新世紀(jì)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)第三冊(cè)

新世紀(jì)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)第三冊(cè)第1頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)BeforeReading2.1ABriefIntroductiontotheSongWordWebForeverFriendsMarkK.SmithAbouttheAuthorAnEnglishSongSomeFamousFiguresWarm-upActivityThisisoneofthecandidatesongsbiddingforthethemesongforChinaBeijing2008OlympicGames.ItiscomposedbyGiorgioMoroder,thewell-knownItaliancomposer,whohaswontheOscarAwardsforthreetimes.Hismajorworksarethethemesongsfor1984and1988OlympicGames.ThesongissungbyLiWenandSunNan,bothofwhomarepopularChinesesingers.AristotleCicero第2頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)BeforeReading_2.2You’ve

tasted

bitter

and

the

sweet

success.

You

want

it

all

and

you

for

nothing

less.

You’ve

tried

harder

than

the

rest.

You’ve

become

one

of

the

best.

This

is

the

time

you’ll

remember

forAll

your

life

Forever

friends

In

As

the

whole

world

joins

and

sees

Days

of.

Forever

through

the

years

We’ll

hear

the.

Joy

and

laughter

everywhere!

Directions:Listentothesongandfillinthefollowingblanks.WordWebForeverFriendsMarkK.SmithAbouttheAuthorAnEnglishSongSomeFamousFiguresWarm-upActivityAristotleCicerodefeat_____settle_____harmony_______unity

and

peace_____________cheers______第3頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)BeforeReading_2.3We’retogetherhereto.ForeverfriendsYou’llmeetall,seeyou’veneverseen.Peoplefrompartsoftheworldwhereyou’veneverbeen.Andyou’llfeelitinyourheart.WespenttoomuchtimeThisisthetimewhenalldreamsofman.ForeverfriendsInAsthewholeworldjoinsandseesDaysof.ForeverthroughtheyearsWe’llhearthe.Joyandlaughtereverywhere!We’retogetherheretoForeverfriendsWordWebForeverFriendsMarkK.SmithAbouttheAuthorAnEnglishSongSomeFamousFiguresWarm-upActivityAristotleCiceroshare_____races_____faces_____apart_____comealive_________harmony_______unityandpeace_____________cheers______share_____第4頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)BeforeReading_2.4NomatterwhereweareorgoNomatterwhatweorknowNomatterhowwewordourThereisonedreamweshare.ForeverfriendsInAsthewholeworldjoinsandseesDaysof.ForeverthroughtheyearsWe’llhearthe.Joyandlaughtereverywhere!We’retogetherheretoOneworldonedream.ForeverfriendsInharmony!ForeverfriendsOnedreamwedreamOneworldweshare.WordWebForeverFriendsMarkK.SmithAbouttheAuthorAnEnglishSongSomeFamousFiguresWarm-upActivityAristotleCicerohopefor_______unityandpeace_____________prayer_____harmony_______cheers______share_____第5頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)Directions:Whenyouarelisteningtothebriefintroductiontotheauthor,youarerequiredtocatchthekeywordsofthispassage.Andthensaysomethingabouttheauthoraccordingtothekeywordsyou’vegot.MarkK.Smithspecializesinthefieldofinformaleducationandcommunitylearning.HeistheRankResearchFellowandTutoratYMCAGeorgeWilliamsCollege,Londonandhasbeenavisitingprofessorincommunityeducation,UniversityofStrathclyde,Glasgow.AmonghisbooksareCreatorsnotConsumers(1982),DevelopingYouthWork(1988),LocalEducation(1994),InformalEducation(1996,1999,2005withTonyJeffs)andTheArtofHelpingOthers(2008,writtenwithHeatherSmith).HeiscurrentlyworkingwiththeRankFoundationontwonewinitiativesaroundcommunitydevelopmentandtheneedsofyoungcarers.MarkK.Smithhasworkedasacareersofficer,youthandcommunityworkerandprojectworker.HestudiedeconomicsandpoliticsattheUniversityofLancaster,anddidhisdoctorateinthephilosophyofeducationattheUniversityofLondon.BeforeReading_3WordWebAristotleForeverFriendsMarkK.SmithAbouttheAuthorAnEnglishSongSomeFamousFiguresCiceroWarm-upActivityScript第6頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)Directions:Whenyouarelisteningtothebriefintroductiontotheauthor,youarerequiredtocatchthekeywordsofthispassage.Andthensaysomethingabouttheauthoraccordingtothekeywordsyou’vegot.MarkK.Smithspecializesinthefieldofinformaleducation

andcommunitylearning.HeistheRankResearchFellowandTutoratYMCAGeorgeWilliamsCollege,Londonandhasbeenavisitingprofessorincommunityeducation,UniversityofStrathclyde,Glasgow.AmonghisbooksareCreatorsnotConsumers(1982),DevelopingYouthWork(1988),LocalEducation(1994),InformalEducation(1996,1999,2005withTonyJeffs)andTheArtofHelpingOthers(2008,writtenwithHeatherSmith).HeiscurrentlyworkingwiththeRankFoundationontwonewinitiativesaroundcommunitydevelopmentandtheneedsofyoungcarers.MarkK.Smithhasworkedasacareersofficer,youthandcommunityworkerandprojectworker.HestudiedeconomicsandpoliticsattheUniversityofLancaster,anddidhisdoctorateinthephilosophyofeducationattheUniversityofLondon.

BeforeReading_3WordWebAristotleForeverFriendsMarkK.SmithAbouttheAuthorAnEnglishSongSomeFamousFiguresCiceroWarm-upActivityScript第7頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)BeforeReading_4.11WordWebAristotleForeverFriendsMarkK.SmithAbouttheAuthorAnEnglishSongSomeFamousFiguresCiceroWarm-upActivityABriefIntroductiontoAristotleAristotle’sChronology第8頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)BeforeReading_4.11Aristotle(384~322

BC):

Greek

philosopherandscientist.Aristotleisoneofthe“bigthree”inancientGreekphilosophy,alongwithandSocrates.(SocratestaughtPlato,whointurninstructedAristotle.)Aristotlespentnearly20yearsatPlato’sAcademy,firstasastudentandthenasateacher.AfterPlato’sdeathhetraveledwidelyandeducatedafamouspupil,AlexandertheGreat,theMacedonianwhonearlyconqueredtheworld.LaterAristotlebeganhisownschoolinAthens,knownastheLyceum.Aristotleisknownforhiscarefullydetailedobservationsaboutnatureandthephysicalworld,whichlaidthegroundworkforthemodernstudyofbiology.AmonghisworksarethetextsPhysics,Metaphysics,RhetoricandEthics.PlatoABriefIntroductiontoAristotleWordWebAristotleForeverFriendsMarkK.SmithAbouttheAuthorAnEnglishSongSomeFamousFiguresCiceroWarm-upActivityScript第9頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)BeforeReading_4.12Inaddition,Aristotleinventedthefieldknownasformallogic,pioneeredzoology,andaddressedvirtuallyeverymajorphilosophicalproblemknownduringhistime.Knowntomedievalintellectualsassimply“thePhilosopher,”AristotleispossiblythegreatestthinkerinWesternhistoryand,historically,perhapsthesinglegreatestinfluenceonWesternintellectualdevelopment.WordWebAristotleForeverFriendsMarkK.SmithAbouttheAuthorAnEnglishSongSomeFamousFiguresCiceroWarm-upActivityScript第10頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)BeforeReading_4.13Plato:

(428~347BC),

Greekphilosopher,oneofthemostcreativeandinfluentialthinkersinWesternphilosophy.Plato,oneofthemostfamousphilosophersofancientGreece,wasthefirsttousethetermphilosophy,whichmeans“l(fā)oveofknowledge.”Bornaround428BC,Platoinvestigatedawiderangeoftopics.Chiefamonghisideaswasthetheoryofforms,whichproposedthatobjectsinthephysicalworldmerelyresembleperfectformsintheidealworld,andthatonlytheseperfectformscanbetheobjectoftrueknowledge.Thegoalofaphilosopher,accordingtoPlato,istoknowtheperfectformsandtoinstructothersinthatknowledge.WordWebAristotleForeverFriendsMarkK.SmithAbouttheAuthorAnEnglishSongSomeFamousFiguresCiceroWarm-upActivityScript第11頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)BeforeReading_4.14Aristotle’sChronologyTimeEvent384BCBorninthesmallGreektownofStagiros(laterStagira)inthenorthernGreekdistrictofChalcidice.367BCAristotlejoinedPlato’scircleattheAcademyinAthens.

348/347BCAristotleleftforAssosinMysia

after

Plato’sdeath.

Around342BCAristotlewenttothecourtofPhilipofMacedon

andbecametutortoAlexander.

335/334BCAristotlereturnedtoAthensandestablishedaphilosophicalschoolofhisowninthegymnasiumLyceum.322BCAristotlediedofagastricailment.WordWebAristotleForeverFriendsMarkK.SmithAbouttheAuthorAnEnglishSongSomeFamousFiguresCiceroWarm-upActivity第12頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)BeforeReading_4.15WordWebAristotleForeverFriendsMarkK.SmithAbouttheAuthorAnEnglishSongSomeFamousFiguresCiceroWarm-upActivity第13頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)BeforeReading_4.16WordWebAristotleForeverFriendsMarkK.SmithAbouttheAuthorAnEnglishSongSomeFamousFiguresCiceroWarm-upActivity第14頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)BeforeReading_4.17WordWebAristotleForeverFriendsMarkK.SmithAbouttheAuthorAnEnglishSongSomeFamousFiguresCiceroWarm-upActivity第15頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)BeforeReading_4.18WordWebAristotleForeverFriendsMarkK.SmithAbouttheAuthorAnEnglishSongSomeFamousFiguresCiceroWarm-upActivity第16頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)BeforeReading_4.21WordWebAristotleForeverFriendsMarkK.SmithAbouttheAuthorAnEnglishSongSomeFamousFiguresCiceroWarm-upActivityABriefIntroductiontoCiceroCicero’sChronology第17頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)BeforeReading_4.21WordWebAristotleForeverFriendsMarkK.SmithAbouttheAuthorAnEnglishSongSomeFamousFiguresCiceroWarm-upActivityCicero(MarcusTullius):(106~43BC)Romanwriter,statesman,andorator.CicerowasthegreatestspeakeramongthemanyfamousstatesmenofancientRome.HepracticedlawandstudiedphilosophyinGreecebeforeholdingarisingsequenceofimportantjobsintheRomanEmpire.In64BChebecameConsul,thehighestofficeinRome.AsConsulhewonfameforhisorationsagainstCataline,theheadofasecretconspiracytoseizethegovernment.AlwaysastaunchABriefIntroductiontoCicerosupporteroftheRepublic,Cicerowaseventuallyforcedfromofficebyhisenemies,andwhenJuliusCaesarconsolidatedhispowerin48BC,Cicerowentintopoliticalretirement.Duringthistimehewrotehisfamousessaysonhappiness,onoldage,andonfriendship.Script第18頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)BeforeReading_4.22UponCaesar’sassassinationin44BC,Ciceroreturnedtopubliclifeanddeliveredaseriesofscathingspeeches(the“Phillipics”)againstMarcAntony.ThisprovedtobeCicero’sundoing:whenAntonytookpowerinatriumviratewithOctavianandMarcusLepidus,CicerowasdeclaredanoutlawandkilledbyAntony’smenin43BC.WordWebAristotleForeverFriendsMarkK.SmithAbouttheAuthorAnEnglishSongSomeFamousFiguresCiceroWarm-upActivityABriefIntroductiontoCiceroScript第19頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)BeforeReading_4.23Cicero’sChronologyTimeEventJan.3,106BCBornatArpinumnear

Rome,theeldersonofawealthylandowner.81-80BCCiceromadehisfirstappearancesincourtduringthedictatorshipofSulla.

79BCCiceroleftRometostudyinRhodes.

76BCCiceromarriedTerentia,whosefamilywaswealthyandperhapsaristocratic.

70BCCiceroscoredhisfirstgreatsuccess,whenheprosecutedCaiusVerresforgrossmisgovernmentinSicily.WordWebAristotleForeverFriendsMarkK.SmithAbouttheAuthorAnEnglishSongSomeFamousFiguresCiceroWarm-upActivity第20頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)BeforeReading_4.24WordWebAristotleForeverFriendsMarkK.SmithAbouttheAuthorAnEnglishSongSomeFamousFiguresCiceroWarm-upActivity第21頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)BeforeReading_4.25WordWebAristotleForeverFriendsMarkK.SmithAbouttheAuthorAnEnglishSongSomeFamousFiguresCiceroWarm-upActivity第22頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)BeforeReading_4.26WordWebAristotleForeverFriendsMarkK.SmithAbouttheAuthorAnEnglishSongSomeFamousFiguresCiceroWarm-upActivity第23頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)BeforeReading_4.27

Cicero’sChronologyTimeEvent59BCCicerowasexiledtoMacedonia,

wherehelivedfor16months,becauseofhispubliclyexpresseddislikeoftheviolentmethodsCaesaremployedinhisconsulship.Aug.57BCHisfriendsmadegreateffortstosecurehisrecall.51BCCicerowassentofftogovernCilicia

for

a

year.47-46BCCicerodivorcedTerentiaafter30years’marriage.Dec.43BCCiceromethisdeathatthehandsofAntony’sagentswithcourageanddignity.

WordWebAristotleForeverFriendsMarkK.SmithAbouttheAuthorAnEnglishSongSomeFamousFiguresCiceroWarm-upActivity第24頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)BeforeReading_4.28WordWebAristotleForeverFriendsMarkK.SmithAbouttheAuthorAnEnglishSongSomeFamousFiguresCiceroWarm-upActivity第25頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)BeforeReading_4.29WordWebAristotleForeverFriendsMarkK.SmithAbouttheAuthorAnEnglishSongSomeFamousFiguresCiceroWarm-upActivity第26頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)BeforeReading_5.1Directions:Listentothepassageandanswerthefollowingquestions.1.Whatcanaforeverfrienddoforyou?2.Haveyouclassifiedyourfriendsintodifferentgroups?Ifyes,howdoyouclassifythem?3.Whatcanwedotokeepfriendshipaslongaspossible?WordWebAristotleForeverFriendsMarkK.SmithAbouttheAuthorAnEnglishSongSomeFamousFiguresCiceroWarm-upActivityScript第27頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)BeforeReading_5.2Sometimesinlife,youfindaspecialfriend.Someonewhochangesyourlifejustbybeingapartofit.Someonewhomakesyoulaughuntilyoucan’tstop.Someonewhomakesyoubelievethattherereallyisgoodintheworld.Someonewhoconvincesyouthattherereallyisanunlockeddoorjustwaitingforyoutoopenit.Thisisforeverfriendship.Whenyou’redown

WordWebAristotleForeverFriendsMarkK.SmithAbouttheAuthorAnEnglishSongSomeFamousFiguresCiceroWarm-upActivityandtheworldseemsdarkandempty,yourforeverfriendliftsyouupinspiritandmakesthatdarkandemptyworldsuddenlyseembrightandfull.Yourforeverfriendgetsyouthroughthehardtimes,thesadtimesandtheconfusedtimes.Ifyouturnandwalkaway,yourforeverfriendfollows.Ifyouloseyourway,yourforeverfriendguidesyouandcheersyouon.Yourforeverfriendholdsyourhandandtellsyouthateverythingisgoingtobeokay.Andifyoufindsuchafriend,youfeelhappyandcompletebecauseyouneednotworry.Youhaveaforeverfriend,andforeverhasnoend.第28頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)GlobalReading_1PartsPara(s).MainIdeas1212~5It’snecessarytoreviewsomeclassicalviewsoffriendshipinordertoacquireabetterunderstandingofit.AccordingtoAristotle,therearethreekindsoffriendship,whicharerespectivelybasedonutility,pleasureandgoodness.Friendshipbasedongoodnessisperfectandtotallydifferentfromfriendshipbasedonutilityorpleasure.36AccordingtoCicero,truefriendshipisonlypossiblebetweengoodmenanditisvirtuethatcreatesandpreservestruefriendship.47Friendshipispermanentbetweenvirtuouspeoplewhoshareacommitmenttothegoodortowhatismorallyrightorworthyofpraise.TrueorFalsePartDivisionoftheTextQuestionsandAnswersDiscussionFurtherUnderstandingInterview第29頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)GlobalReading_2.11.Whatarethepossiblecriteriaforwhatmakesapersonafriend?PartDivisionoftheTextDiscussionTheyarecaring,commonality,companionship,intimacyetc.2.Whydopeoplehavelittleknowledgeaboutwhatfriendshipreallymeans?Therearenocommonlyacceptedcriteriafordefiningwhatfriendshipreallymeans.InterviewTrueorFalseQuestionsandAnswersFurtherUnderstanding第30頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)GlobalReading_2.2Accordingtoancientscholars,friendshipcanbeclassifiedintothreedifferenttypes.Friendshipbetweentheyoungismucheasiertochangethanthatbetweentheelderly.Peoplelinkedbyfriendship,whichisbasedonutility,staytogetheronlywhentheyaremutuallyuseful.Timeandintimacyarethetwoprerequisitesforthedevelopmentoftruefriendship.Inordertopreservetruefriendship,peopleinacommunityshouldmaintaintheequalrelationshipbetweeneachother..5.No.WemayfindthreekindsoffriendshipaccordingtoAristotle.No.Boththefriendshipbasedonutilityandthatonpleasurearechangeableregardlessoftheage.F()T()F()T()T()PartDivisionoftheTextDiscussionInterviewTrueorFalseQuestionsandAnswersFurtherUnderstanding第31頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)GlobalReading_3Workinagroupoffour.SupposeonestudentisareporterfromtheuniversityTVstation.Nowheorshehasaninterviewwithalltheotherthreestudentsaboutthequestion“Whatisfriendshipbasedon?”P(pán)artoftheinterviewshouldbebasedonthetext.Aftertheinterviewthereporterineachgroupshouldsummarizeandpresentdifferentopinionsinthegrouptothewholeclass.Directions:1.Expressyouropinionswithproperlanguageandmanners.2.Makeyouranswersconciseandpertinent.3.Supportyourargumentwithrelevantexamples.4.Makeaclearsummaryofdifferentopinionsbynotingdownthekeywordsandoutliningtheideasputforwardduringtheinterview.PartDivisionoftheTextDiscussionInterviewTrueorFalseQuestionsandAnswersFurtherUnderstanding第32頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)GlobalReading_4PartDivisionoftheTextDiscussionInterviewAccordingtotheclassicalviews,virtuousfriendsareboundtogether.Whataboutpeoplewithoutvirtues?Doyouagreethatpeopleofthesamekindgathertogetherandbecomefriends?Pleasegiveexamplestosupportyouranswer.TrueorFalseQuestionsandAnswersFurtherUnderstanding第33頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)Friendshipisaneternal(永恒的)theme(主題)inhumanhistory.Alifewithoutfriendshipishardtoimagine.Butwhatisfriendship?Readthefollowingtextandseeifyoucangainsomenewinsightsintothetruemeaningoffriendship.DetailedReading_t0DetailedReading第34頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)Whenweapproachthenotionoffriendship,ourfirstproblemisthatthereisalackofsociallyacknowledgedcriteriaforwhatmakesapersonafriend.

Inonesetting,wemaydescribesomeoneasafriend;inanother,thelabelmayseemlessappropriate.Therefore,peopletendtohaveaverythinunderstandingofwhatfriendshipreallymeans.Tohelpusunderstandwhatfriendshipreallymeans,weneedtoreviewsomeclassicalviewsoffriendship.OneclassicalviewoffriendshipisprovidedbyAristotle,thefamousancientGreekphilosopher.Aristotledistinguishesbetweenwhathebelievestobegenuinefriendshipsandtwootherforms:onebasedonmutualusefulness,theotheronpleasure.So,accordingtoAristotle,wemayfindthreekindsoffriendship:WhatIsFriendship?MicheleE.Doyle&MarkK.SmithDetailedReading_t1DetailedReading第35頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)Friendshipbasedonutility.Utilityisanimpermanentthing:itchangesaccordingtocircumstances.Whenthegroundforfriendshipdisappears,thefriendshipalsobreaksup.Friendshipsofthiskindseemtooccurmostfrequentlybetweentheelderly,becauseattheiragewhattheywantisDetailedReading_t2DetailedReadingnotpleasurebututility.Friendshipsbasedonutilityarealsofrequentlyfoundamongthoseinmiddleorearlylifewhoarepursuingtheirownadvantage.Suchpersonsdonotspendmuchtimetogether,becausesometimestheydonotevenlikeoneanother,andthereforefeelnoneedofsuchanassociationunlesstheyaremutuallyuseful.Theytakepleasureineachother’scompanyonlyinsofarastheyhavehopesofadvantagefromit.第36頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)themoment.Astheygrowup,however,theirtasteschangetoo,sothattheyarequicktomakeandtobreakfriendships.Thatiswhytheyfallinandoutoffriendshipquickly,changingtheirattitudeoften,evenwithinthesameday.

DetailedReading_t3DetailedReadingFriendshipbasedonpleasure.Friendshipbetweentheyoungisthoughttobegroundedonpleasure,becausethelivesoftheyoungareregulatedbytheirfeelings,andtheirchiefinterestsareintheirownpleasureandtheopportunityofFriendshipbasedongoodness.Perfectfriendshipisbasedongoodness.Onlythefriendshipofthosewhoaregood,andsimilarintheirgoodness,isperfect.Theconductofgoodmenisthesameorsimilar.Itisbetweengoodmenthatbothloveandfriendshiparechieflyfoundandinthehighestform.Suchfriendshipsarerareandtheyneedtimeandintimacy;第37頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)AnotherclassicalviewoffriendshipcanbefoundinthewritingsofCicero,anancientRomanstatesmanandorator.AccordingtoCicero,truefriendshipisonlypossiblebetweengoodmen.Hefurtherdefines“thegood”as“thosewhoseactionsandlivesleavenoquestionastotheirhonor,purity,equity,andliberality;whoarefreefromgreed,lust,andviolence;andwhohavethecourageoftheirconvictions.”Thefriendshipbetweengoodmen,basedonvirtue,doesoffermaterialbenefits,butitdoesnotseekthem.Allhumanbeingsarebondedtogetherinacommunityofsharedreason.Therefore,infriendshipsforasthesayinggoes,truefriendsmustgothroughtrialsandtribulationstogether.

Andnotwopersonscanaccepteachotherandbecomefriendsuntileachhasprovedtotheotherthatheisworthyoflove,andsowonhistrust.Thewishforfriendshipmaydeveloprapidly,buttruefriendshipdoesnot.DetailedReading_t4DetailedReading第38頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)Thus,wemayseethatthetraditionalideaoffriendshipismadeupofthreecomponents:Friendsmustenjoyeachother’scompany;theymustbeusefultooneanother;andtheymustshareacommitmenttothegood.Accordingtotheclassicalviews,virtuousfriendsareboundtogether,astheyrecognizeeachother’smoralexcellence.DetailedReading_t5DetailedReadingandrelationships,thosewhopossessanysuperioritymustregardthemselvesasequalsofthosewhoarelessfortunate.Itisvirtuethatcreatesandpreservestruefriendship.第39頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)DetailedReading_t6DetailedReadingToperceiveafriend,therefore,istoperceiveoneself;andtoknowafriendistoknowoneself.Eachcanbesaidtoprovideamirrorinwhichtheothermayseehimself.Throughnetworksofsuchvirtuousfriends,wecandevelopasharedideaofthegoodandpursueittogether.Friendshipofthiskindispermanent,becauseinitareunitedalltheattributesthatfriendsoughttopossess.第40頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)1.Whatare“sociallyacknowledgedcriteria”?Whenweapproachthenotionoffriendship,ourfirstproblemisthatthereisalackofsociallyacknowledgedcriteriaforwhatmakesapersonafriend.DetailedReading_t1_When…DetailedReading“Sociallyacknowledgedcriteria”areestablishedstandardsthatareacceptedbyallthepeopleinthesociety.2.Translatethissentence.我們探討友誼這個(gè)概念時(shí)，遇到的第一個(gè)問(wèn)題是，沒(méi)有社會(huì)公認(rèn)的擇友標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。第41頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)Inonesetting,wemaydescribesomeoneasafriend;inanother,thelabelmayseemlessappropriate.DetailedReading_t1_Inonesetting…Whatdoesthissentenceimply?Thecriteriaforfriendshipvaryfromsettingtosetting.DetailedReading第42頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)Theytakepleasureineachother’scompanyonlyinsofarastheyhavehopesofadvantagefromit.DetailedReading_t2_They…1.Dotheyenjoybeingtogetherpurelybecausetheylikeeachother?No,theyaretogetherjustbecausetheyexpecttobenefitfromtheirrelationship.DetailedReading2.Translatethissentence.只有當(dāng)他們認(rèn)為彼此有希望相互利用的時(shí)候，才會(huì)樂(lè)于呆在一起。第43頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)Friendshipbetweentheyoungisthoughttobegroundedonpleasure,becausethelivesoftheyoungareregulatedbytheirfeelings,andtheirchiefinterestsareintheirownpleasureandtheopportunityofthemoment.DetailedReading_t3_Friendship…1.Whatdoyoungpeoplecaremostwhenmakingfriends?Theycaremostabouttheirownfeelings,theirownpleasureandwhetherthereisanimportantopportunityatthepresenttime.DetailedReading2.Translatethissentence.年輕人之間的友誼常被看作是建立在愉悅基礎(chǔ)之上的，因?yàn)槟贻p人的生活受感情支配，他們感興趣的主要是自己的快樂(lè)和眼前的重要機(jī)會(huì)。第44頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)Thatiswhytheyfallinandoutoffriendshipquickly,changingtheirattitudeoften,evenwithinthesameday.DetailedReading_t3_ThatisWhatcanweinferfromthissentence?Youngpeople’sfriendshipistemporary,becausetheattitudetheyholdtofriendshipisalwayschanging.DetailedReading第45頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)Onlythefriendshipofthosewhoaregood,andsimilarintheirgoodness,isperfect.DetailedReading_t3_Thatis1.Whatdoesthissentenceimply?Perfectfriendshipexistsonlybetweenpeoplewhoareequallygood.DetailedReading2.Translatethissentence.只有那些品德高尚而且擁有相似美德的人之間的友誼才是完美的。第46頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)Itisbetweengoodmenthatbothloveandfriendshiparechieflyfoundandinthehighestform.DetailedReading_t3_Itisbetween…Paraphrasethissentence.Loveandfriendshiparemainlyfoundbetweengoodpeopleandtheloveandfriendshipareofthebestquality.DetailedReading第47頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)Andnotwopersonscanaccepteachotherandbecomefriendsuntileachhasprovedtotheotherthatheisworthyoflove,andsowonhistrust.DetailedReading_t4_Andno…1.Howcantwopersonsbecomerealfriends?Onlywheneachhasprovedthathedeservestheloveoftheotherandthushaswontheother’strust.DetailedReading2. Translatethissentence.只有當(dāng)兩個(gè)人互相證明自己值得愛(ài)并贏得對(duì)方的信任之后，彼此方能接受對(duì)方為朋友。第48頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)Hefurtherdefines“thegood”as“thosewhoseactionsandlivesleavenoquestionastotheirhonor,purity,equity,andliberality;whoarefreefromgreed,lust,andviolence;andwhohavethecourageoftheirconvictions.”DetailedReading_t4_Hefurther…1. Whatdoestheexpression“havethecourageoftheirconvictions”mean?Itmeans“bebraveenoughtosayandactonwhattheythinkisrighteventhoughotherpeoplemaynotagreeorapprove.”DetailedReading2. Translatethissentence.他進(jìn)而將“好人”定義為“那些行為和生活無(wú)損于自己的榮譽(yù)、純潔、公平和開(kāi)明的人；那些擺脫了貪婪、欲念和暴力的人；那些敢于依照自己的信念說(shuō)話和做事的人?！钡?9頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)…andtheymustshareacommitmenttothegood.DetailedReading_t5_…andtheyParaphrasethissentence.…andtheybothmustdevotethemselvestopursuingwhatismorallyrightorworthyofpraise.DetailedReading第50頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)notion:n.anidea,belieforconceptDetailedReading_t1_notion1Ourmanagementsystemisbasedonthenotionsofpersonalequalityandliberty.DetailedReadingShehasnonotionofthedifficultyofthisproblem.我們的管理體系是基于人的平等觀念和自由觀念而建立的。第51頁(yè)/共99頁(yè)1.Sheseemed