語綱難點解析3三

語綱難點解析3(3)

Chapteriiinotes[requirementsforlearningobjectives]

Recognizingtheattributesofspeech,masteringthebasic

principlesofhumanpronunciation;Torecognizethedifference

betweenvowelsandconsonantsandtheircharacteristics;The

rulesofthecombinationofphonemeandphonemescanbedivided

intophonemes,whichcanbeusedtomarkthepronunciationof

putonghuaininternationalphoneticsymbols.

Whatisspeech?Whatroledoesvoiceplayinlanguage?Whatis

theessentialdifferencebetweenvoiceandgeneralvoice?

Whatissoundquality?Howdodifferentsoundsinspeechform?

Howdoesthepronunciationwork?

Whatisthedifferencebetweenvowelsandconsonants?

Whatdeterminesthesoundqualityofvowels?Whatisthe

relationshipbetweenthepronunciationofvowelsoundsand

changesintheshapeofthemouth?Whatistheeffectofthe

forwardandlowerlevelsofthetongueandtheroundofthelips

invowelsounds?

Whatistheconsonant"accent"and''pronunciationmethod”?The

threekeypronunciationcharacteristicsandcommonconsonant

categoriesarelisted.

Seven,someconsonantsandtheirpronunciationsthatarecommon

inChineseandEnglish.

Whatshouldbepaidattentiontoinlearningandusing

internationalphoneticsymbols?

Whatprinciplesshouldbefollowedinestablishingand

inductionofphonemes?

Whatisaphoneme?Howdoyouunderstandthedefinitionof

phoneme?

11.Whatisaphonologicalvariant?Howdoyouunderstandthe

relationshipbetweenthephonemeandtheallophone?

Howdoyouunderstandthedifferencebetweenphonemesand

phonemes?

Whatistherelationshipbetweenthedistinctivefeaturesof

thephonemeandthespecificphonologicalsystem?Whatisthe

relationshipbetweenthedistinguishingfeatureandthe

phoneme?

Whatisasyllable?Howdoyouunderstandtheformationof

syllables?

WhatarethemaincharacteristicsofChinesesyllables?

Chapteriiispeech

Whatisspeech?

Whatroledoesvoiceplayinlanguage?

Whatistheessentialdifferencebetweenvoiceandgeneral

voice?Voice,thevoiceoflanguage,isthecarrierofthe

languagesymbolsystem.Itisemittedbythehumanvoiceorgan

andcarriesacertainlinguisticmeaning.Languagerelieson

speechtorealizeitssocialcommunicationfunction.

Anykindofnaturallanguageintheworldarespokenlanguage,

forexampleinmandarinChinese,“gaoyuan"thistwosyllables

canbeassociatedwiththemeaningoftheword“plateau”,in

theprocessofverbalcommunicationbyissuingorreceivingthe

speechform,canexpressorunderstandthemeaningoftheword

“plateau".

2.Anysymbolthatexpressesinformationshouldbeusedasthe

carrierofmaterialmaterials,sothatitcanbeissued,

transmittedandperceived.Thelanguageofhumanity'smost

importantcommunicativetoolisnoexception.Languageisa

symbolicsystemofsoundandmeaning,andnaturallanguageis

anaudiolanguage.

Languagemustusetheperceptiblematerialformofsoundto

materializethecompositionofthelanguageinorderto

transmit,receive,distinguishandunderstandtheintangible

meaning.Intheprocessofspecificlanguagecommunication,the

speakerwiththevoiceofthespeechorgansconveyamessage

tothehearer,thehearer,withtheauditoryorganstoreceive

thesesoundstocognitionandunderstandingofeachother's

meaning,languagerelyonsoundtothespeakersandhearers

brain,soastorealizeandcompletecommunicationtasks.

Withoutspeech,thelanguagecan，tfunctionasasocial

communicativetool.

Returntothenextpage3,voiceisakindofsound,buthas

theessentialdifferencewiththegeneralsound.Languageis

merelythesymbolsystem,ofcombinedwiththesoundofthe

languagemeaningandlanguagearecloselylinked,forexample

inmandarinChinese"dianshiji"astringofvoicewith

“television“themeaningoftheword,“hualala“astringof

voicewith"going"themeaningofthiswordtogether,they

belongtoavoice.

Speechissystematic,evenifitisthevoiceofthehumanspeech

organ,onlyinthecaseofacertainspeechsystemisthe

language.Thegeneralsounddoesnotrepresentthemeaningof

languageanddoesnotbelongtospeech.

Cough,forexample,isthesoundofahumanvoiceorgan,

Butthenoiseorjustthesymptomsofacold,donotsaidwhat

meaning,orinsomecasesafteragreementsaidsomenonverbal

meaning,thiskindofcoughrepresentsacertainsense,but

stilldonotbelongtothespeech,becausewithoutitsposition

inthevoicesystem,whichcannotbeacomponentofthelanguage

symbolsystem.

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Inadditiontophysicalattributes,physiologicalproperties

andothernaturalproperties,speechhassocialattributes.The

socialattributeofspeechistheessentialattributethat

distinguishesspeechfromgeneralsound.

First,voiceiscloselylinkedtothemeaningoflanguage,which

issocialconvention.Thephoneticrepresentationofthe

specificlanguageisgivenbythespecificlanguagesociety,

whichisthesocialhabitthatcombinescertainsoundswith

certainmeanings.Itisnecessarytoleavethesocial

intercourseandthesocialconvention,andthereisnoneedfor

speech.

Second,thesocialnatureofvoicealsoembodiedinanylanguage

communityhasitsownuniquevoicesystem,thissystemisthe

resultofaparticularlanguagecommunitychoice,andthe

pronunciationofphysiologicalconditionsonlyforthisoption

providesapossiblerange.

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Chapteriiispeech

Whatissoundquality?Howdodifferentsoundsinspeechform?

Chapteriiispeech

Howdoesthepronunciationwork?Pronunciation,pronunciation

andtheshapeoftheresonatorscanbepronouncedin

pronunciation,simplyspeaking,thepronunciationand

pronunciation.Thearticulationiscomposedofthe

coordinationofthevocalorgans.

Thearticulationorganisapartofthehumananatomy,and

everyonehasit,andcanfollowtheguidanceofthetextbook.

Themainvocalorganshavelungs,larynxandvocalcords,oral

cavity,nasalcavityandpharynx.

Thelungsaretheprimarymotorofarticulation,mostofwhich

arepronouncedwithexhalation,buttherearealsoafewofthe

notesofthelanguagethatusetheaspiratedpronunciation.The

vocalcordsarearticular,locatedinthelarynxcomposedof

cartilage;Theendsofthevocalcordsareattachedtothe

cartilage.Thepathwaybetweenthetwocordsiscalledthe

glottis.

Cartilagecanbeopenedandclosed,sotheglottiscanbeopened

orclosed.Thestateoftheglottisisdifferentwhena

differenttypeofsoundisissued.Forexample,f,s,etc.,when

thesounddooriswideopen,itisinvertedV,theairflowis

freetopass,thevocalcorddoesnotvibrate,andthesound

isvoiced.

A,I,u,uandothervowels(puremusic),whenthesounddoor

isclosed,theairflowhitsthevocalcords,causingitto

vibrate;M,n,ng,1thiskindofpronunciation,thevocalcords

arealsovibrational,andthedifferencebetweenthemandthe

vowelsofaandIisonlythattheairflowisobstructedthrough

themouth;Thesoundofvocalcordvibrationiscalleddullness.

Turbidityisanimportantmethodofpronunciation.

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Soundquality,pitch,soundandsoundarethefourelementsof

speech.Soundqualityisalsocalledtimbre,whichrefersto

thequalityorpersonalityofsound.Inthecaseofpitch,pitch

andpitch,thedifferencebetweensoundisthedifferencein

soundquality.Forexample,thepianoandaccordionusethesame

pitch,melodyandpitchtoplay,andpeoplecanstill

distinguishthedifferentqualitiesoftheirvoices.

Fromthesoundgenerationaspect,thepronunciation,the

pronunciationandtheshapeoftheresonatorarethethree

pronunciationconditionsthathaveadifferentsoundquality.

Thedifferenceinpronunciationisdeterminedbythesethree

factors.Specificallyspeaking,thesoundqualityinspeechis

determinedby:

(1)thevocalcordvibrationdoesnotvibrate.Forexample,the

psoundinthebandpinofEnglishbin(pin)isdifferent

becausetheformer(b)USESthesoundofthevocalcords,and

then(p)isnotuseful.

Returntothenextpage(2)pronunciationmethodtoseehowthe

obstructionencounteredbythebreathinthelungscanbe

overcome.

Forexample,thesoundofthe'b'inmandarinbu(bu)is

differentfromthe"f"in"fei”,becausethepronunciationis

different.Thelipsareclosedwhenyousendb,thensuddenly

openandlettheairflowout;Maketheupperteethclosetothe

lowerliptocreateagapandthenlettheairflowrubthrough

thecracks.

(3)theshapeoftheresonator,toseewheretheairflowinthe

lungsisblocked,andifitisnotobstructed,whattheshape

ofthemouthis.Thesecancausedifferentshapesofthe

resonatorcavity.Forexample,avoiceinuandla(la)in

Chinesemandarinlu(lu)isdifferentbecauseofthedifferent

shapeoftheresonantcavityinthemouthbecauseofthetwo

sounds.

Theexpressionofsoundqualityinspeechisthefactor.Phoneme

isthesmallestphoneticunitthatisdividedfromthe

perspectiveofsoundquality.Aphonemerepresentsasound

quality.Differentphonemesrepresentdifferenttimbre.

Phonemesarethemostimportantcontentofspeechresearch.

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Theeffectoforalcavity,nasalcavityandpharyngealcavity

inpronunciationismainlytousethecoordinationofdifferent

partstoformdifferentresonantcavity.Themouthconsistsof

upperlowerlip,upperandlowerteeth,upperandlowerpalate,

tongueandtongue.

Thesevocalorgans,suchaslip,tongue,softpalateandtongue,

areactive,calledactivevocalorgans”.Someofthesearenot

active,suchasteeth,gingiva,andhardpalate,andarecalled

“passivevocalorgans.”

Whenpronounced,itisoftenusedbyactivevocalorgansto

contactorclosetoapassivearticulationorgan,makinga

varietyofsounds.Tounderstandtheprincipleofpronunciation,

youmustbeinaccordancewiththeteachingmaterialtoguide

thinking,carefullygraspeacharticulation'sexactlocation

andmechanismofthedifferentpartsoftheworksinharmony,

wenotrepeathere.

Theaccentoftheaccentisstillnotpronounced,andtheremust

beacorrespondingpronunciationmethod.Thepronunciation

methodismainlyclearandturbidity,plugandwipe,airsupply

andunaspirated.Torealizeplugandwipethetwomethodsof

pronunciationintheimportantpositioninthepronunciation

method,becausesuchasotheraffricate,lateral,vibrato,

flashsoundpronunciationmethodsfromthesetwokindsof

methods,suchasin"change”.Seethetextbookfordetails.

Thepronunciationandarticulationmethodsarelikethe

verticalandhorizontalaxesofpronunciation.Tomasterthe

intersectionsofthetwoaxes,andtomakeuptheother

pronunciationmethods,youcanknowexactlythepronunciation

ofacertainphoneme.Forexample,thelip(part),friction

(method),thisnoteisnotf,isv;Ifyouaddapronunciation

method"clear"attheintersection,thesoundcanonlybef.

Andsoonandsoforth.

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Chapteriiispeech

Whatisthedifferencebetweenvowelsandconsonants?Phonemes

canbedividedinto“vowels"and"consonants”.Theydifferin

severalways:

(1)whenthevowelisissued,theairflowpassesthroughthe

entirechannelwithoutanyobstruction;Whenaconsonantsounds,

acertainpartofthevocaltractisclosedandobstructed,and

theairflowmustovercomethisobstructiontopass.

Forexample,whenthebinChinesemandarinba(ba)isused,

thelipsareclosedtoformahindrancetotheairflow,andthen

thelipsareopenedandtheairflowcanbereleasedfromthe

mouth.Themaindifferencebetweenvowelandconsonantis

whetherornotthereisanobstructioninthevocaltract.

(2)whenthevowelsounds,thetensionineachpartofthe

articulationorganisbalanced;Whenaconsonantismade,it

isespeciallystressfultoformablock.Forexample,inthe

Chinesemandarinba(ba),thelipsareparticularlytense.

(3)whenthevowelsounds,theairflowisunimpededandthe

airflowisweak.Whentheconsonantsounds,theairflowmust

breakthroughthebarrierandtheflowisstronger.

(4)whenthevowelsounds,thevocalcordsvibrate;Whenthe

consonantsounds,thesoundofaconsonantrequiresavibrating

vocalcord.Clearconsonantsdonotrequirevibratingvocal

cords.

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Chapteriiispeech

Whatdeterminesthesoundqualityofvowels?Whatisthe

relationshipbetweenthepronunciationofvowelsoundsand

changesintheshapeofthemouth?Whatistheeffectofthe

forwardandlowerlevelsofthetongueandtheroundofthelips

invowelsounds?Allvowelsarevoicedbythevocalcords,and

thewaytheyarepronouncedistheairflowthatcausesthelungs

tobeexhaledtoimpactthevocalcords,causingthevocalcords

tovibrate,andthenallowingtheairflowtopassunimpeded

throughthevocaltract.Thedifferencesofvowelsoundquality

aremainlydeterminedbythedifferentshapesoftheresonant

cavity,andthedifferentshapesofvowelsaremainlycaused

bydifferentshapesofthemouth.

Andtheshapeofthemouthandtongueactivityhasaclose

relationship,accordingtothedifferentpronunciationtongue

workareawhen,canputthevowelisdividedinto“thelingual

vowel","thetipofthetonguevowels"and"retroflexvowels.

Thevowelsinthelanguageareoverwhelminglyvowels.Most

vowelsarethelingualvowels.Thetonequalityofthevowel

soundisdeterminedbydifferentshapesofthemouth,andthere

arethreewaysofchangingtheshapeofthemouth:

1)thelevelofthetongueisdifferent,thevowelsoundis

different,thehigherthetongue,thesmallertheopening

degree.Thelowerthetongue,thegreatertheopening.For

example,"I'and"a'inmandarinsounddifferent,mainly

becauseoftheheightof"I"and"a"whenthetongueislow.

2)beforeandafterthetongueposition,thevowelsoundis

different.Forexample,theword"u"and"u"sounddifferent

becausethetongueisinthefrontofthehair'u"andthe'u"

whenthetongueisintheback.

3)theroundofthelipsisdifferent,andthevowelsare

different.Forexample,"I"and"u'maysounddifferentbecause

thelipsareflatwhenthe"I'issent,andthelipsarerounded

whentheyare'u".Fromthelipsandthetongue,beforeandafter

theheightofcircularexhibitionofthethreeaspects,wecan

determineonpronunciationprincipleeachlingual

characteristicsofvowels,couldalsobenefitfromthesethree

aspectstoclassifythelingualvowels.

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Thethreefactors,suchasthefrontandbackofthetongueand

theroundofthelips,determinethesoundqualityofalingual

vowel,andanychangeinoneaspectchangesthesoundquality

ofavowel.

Weneedtoanalyzeandgraspthecharacteristicsofthevowel

soundfromthesethreeaspectsatthesametime.Forexample,

[I]thecharacteristicofthisvowelistheformerhighand

unroundedlip,[y]thecharacteristicofthisvowelisthe

formerhighroundlip.

Conversely,ifweknowthecharacteristicsofaparticular

vowelinthesethreeaspects,wecandeterminewhichvowe1is

this.Forexample,accordingtothethreeconditionsofthe

front,highandnon-circularlips,youcanseethatthisisa

vowel[I](1).

Thesoundisaphonemeswrittenininternationalphonetic

symbols,neitherthelettersofhanyupinyin,northeletters

ofEnglishorotherpinyin.Wecanusethevowelbitmapto

indicatethephoneticcharacteristicsofthevowelofcommon

tongue.Pleaserefertotheteachingmaterialsaboutthevowel

bitmapofthelingualsurface.

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Chapteriiispeech

Whatistheconsonant"accent"and''pronunciationmethod”?The

threekeypronunciationcharacteristicsandcommonconsonant

categoriesarelisted.Allvowelsarevoicedbythevocalcords,

andthewaytheyarepronouncedistheairflowthatcausesthe

lungstobeexhaledtoimpactthevocalcords,causingthevocal

cordstovibrate,andthenallowingtheairflowtopass

unimpededthroughthevocaltract.

Thedifferencesofvowe1soundqualityaremainlydetermined

bythedifferentshapesoftheresonantcavity,andthe

differentshapesofvowelsaremainlycausedbydifferent

shapesofthemouth.Andtheshapeofthemouthandtongue

activityhasacloserelationship,accordingtothedifferent

pronunciationtongueworkareawhen,canputthevowelis

dividedinto“thelingualvowel","thetipofthetonguevowels”

and“retroflexvowels.

Thevowelsinthelanguageareoverwhelminglyvowels.Most

vowelsarethelingualvowel,andthetonequalityofthevowel

soundisdeterminedbythedifferentshapesofthemouth.

Therearethreewaystochangetheshapeofyourmouth:

1)thelevelofthetongueisdifferent,thevowelsoundis

different,thehigherthetongue,thesmallertheopening

degree.Thelowerthetongue,thegreatertheopening.For

example,"I'and"a'inmandarinsounddifferent,mainly

becauseoftheheightof"I"and"a'whenthetongueislow.

2)beforeandafterthetongueposition,thevowelsoundis

different.Forexample,theword'u"and"u'sounddifferent

becausethetongueisinthefrontofthehair'u'andthe'u"

whenthetongueisintheback.

3)theroundofthe1ipsisdifferent,andthevowelsare

different.Forexample,"I"and"u"maysounddifferentbecause

thelipsareflatwhenthe"I"issent,andthelipsarerounded

whentheyare"u".

Fromthelipsandthetongue,beforeandaftertheheightof

circularexhibitionofthethreeaspects,wecandetermineon

pronunciationprincipleeachlingualcharacteristicsofvowels,

couldalsobenefitfromthesethreeaspectstoclassifythe

lingualvowels.

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3)accentsandnasalsounds:theairflowpassagefromthe

pharyngealcavitytothenasalcavityiscontrolledbythesoft

palateandtongue.Thesoftpalateislow,blockingthepassage

ofthemouth,allowingtheairflowtocomeoutofthenasal

cavity,producinganasalsound,suchas[m].Thesoftpalate

rises,blockingthepassageofthenasalpassages,allowingthe

airflowtocomeoutofthemouth,producinganaccent,suchas

[a][p],etc.

(2)classificationofconsonantsfromthepronunciationsite:

1)bilabial:aconsonantthatblocksthelowerlipandupper

lip.B,p,m[p,pm]inmandarinChinese.

2)aconsonantofthelowerlipandupperteeth.Suchasf[f]

inChineseputonghua,Englishvery(very)inv.

3)dentin:thetipofthetongueisplacedbetweentheupper

andlowerteethtoformaconsonant.Theth[T]intheEnglish

thank[T][T],that[DQt],th[D].

4)frontofthetongue:aconsonantthatimpedestheformation

ofthetipofthetongueandupperorupperteeth.Asinmandarin

Chinese,d,t,n,1,z,c,s[t,t),n,1,ts,ts',s].

5)afterthetipofthetongue:itisalsocalledtherhotic

toneortheforkedtongue,thetipofthetongueisupandthe

frontofthepalateformsaconsonant.Suchastheusefulin

mandarinChinese,ch,sh/t§,t§§].

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6)glossia:theconsonantisformedinthebackofthelingual

anduppergingiva.AsChinaEnglish/tSain?Thech[tS]in

[China],otherdge[dZ]inbridge[bridZ],she[Si],sh[S].

7)infrontofthetongue:aconsonantisformedinfrontof

thetongueandinfrontofthehardpalate.Suchasj,q,x[tt,

tt',t]inmandarinChinese.

8)tongueface:alsocalledtherootofthetongue,theback

ofthetongueandthesoftpalate