carriedoutwhenapprovaltostarthadbeenprovidedbyhighermanagement

4、(只分析該項目的主要存在的問題)

lackofstaffexperience

useofcontractors

noveltechnology

real-timeperformanceshortfalls

lackofmonitoring

lackriskmanagement

lacknecessarycheckpoints

lackclearrequirements

badfeasibilityevaluation

lackcost-profit/businesscaseevaluation

badschedule/badtimecostestimation

十、

第8章P166

1.需要提交的作業(yè)

A.3

Thefollowingmightbediscussed.

Theconcernofateamleadercouldbelockedontothesuccessfulaccomplishmentof

theproject.Therearehoweverorganizationalconcernstobeconsidered.Several

projects,allimportant,mightberunninginparallelandusingthebeststaffonone

projectmightbetheexpenseofsomeother.

Otherconcernsmightbeforstaffdevelopment:sometimesriskshavetobeaccepted

sothatstaffcanbedevelopedinnewroles.Allocatingthemostcapablestaffmember

tothemostcriticalactivitiesallthetimemightlead,inthelongerterm,toburn-out

B.Extraone

(a)Drawupanactivitynetworkandcalculatetheearliestfinishforthefollowingproject:

activitydurationdependsonresource

type

A3daysSA

B1dayASD

C2daysA