2023年英國(guó)社會(huì)與文化知識(shí)點(diǎn)試題

chapter1AgeneralsurveyUK全稱(chēng):Officialname---theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.----theUnitedKingdomoftheUK每個(gè)nation旳capitalCapitalcityNationalEmblemEnglandLondonroseScotlandEdinburghThistle薊花WalesCardiff加旳夫Daffodil水仙花NorthernIrelandBelfast貝爾法斯特Shamrock三葉草NorthernIreland:LoughNeagh:thelargestlakeinBritainwhichcoversanareaof396k㎡(內(nèi)伊湖)3、Scotland:BenNevis:thehighestmountaininBritain（本尼維斯山）4、Edinburgh:1.thecapitalcityofScotland2.economiccenterofScotland3.atouristcitysecondonlytoLondoninUK(RoyalMiles&PrincesStreet)皇家英里大道&王子大街（1）Edinburghcastle(十字皇宮）:symbolofEdinburgh&situatedonamoundofVolWindsorcastle(溫莎城堡）:largestoccupiedcastleHolyroodpalace（荷里路德宮）：theofficialresidence（住處）oftheMonarchoftheUnitedKingdominScotland,locatedatthebottomoftheRoyalMileinEdinburgh,attheoppositeendtoEdinburghCastleThestoneofdestiny命運(yùn)之石Coronationstone加冕石==referredtoinEnglandReferendum蘇格蘭公投EnglandMountain-thePennines(北乃恩山脈)BackboneofthecentralNorthernEnglandLondonEast-poorWest-richimportantriverinLondon：Thames泰晤士河LondonEye：thelargestFerrisWheel摩天輪inEurope/BigBen=ElizabethTowerthelargestfour-facedchimingclockWestminsterAbbey威斯敏斯特教堂PalaceofWestminster威斯敏斯特宮HouseofParliament國(guó)會(huì)大廈BuckinghamPalace白金漢宮FurtherinformationNationalcurrency（本國(guó)貨幣）：GBP=GreatBritainPound（英鎊）Nationalday：Queen’sBirthday2ndSaturdayofJunesince1952實(shí)際=April21,1926Nationalflag：UnionFlagadoptedonJan1st1801Nationalflower：roseLocation：WesternEurope6、Geography(Q:DescribethegeographicalpositionofBritain?).Location---LocatedoffthenorthwestcoastofEurope---anislandcountrysurroundedbyfourseas.tothesouthbytheEnglishChannel,whichseparatesitfromcontinentalEurope.totheeastbytheNorthSea.tothewestbytheIrishsea.tothenorthbytheAtlanticOcean7、Land&People.veryunevenlydistributed:90%urban10%rural.Britainmultiracialsocietyand1in20peopleareofnon-Europeanethnicity8、Climate:aFavorableMaritimeClimate（海洋性氣候）Q:.arainy,d（溫和旳）wintersandcoolsummers.asteadyandreliable（穩(wěn)定旳）rainfallthroughouttheyear.asmallrangeoftemperature(4-6℃inthenorthinWinter,and12-17℃inthesouthinsummer)AndFactor影響原因.ThesurroundingwatersQ:.south-westwinds.NorthAtlanticDrift（北大西洋漂流）9、TheBritishIsles,GreatBritain,England,theUnitedKingdomandtheBritishCommonwealthOfficialname+TheBritishIsles-----GreatBritain(England,Wales,Scotland)-----NorthernIreland(alsoknownasUlster)-----TheRepublicofIreland(alsotheIrishRepublic,formerlyEire)-----NumeroussmallerislandsBritishIslesBritishIslesUnitedKingdomIrelandRepublicNorthernOfIrelandIrelandGreatBritainScotlandWalesEnglandWalesEnglandChapter2.Government1、政治體制--議會(huì)制君主立憲制ConstitutionalMonarchy君主立憲制ParliamentaryDemocracy議會(huì)民主制2、Monarch君主:QueenElizabethⅡBorn:April21,1926QueensinceJune2,1952Officiallytheheadofstate,thecountryisactuallyrunBythegovernmentandledbythePrimeMinister3、MagnaCarta(=GreatCharter)大憲章KingJohn(agreedin)1215Q:WhatpowersdoestheQueenhave?-Shereignsbutdoesnotrule(臨朝不理政)Theoretically,sheisthesourceofallgovernmentpowers:.anintegralpartofthelegislature.headoftheexecutive,legislativeandjudiciarybranches.thecommander-in-chiefofallarmedforcesoftheCrown.”supremegovernor”oftheChurchofEngland4、Parliament:LegislativebodyLocatedinWestminsterQ:ParliamentconsistsoftheSovereign,theHouseofLords&theHouseofCommonsParliament（aFrenchwordforatalking-place).Femalesallowedtovoteuntil1918.Aby-electionisheldwhenaMemberofParliamentdies,retiresorresigns(遞補(bǔ)選舉)Q:MainFunctionofParliament:.tomakelaws.tocontrolandcriticizetheexecutivegovernment.tocontroltheraisingandthespendingofmoney.todebatethemajorissuesofthedayTheHouseofLords上議院ConsistsoftheLordsSpiritual(神職議員)andthelordsTemporal(世俗議員）withtheLordchancellor（大法官）asthePresidentoftheHouseTheheadoftheHouseofCommons--theSpeaker議長(zhǎng)NextonlytothePrimeMinisterHouseofCommonsnumberofmembers6505.Executive行政Executivebody:theSovereign,PrimeMinister&CabinetNo.10DowningStreet唐寧街10號(hào)→Legislature-Parliament→HouseofLords(semi-political)→HouseofCommons(Political)Monarch(non-political)→Executive:PrimeMinister&Cabinet(Political)→Judiciary:HouseofLords(non-political)Chapter3GeneralElection&PoliticalParties1.GeneralElection(1)Theelectorate(選民，有選舉權(quán)者):About99%ofthepopulation(excludingcriminals,insane(瘋旳）people,etc)intheUKhaverighttovote.(2)Constituencies(選區(qū)):about650(3)Thetermofaparliament:5years(4)Thepartywhichholdsamajorityoftheseatsinparliamentformsagovernment,withitspartyleaderasPrimeMinster(5)InBritainthecitizensaged18oroverhavetherighttovote.(6)InBritainacandidatemustbeatleast21oroverwiththedeposit（押金）of500pounds.(7)TheUK’sFirst-Past-the-Post(簡(jiǎn)樸多數(shù)票當(dāng)選)electoralsystem.Q:Itwascoinedasananalogytohorseracing1).Thewinneroftheraceisthefirsttopassaparticularpointonthetrack.2).Allotherrunnersautomaticallyandcompletelylose.3).Itis“winner-takes-all”(贏者統(tǒng)吃)4).Thecandidatemustreceivethelargestnumberofvoteswins.UnitedKingdomgeneralelection,2023TheConservativeParty,ledbyDavidCameron,wonthelargestnumberofvotesandseatsbutstillfelltwentyseatsshort.Thisresultedinahungparliament（懸垂議會(huì)）wherenopartywasabletocommandamajorityintheHouseofCommons.Coalitiontalks（聯(lián)合申明）beganimmediatelybetweentheConservativesandtheLiberalDemocratsandlastedforfivedays.OnTuesday11May,BrownannouncedhisresignationasPrimeMinister,makingtheendof13yearsofLabourgovernment.ThiswasacceptedbyQueenElizabethⅡ,whotheninvitedDavidCamerontoformagovernmentandbecomePrimeMinister2.PoliticalPartiesHistoryofPoliticalParties---Priortothemid-19th:TheTory(托利黨)TheWhig(輝格黨)---Betweenthemid19thcenturyand1920s:TheTories--theConservativeParty(保守黨)TheWhig--theLiberalParty(自由黨)---Post1920s:TheConservativePartyTheLabourParty2.1.Conservatives:thefeaturesoftheConservativePartyQ:.relativelyrichandprivileged.thepartyofthecentral-right.opposedtogreatchangesinsociety.haveabeliefinprivateenterpriseandfreedomfromstatecontrol.maintenanceoftheexistinginstitutionsasitspolicyBigNames.WinstonChurchill:PM1940-1945&1951-1955.MargretThatcher:PM1979-1990.DavidCameron:PM2023-present2.2.LabourParty:ThefeatureoftheLabourPartyQ:.relativelypoorandunderprivileged.thepartyofcentral-left(thereformist,non-revolutionary).aimingatthenationalizationasthemeansofproductionanddistribution.fewresourcesandheavilydependentonthetradeunions.haveamajoreffectonUK’sNationalHealthServiceBigNamesTonyBlair1997-2023GordonBrown2023-2023EdwardMiliband2023-2023JeremyCorbyn2023-present2.3.ScottishNationalParty蘇格蘭民族黨2023第三大黨2.4.UnitedKingdomIndependenceParty英國(guó)獨(dú)立黨Chapter4EconomyIntroduction:FactoryoftheworldBritishDisease---amockingtermQ:Whatis“BritishDisease”?(1)atermusedtocharacterizeBritain’seconomicdeclineafterthewars.(2)Britain’sslowgrowthofproductivity,soaringinflation,andlargeunemploymentamajordevelopedcapitalistcountry6thlargesteconomyin20233periodsofBritaineconomicevolution.Steadydevelopmentinthe50sand60s;.Economicrecessioninthe70s;.Economicrecoveryinthe80s;.Bythe1880s,dominantintheworld,*onethirdoftheworld’smanufacturedgoods*halfitscoalandiron*halfitscotton.By1900,overtakenbyUSandGermany6.ReasonsforRelativeDeclineQ:WhatcausestherelativedeclineofUKEconomy?(1).heavilyintodebtinordertofinancethewar.(2).theeraoftheBritishEmpirewasover-decolonization殖民地獨(dú)立(lossesofrawmaterial&market).(3).militaryexpense(untiltheprocessofdecolonizationcompletedinthe1960s).$.lackedinvestmentinmodernequipmentandnewproducts.$.lowratesofdomesticindustrialinvestment$.highrateofoverseasinvestment$.lackofacloserelationshipbetweenindustryandbanks.Absolutedeclinea.Introductionandrelativedeclineb.ReasonsforrelativedeclineEconomyc.RecentHistoryThecurrentPrimaryIndustriesUKeconomySecondaryIndustriesTertiaryIndustriesCasesAnalysisPositiveEffectsNegativeEffects7.Primaryindustries--EnergyProduction.5%ofnationalwealth.Coal.oilandgas:NorthSea(declinesince1999).producerandexporter.offshoreoilindustry8.Secondaryindustries*manufacturing(20%ofnationalwealth)Pharmaceuticals(GlaxoSmithKline),chemicals(ICI)Aerospace航天(3rdlargestintheworld)Electronicsindustry(4thlargestintheworld)9.Tertiaryindustries.Serviceindustries(65ofnationalwealth).Domesticactivity:retailing,tourism.Internationalservices(10%~70%).Financialandbusinessservices10.LondonStockExchange(倫敦證券交易所)In2023,amarketcapitalization(資本總額)ofUS$2.63trillion,madeitthefourthlargeststockexchangeintheworldandthelargestinEuropeChapter5literatureOldEnglishPeriod(449-1066)Background:TheAnglo-SaxonsfromNorthernEuropebroughttheirlanguage,thebasisofModernEnglish,aswellasaspecificpoetictradition.OldEnglishliteratureisalsocalledAnglo-SaxonLiterature.Beowulf《貝奧武夫》:thenationalepicoftheAnglo-Saxons北歐大陸盎人遷移英格蘭旳英雄史詩(shī)，殺死海怪(seamonsterGrendel)LateMedieval(中世紀(jì))EnglishLiterature(1066-14thcentury)difficultiesandcalamities(災(zāi)害),suchasfamine,plague,andwar,(darkage)theBlackDeathfolkliterature(民間文學(xué))RobinHood《羅賓漢》*GeoffreyChaucer杰弗里.喬叟-thefatherofEnglishpoetry(wisdom,humor,humanity)TheCanterburyTales《坎特伯雷故事集》(26stories)Itismadeupofaseriesofstoriestoldbypilgrims(朝圣者）toentertaineachotherontheirwaytotheChristianChurchatCanterburyEnglishRenaissancePeriod(15thcentury-early17thcentury)StaredinItalyTheRenaissance-aFrenchwordwhichmeansrebirthorrevivalHumanism人文主義-theessence(本質(zhì))oftheRenaissance,thedignityofhumanbeing(人旳尊嚴(yán))&theimportanceofthepresentlife(愛(ài)惜當(dāng)下).PeakofEnglishRenaissance:ElizabethanDrama英國(guó)文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期旳巔峰:伊麗莎白戲劇*WilliamShakespeare威廉·莎士比亞(1564-1616)Tragedies:RomeoandJuliet,Hamlet,Othello,KingLear李爾王,Macbeth麥克白HistoricalPlays:RichardⅢ,RichardⅡ,HenryⅣ,HenryⅤComedies:TheTamingoftheShrew悍婦,AMidsummerNight’sDream仲夏夜之夢(mèng),TwelfthNight,TheTempest,TheMerchantofVenice威尼斯商人Sonnet十四行詩(shī)(Afourteen-linelyricpoemwithasingletheme,usuallywritteniniambicpentameter)抑揚(yáng)格五步格詩(shī)*ThomasMore托馬斯.莫爾(1478-1535)Utopia《烏托邦》*JohnMilton約翰.彌爾頓(1608-1674)ParadiseLost《失樂(lè)園》*FrancisBacon弗蘭西斯.培根Essays《隨筆》4.TheNeoclassicalPeriod(新古典主義時(shí)期1660-1798)*AlexanderPope亞歷山大.蒲伯(1688-1744)AnEssayonMan人論(=ParadiseLost)*SamuelJohnson塞繆爾.約翰遜TheDictionaryofEnglishLanguage/London(英語(yǔ)辭典)9年*JonathanSwift喬納森.斯威夫特Gulliver'sTravels格列夫游記*DanielDefoe丹尼爾.笛福RobinsonCrusoe魯賓遜漂流記*HenryFielding亨利.菲爾丁英國(guó)小說(shuō)之父TheHistoryofTomJones,aFounding棄嬰湯姆.瓊斯旳故事5.TheRomanticPeriod浪漫主義時(shí)期(1798-1832).twomajornovelistsoftheRomanticperiodareJaneAusten(realistic)andWalterScott(romantic)*RobertBurns羅伯特.彭斯ARed,RedRose一朵紅紅旳玫瑰/AuldLongSyne往昔時(shí)光*WilliamWordsworth威廉.華茲華斯(beganwith)LyricalBallads抒情歌謠集/IWanderedLonelyasaCloud“湖畔”派詩(shī)人:WilliamWordsworth威廉.華茲華斯SamuelTaylorColeridge塞繆爾.泰勒.柯勒律治RobertSouthey騷賽*SamuelTaylorColeridge塞繆爾.泰勒.柯勒律治TheRimeofAncientMariner古舟子詠*GeorgeGordonByron喬治.戈登.拜倫DonJuan唐.璜*JohnKeates約翰.濟(jì)慈OdetotheWestWind西風(fēng)頌*WilliamBlake威廉.布萊克SongsofInnocence天真之歌SongsofExperience經(jīng)驗(yàn)之歌SirWalterScott沃爾特.斯科特爵士(endedin)Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》(12世紀(jì)英國(guó)”獅心王”查理)*JaneAusten簡(jiǎn).奧斯丁upper-middle-classSenseandSensibility理智與情感PrideandPrejudice傲慢與偏見(jiàn)Emma愛(ài)瑪6.TheVictorianPeriod(1837-1901)維多利亞時(shí)期*CharlesDickens查爾斯.狄更斯OliverTwist霧都孤兒ATaleofTwoCities雙城記GreatExpectations遠(yuǎn)大前途TheBronteSisters*CharlotteBronteJaneEyre簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)*EmilyBronteWutheringHeights咆哮山莊*AnneBronteAgnesGrey安格尼斯.格雷*WilliamThackeray威廉.薩克雷VanityFair名利場(chǎng)*ThomasHardy托馬斯.哈代TessoftheD’Urbervilles德伯家旳苔絲*OscarWilde奧斯卡.王爾德TheHappyPrinceandOtherTales快樂(lè)王子故事集TheNightingaleandtheRose夜鶯與玫瑰TheModernPeriod*GeorgeBernardShaw喬治.伯納.蕭SaintJoan圣女貞德Pygmalion賣(mài)花女(MyFairLady窈窕淑女)Chapter6EducationTheUKSchoolSystem:compulsory(義務(wù))betweenagesof5and16years,totalof11years1、Co-educatedSchools:1).admitbothboysandgirls聯(lián)合教育學(xué)校2).AcademicYear:dividedintothreeterms,withholidaysatChristmas,Easter,andinthesummer3).followtheNationalCurriculumguide-linessetdownbygovernment2、StateSchool:totallyfundedbythegovernmentandfree3、IndependentSchool:foundedbythefeeschargedtotheparents(publicschool公學(xué))4、PrimaryEducation:Pre-schoolingwhichcalledNurserySchool5、SecondarySchools:1).GrammarSchools(文法中學(xué)3%)：“the11plus”examination,preparingstudentsforhighereducation.2).ComprehensiveSchools(綜合中學(xué)83%):Noentranceexam,generaleducation.3).SecondaryModernSchool(現(xiàn)代中學(xué)7%)6、ThehighSchoolCurriculum:1)16years:GCSEExamination2)16-18yearsA-LevelCourse:3-4subjectsstudentschoosethesubjectstheywishtostudy.3)18years:A-LevelExaminationGCSE:GeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation(中學(xué)生畢業(yè)證書(shū))7、HigherEducation:receivefundsfromthecentralgovernment.Theamountoffundingisbasedonitssize,thenumberofstudentsitteaches,andtheresearchitconducts8、EntranceProcedures:1).Studentscanapplytoamaximumof6universities/institutions.2).Admission--selectiononbasisofAlevelresults&aninterview9、FamousUniversities:1)TheUniversityofOxford:1.TheoldestuniversityintheEnglishspeakingword.2.TeachingexistedatOxfordin1096anddevelopedrapidlyfrom1167.TheUniversityofCambridge:second-oldest...(1281)---TwocharacteristicsofOxfordandCambridgeCollegesystem(學(xué)院制度)Tutorialsystem(導(dǎo)師制度)3)TheUniversityofLondon:1.Itwasfoundedin1836.(聯(lián)邦制大學(xué))2.afederationofcolleges4)BuckinghamUniversity:theonlyindependentuniversity5)OpenUniversity:UKlargestuniversityforpart-timehigherChinese&BritishEducationSystemYearChinaAgeBritainYear5PrimarySchool11ElementarySchool622733844955106611SecondarySchool77JuniorMiddleSchool1288139914GCSECourseGCSEExaminations1010SeniorMiddleSchool15111116A-LevelCourseA-LevelExaminations12121713ChineseHigherEducationEliteedu.VSMassedu.EnrollmentexpansionResourcesarestrainingEducationqualityissufferingIntensecompetitioninthejobmarketUnit7BritishForeignRelation---imperialhistory---geopoliticaltraits地緣政治特點(diǎn)HowForeignPolicyismade?ForeignPolicy→ThePM&Cabinet→GovernmentdepartmentsWhenthesecondworldwarended,itwasstillthelargestmilitarypowerinwesternEurope.TheNuclearClubRussia,USA,France,Britain,Israel,China,India,Pakistan,NorthKoreaWhydoesBritainhaveitsnuclearnavalforce?---Becauseit’satraditionalseapower.MemberofUNSecurityCouncil聯(lián)合國(guó)安理會(huì)---oneofthefivepermanentmembers(greatinfluence)---othermembers--Russia,China,theUS,FranceMemberoftheEuropeanUnionSince1973MemberofNATO北約---NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization---asystemofcollectivedefenseTheCommonwealthofNations英聯(lián)邦國(guó)家---TheBritishcommonwealthisafreeassociationofindependentcountriesthatwereoncecoloniesofBritain.殖民地TheUKanditsrelationwiththeUSA.AlliedduringWWⅡ√.WorkedtogetheragainstUUSR√.The1956SuezCrisis×Conclusion.Britainisnolongerasuperpower,butitstillhasgreatinfluenceinmilitarypowerintheworld(navy,nuclear).Britainforeignpolicyinfluencedmainlybyitshistoryandgeopoliticaltraits..Britainsitsataveryimportantseatinmanyinternationalinstitutions,suchastheUN,theEU,NATO,Commonwealth,etc.Chapter8TheBritishMediaWhatfunctionsdoyouthinkthemediahave?.videaforumforpeopletoexpresstheirviews.seekadvice.givepeopleentertainment.serveforthepoliticalandeconomicsystem.workasamonitorNewspaper(types)Thequalitypress(thebroadsheets)嚴(yán)厲類(lèi)大版面報(bào)紙Thetabloids(thegutterpress)通俗類(lèi)小版面報(bào)紙SomequalitynewspaperinUKTimes《泰晤士報(bào)》oldestdailynewspaperTheDailyTelegraph《每日電訊報(bào)》--工黨右TheGuardian《衛(wèi)報(bào)》TheObserver《觀測(cè)家報(bào)》oldestSundaynewspaperSometabloidsinUK.TheDailyMail《每日郵報(bào)》--保守黨DailyMirror《每日鏡報(bào)》--工黨TheSun《太陽(yáng)報(bào)》Chapter9SportsFootballFootballAssociation(FA)FootballHooligans流氓，惡棍Policepatrolthestreets,pubsnearthefootballgroundsareclosed,andshopslocktheirdoor.TennisWimbledon溫布爾頓GolfByScottishatSt.Andrew’s圣安德魯斯HorseRacingRoyalAscot英國(guó)皇家愛(ài)斯科賽馬會(huì)Equestrianism馬術(shù)Chapter10FestivalReligionsholiday:Christmas/EasterNationalholiday:Queen'sbirthdayRegionalholiday:EnglandBonfireNight篝火之夜NorthernIreland:St.Patrick’sDay圣帕特里克節(jié)3.17Sco