港口船舶管理與能效的關系

IMOModelCourse4.05EnergyEfficientOperationofShipsLecture5-1:Shipin-portOperationandenergyefficiencyHangzhou,China8to9December2016MsShuangZHANGAssociateProfessorDalianMaritimeUniversityLearningobjectivesInthislecture,youareexpectedtolearnandbecomeawareofthefollowingtopics:PortsandportareaemissionsPortsoperationanditsimpactonshipemissionsEEMsforshipin-portoperationPortenvironmentalprogramsandshipsIntroductiontoPort-areaEmissionsandTheirReductionPortoperationplayersPortmanagementvaries:FromporttoportFromcountrytocountryShippingcompaniesinportsrelyonmanyplayers:PortitselfPilots,Towageservices,Shiprepairers,provisioning,WastereceptionfacilitiesBunkeringcompaniesSource:Meersman,VandeVoordeandVanelslanderPort’sairemissionsSources:Cargos:LoadingandunloadingTrucksandland-basedtransports.Buildingsandbuildingfacilities.Harbourcrafts/vessels.Shipscallingatport.Mainemissionsofconcern:NitrogenOxides(NOx):.ParticulateMatters(PM):SulphurOxides(SOx):VOC(VolatileOrganicCompounds)-SomeportsEtc./air/pollution/ports1/overview.aspShipstoportemissionsareonlypartofthetotalemissionstoport.Portship-relatedemissionsourcesShiptransitandmanoeuvring:MainfeaturesShipslowspeedoperation.Highauxiliaryengineloads(safety,thrusters,airscavengers/blowers,etc.Anadditionalauxiliaryengineisonline(safety).Auxiliaryboilersareon.Atberthoranchored:MainfeaturesPropulsionenginesareoff.Auxiliaryengineloadscanbehighiftheshipisself-dischargingitscargo.Auxiliaryboilersareoperatedtokeepthepropulsionengineandfuelsystemswarmincasetheshipisorderedtoleavetheportonshortnotice.Exercise–EstimateemissionsduetoshiptoportAssumethefollowingemissionfactorsforNOX,SOXandCO2foraship:SOX:~4.2g/kWh(S=1%assumed)NOX:~10.0g/kWhCO2:~670g/kWhAcruiseshipstaysatberthinaportfor12hours.Itusesonaverageof8MWelectricityforauxiliaryandhotelsystems.CalculatethetotalamountofNOX,SOXandCO2emittedbythisshiptotheportforthisportstay.Howportscouldreduceship-in-portemissionsReducingtheporttimeoftheship(timetheshipstaysinport)ProvisionofcleanerfuelstotheshipProvisionofshoreconnectiontoshipsPropershiploadingwithdueconsiderationforairemissionsEnvironmentalorientedincentivesTheImpactofPortsOperationsonthe‘EnergyEfficientShipOperation’

ContainerterminaloperationDiagramshowschainofship-relatedactivities/processes.Mainlytwoparts:(1)shiprelatedactivities(2)cargorelatedones.ShipvoyagetimeandtimeinportPorttimemaybeassumedtobeinsignificantcomparedtooverallvoyagetime.Thisvarieswithshiptype,shipsize,cargotype,andportfacilities.Agoodunderstandingoftheshipporttimecanhelpwithenergymanagementandemissionsreductionactivitiesofbothshipsandports.Ship’stime=Seatime+PorttimeTimeinport(porttime)Manoeuvringtime:Manoeuvringtoreachanchorageorberthorleave.Waitingtime:Theperiodtheshipwaitsforberthavailability.Berthingtime:Actualtimeatbirth.Berthingtimeconsistsoftwoparts:Productivetime:Actualtimefromstartofcargohandlingoperationtoendofcargohandlingoperation.Idletime:Timesinberthwherethereisnocargohandlingoperations.Source:CharlotteBankset.alPorttimeExercise-Ship’s“porttime”anditsimpactDefinethetermship“porttime”withregardtomainshipoperationsinports(referencetothediagram.Answerthefollowingquestions:Whatistheimpactofincreased“porttime”onaroundtripship’svoyagefuelconsumption?Whatistheimpactofincreased“porttime”onportareaemissions?Fortheabovecases,assumethattotalroundtripvoyagetimeisfixed.Exercise–CalculationoftheimpactofjustintimeonshipfuelconsumptionandportemissionsAtypicaltankerspendsthefollowingtimeinvariousmodesofoperation:Atberth:25%Manoeuvring:3%Unavailability:3%In-passageis69%Assumethatat-berthtimeisreducedfrom25%to18%andinsteadin-passagetimeisincreasedto76%.Thisallowsfortheshiptotravelproportionallyslowerwhileinpassage.Calculate:%reductioninshipspeed(considerafixedtotalvoyagetime)%reductioninmainenginefuelconsumptionpernauticalmile.%reductioninship’semissionstoportwhileat-berth.Just-in-timeportoperation

Thisreferstoanyactionthatreducestheidletimeinportsviaminimizingdelays.‘Just-in-time’requiresgoodearlycommunicationwithportandharmonizationamongstpartiesconcerned.GivemaximumnoticeofberthavailabilityTugandpilotservicesBerthingwindowJustintimeportoperationwillfacilitatetheuseofoptimumspeed.Optimizedportoperation:Improvedcargohandling.Directlyunderthecontrolofport.Measuresforavoidingship’swaitingtimeinportImprovedportmanagementVirtualArrivalImprovedcargohandlingShipOperationalEEMswhenIn-portShip-relatedportemissionsreductionMainmeasuresinclude:Justintimeoperationsofships.Ship’scleanerfuels.Ship’semissionsabatementtechnologies.Ship-boardenergyefficiencywheninport.UseofOPS(OnshorePowerSupply).Ship-boardenergyefficiencywheninportLimitedscopefortheshiptoreduceitsin-portfuelconsumption.Despitethisfact,theship’simpactonportairqualitycouldbesignificant.Mainquestion:Canship-boardstaffdoanythingtosupportamoreefficientship-in-portoperation?”Answer:Tosomeextentandanumberofmeasuresexistsforthispurpose.Theaspectscoveredinthissectionaresimpledaytodayship-boardoperationalmeasures.Infact,someofthemcouldbeimplementedalsobyharbourcraftsandportsupportvessels.MachineryusageinportThemainship-boardsystemsworkingwhenshipisatanchororatberthinclude:AuxiliarymachineryandequipmentDieselgenerators,BoilersCargohandlingequipment(onlyonsomeships).Themainoptioninclude“howtoreducetheirusage?”MachineryutilisationmanagementUsageofauxiliarymachineryMinimisingthenumberofrunningauxiliarymachinerybasedonportoperationrequirementsandshipsafety.Examplesare:MinimisingthenumberofA/Cunitsoperatedorswitchthemoffwhenconditionspermit.Thenumberofengineroomventilationfansshouldbereducedinportorbroughttoslowerspeed.Thefueltreatmentmachineryneedtobereviewediftheyallneededtoruninthesamewayassea-goingcondition.Minimisationofuseofcompressedairanditsusewhererequired.Minimisationoflightingloads.Etc.TheabovewillreducetheneedforauxiliarypowerandwillreducethenumberofauxiliaryenginesneededtorunUseofboilersUseofparalleloperationoftwoboilersshouldbeavoided.Thisimprovestheefficiencyoftheworkingboilerandreduceselectricalrequirementsforthesecondauxiliaryboiler.Planningandoptimisationofcargodischargeoperationifitreliesonsteamdrivencargopumps.Planandoptimisationofballastoperationifitreliesonsteamdrivenballastpumps.IfboilersareusedforInertGasgeneration,thisaspectneedtobemanaged.Cargoholdingequipmentmaintenance/upgradeThisisnotanin-portmeasurebutappliestopassageaswell.Forupgradeofships’cargoholdingequipmenttoreduceGHGemissions.Forexample:Ventilation(allships)Mooring(allships)Cargoandholdlighting(allships)ReductionofCFCs(reefer)Heatingcoils(tankers)Coolingsystem(reefer)Coolingsystem(container)Cargotemperatureoptimization(tanker)Insulationofheatingpipes(tankers)OptimizationofreefercontainerstowageExercise–CalculationofbenefitsofauxiliarymachineryutilisationreductionAtankerwhileinportusesthefollowingmachinery(currentpractice):Engineroomventilationfans;all4ofthemeachat20kWpower(assumealoadfactorof85%forthefanmotors)Steeringsystemhydraulicpumps;all2ofthemeachat60kW(assumealoadfactorof25%forthepumpmotors).Forportoperation,only2ventilationfansaresufficientandthereisnoneedforrunningofthesteeringpumps(bestpractice).Iftheshipstaysinportfor3dayseachtimeand25timesayear:Calculatetheannualfuelsavingifbestpracticeisexercises?AssumethatSFOCforelectricityusedin250g/kWh.GreenPortInitiativesandPortEnvironmentalProgramsGreenPortInitiatives-IntroductionGreenportinitiativesaimtoreduceairemissionsfromships(plusotherenvironmentalaspects).GreenportinitiativesareinplaceinparticularinUSA,EuropeandtosomeextentAsia.Inthemajorityofcases,airpollutionisatthecoreofthegreenportinitiatives.Inthissection,anumberofwaysforpromotinggreenerportsareintroducedGreenPortInitiatives–VolatileOrganicCompounds(VOC)IMOMARPOLAnnexVIregulationsallowstheFlagStatetodesignateportsthatintendtocontrolandreduceVOCfromtankers(Regulation15).Forcompliancepurposes:Theportshouldbeabletosafelycollect,useordisposeofthesegases).TankersthatvisitsuchportsalsoshouldhaveVapourEmissionsControlSystem(VECS).Additionally,crudeoiltankersarerequiredtohaveanapprovedVapourEmissionControlManagementPlan.Ship-boardVECSGreenPortInitiatives–DifferentiatedportduesSomeportsprovideincentivesforefficientandcleanships.Thisisdoneviaareducedportduesbasedontheirregulatedemissionslevels.ForexampleinGothenburg,Sweden:TheportduesarereducediftheNOxemissionlevelislowerthan10g/kWh.NOxreductionincentivesinportofGothenburgGreenPortInitiatives–DifferentiatedflagadministrationfeesSomeadministrationshavetakenorareevaluatingtheuseofEEDIfordifferentiatedregistrationfeesortonnagetaxation.Example-SingaporeMPAinitiative(2011)Singapore-flaggedshipsregisteredonorafter1July2011,whichgobeyondtherequirementsoftheIMO’sEEDI,willenjoya50%reductionontheInitialRegistrationFeesanda20%AnnualTonnageTaxrebate.….GreenPortInitiatives–EnvironmentalShipIndex(ESI)Someportshavecommittedthemselvestoreducingtheport-relatedGHGwithinaninitiativecalledtheWorldPortClimateInitiative(WPCI)).Shipsreceiveincentives,viacalculatio