2019年安徽師范大學(xué)普通遺傳學(xué)考研真題

2019年安徽師范大學(xué)普通遺傳學(xué)考研真題一、名詞解釋（每題5分，共60分）1.基因型與表現(xiàn)型2.內(nèi)含子3.等位基因4.基因互作5.伴性遺傳6.遺傳率7.假基因8.水平基因轉(zhuǎn)移9.非同義替代（突變）10.轉(zhuǎn)座子11.平衡致死品系12.協(xié)同進(jìn)化二、簡答題（每題10分，共30分）1.簡述染色體結(jié)構(gòu)變異類型及其遺傳學(xué)效應(yīng)。2.在豌豆中，蔓莖（T）對矮莖（t）是顯性，綠豆莢（G）對黃豆莢（g）是顯性;圓豆子（R）對皺豆子（r）是顯性?，F(xiàn)有下列兩種雜交組合，問它們后代的表型如何?(1)TTGgRrxtGgr;(2)TIGgr×ttGgrT3.什么是達(dá)爾文正選擇和達(dá)爾文負(fù)選擇?談?wù)勀銓Χ呦嗷リP(guān)系的認(rèn)識。三、論述題（20分）1.生物進(jìn)化理論中，自然選擇學(xué)說、分子進(jìn)化的中性學(xué)說和現(xiàn)代綜合理論的主要觀點是什么?談?wù)勀銓@三種學(xué)說之間相互關(guān)系的認(rèn)識。四、英譯漢（40分）Phylogeographyintegratesbiogeographyandgeneticstostudyingreaterdetailthelinealhistoryofaspeciesincontextofthegeoclimatichistoryoftheplanet.AnexamplestudyofpoisonfrogslivingintheSorthAmericanneotropicsisusedtodemonstratehowphylogeographerscombinegeneticsandpaleogeographytopiecetogethertheecologicalhistoryoforganismsintheirenvironments.SeveralmajorgeoclimaticeventshavegreatlyinfluencedthebiogeographicdistributionoforganismsinthisareaincludingtheisolationandreconnectionofSouthAmerica,theupiftoftheAndes,anextensiveAmazonianfloodbasinsystemnduringtheMiocene,theformationofAmazondrainages,anddry-wetclimatecyclesthroughoutthePliocene（上新世）toPleistocene（漸新世）epochs.Usingthiscontextualpaleogeographicinformationtheathorsofthisstudyproposedanull-bypothesisthatassumesnospatialstructureandtwoalternativehypothesisinvolvingdispersalandotherbiogeographicconstraints.Thephylogeographersvisitedtherangesofeachfrogspeciestoobtaintissuesamplesforgeneticanalysis;researcherscanalsoobtaintissuesamplesfrommuseumcollections.Theevolutionaryhistoryandrelationsamongdifferentpoisonfrogspeciesisreconstructedusingphylogenetictreesderivedfrommoleculardata.Themoleculartreesaremappedinrelationtopaleogeographichistoryoftheregionforacompletephylogeographicstudy.Thetreeshowninthecenterofthefigurehasitsbranchlengthscalibratedtoamolecularclock,withthegeologicaltimebarshowmathebottom.Thesamephylogenetictreeisduplicatedfourmoretimestoshowwhereeachlineageisdistributedandisfound.Thecombinationoftechniquesusedinthisstudyexemplifiesmoregenerallyhowphylogeographicstudiesproceedandtestforpattemsofcommoninfluence.Paleogeographicdataestablishesgeologicaltimerecordsforhistoricaleventsthatexplainthebranchingpaternsinthemoleculartees.Thisstudyreiectedthenull.modelandfoundthattheoriginforalextantAmazonianpoisonfrogspeciesprimarilystemfrornfourteenlineagesthatdispersedintotheirrespectivearesaftertheMiocenefloodbasinreceded.Regionallybasedphylogeographicstudiesofthistypearerepeatedfordifferentspeciesasameansofindependenttesting.Phylogeographersfin