中英改造現有的結構

外文翻譯：RETROFITOFEXISTINGSTRUCTURES2.1IntroductionManystructureshavehistoricallybeenconstructedusingreinforcedconcrete.Typicalordinaryconcreteconsistsoffourconstituents:gravel,sand,water,andcement.Reinforcedconcretehassometypeofreinforcement,typicallysteel,combinedwithconcretetoproduceastrongersystemthanplainconcrete.Concreteisstrongincompressionbutweakintension.Tensileforcescauseconcretetocrackandeventuallyfailinabrittlemanneratstressessignificantlylowerthanthecompressionstrengthofconcrete.Steel,oranothertypeofreinforcementmaterial,canbeusedtocompensatefortheweaktensilestrengthofconcrete.Thissystemisreferredtoasreinforcedconcrete.Asreinforcedconcreteages,avarietyofdetrimentaleffectscanoccur.Theseincludespalling,flaking,orcrackingoftheconcrete,andsubsequentcorrosionofthereinforcingsteel.Theseoccurrencescansignificantlyaffectthestrengthofstructuralmembers.Membersdisplayingtheseadverseaffectsmayberehabilitatedusinganappropriateretrofitmethod.Retrofittingistypicallydonefortworeasons:rehabilitationorstrengthening.Aspreviouslydiscussed,rehabilitationisfixingthestructuraldeficienciesofadamagedstructureorstructuralmember.Thismaybenecessaryforagingmembersthatnolongerdisplaythestrengthoftheoriginaldesign.Strengtheningincreasestheload-carryingcapacityofastructuralmember(Ersoyetal.1993).Thismaybenecessaryifthesupportedloadisalteredthroughthelifeofthestructuralmember,orifcurrentdesignstandardshavemorestringentreinforcementrequirements.Additionally,structuralmembersinseismicregionsmayneedtobeupgradedtocurrentseismicrequirements.Retrofittingcanbeappliedtoanystructuralmembers,includingbeamsandcolumns.Severalmethodsaretraditionallyutilizedforretrofitting.Theseincludeconcretejacketing,steeljacketing,andFRPstrengthening(Wipfetal.1997).Reinforcementforconcretejacketscanbeprovidedbyrebarreinforcementorweldedwirefabric(WWF).Additionally,arelativelynewproduct,PrefabricatedCageSystemreinforcement(PCS),issuggestedasapossiblereinforcementalternativeforconcretejacketretrofits.2.2PrefabricatedCageSystem(PCS)ReinforcementPCSreinforcement,asshowninFigure2.1,isessentiallyacontinuoussteelsectionwithholesappliedasasecondaryprocess.ThePCSreinforcementprovideslongitudinalandtransversereinforcementsimultaneouslyandcanbeusedincircularorrectangularsections.Thismonolithicconnectionreducestheneedforseparatelongitudinalandtransversereinforcement.PCScanbeusedasreinforcementincolumns,shearwalls,foundationsorbeams.PCSreinforcementcanbeconcentricallylayerediflargereinforcementratiosarerequired(Figure2.2).Foracolumn,verticalsteelstripsprovidelongitudinalreinforcementwhilethehorizontalsteelstripsprovidetransversereinforcement.TestshaveshownthatPCSprovideshigherconfinementcapacitiesthantraditionalrebarreinforcementsystems(ShamsaiandSezen2005).2.2.1PCSProductionPCSreinforcementisproducedfromsteeltubesorplates.Standardsteeltubesorplatesarepunchedorcuttoprovideholeswiththedesireddimensions.Inlieuoftubes,steelplatescanbebentintotherequiredshapeandthenwelded.CastingofPCSreinforcementhasalsobeensuggestedasamethodofproduction.CuttingofholesinthePCScanbeperformedwithavarietyofmethodsincludinglaser(asshowninFigure2.3),plasma,flame,andabrasivewaterjetcutting.Additionalsuggestedmethodsincludemilling,electrochemicalmachining,electricaldischargemachining,andchemicaletching.Precision,time,cost,availability,andthicknesslimitationsvaryamongthedifferentcuttingmethods(Shamsai2006).PunchingholestoformthePCSreinforcementissuggestedformassproduction.Computernumericalcontrol(CNC)machinescanprogramthepunchingspacesanddimensionsforPCSreinforcement.ThreesuggestedCNCpunchingmachinesincludeasinglestationpress,amechanicalturretpunchpress,andahydraulicturretpunchpress.Punchingalsohasdisadvantagesincludingsteelthicknessrestrictionsandpossiblesteeldeformations(Shamsai2006).2.2.2PCSBenefitsPCSreinforcementhassomeuniqueproperties.ThelongitudinalandlateralreinforcementforPCSarelocatedthesamedistancefromthecenterofthemembercross-section.Thisprovidesincreasedflexuralcapacity,usingthesameamountofsteelasatraditionalrebarsystem,andresultsinmoreefficientuseofthereinforcingsteel.ThemonolithicactionofPCSeliminatesseparationoflongitudinalandtransversereinforcement.Additionally,PCSreinforcementisspreadinaplanarconfigurationwhichoffersgreaterconfinementthanrebarreinforcement,asdisplayedinFigure2.4.ThicknessofthePCSsteeldeterminesthedimensionsofthereinforcementconfiningtheconcrete.PCSreinforcementoffersseveraladditionalbenefits.Dimensionsofthereinforcementaredeterminedbythedesignertoproduceanydesiredamountoftransverseandlongitudinalreinforcement.Thisallowsagreatdealofflexibilityandefficiencyinthedesignprocess,asreinforcementchoicesarenotlimitedtoavailablestockmaterials.Additionally,PCSreinforcementcanbefabricatedoff-siteandimmediatelyplacedforconcretecastingwithoutadditionalfieldwork,suchastying,cutting,orbendingofreinforcement,whichprolongconstructiontime.Off-sitefabricationalsoprovidesanincreasedlevelofqualitycontrolforthereinforcement.InPCSproduction,dimensionsandspacingarefarmoreaccuratewhichminimizesopportunitiesforhumanerrorandeliminatesacceptanceofsub-pardetailingorinadequateconstruction.This,inturn,resultsinanincreasedfactorofsafetyforconstructionprojects.2.3RetrofitMethodsAspreviouslymentioned,commonretrofittechniquesincludeconcrete,FRP,andsteeljackets.Concretejacketsareconstructedbyenlargingtheexistingcrosssectionwithanewlayerofconcreteandreinforcement(Ersoyetal.1993).Thisreinforcementistraditionallyprovidedbyhooporspiralrebar,orweldedwirefabric.FRPreinforcementistypicallyappliedtwoways:prefabricatedjacketsorwraps.Bothmethodshavebeenexperimentallyresearched(MorshedandKazemi2005).Steeljacketsareconstructedbyplacingasteeltubewithaslightlylargerdiameteraroundthemembertoberetrofitted.Theareabetweentheexistingmemberandsteeltubeistypicallyfilledwithgrout(Priestleyetal.1996).須2.3.買1客Conc慮rete為Jac文keti剪ng鈴Addi鞏tion綢of暫aco漸ncre漆t(yī)ej瓜acke熟tis眉use姨dto慶enh顫ance記fle尋xura填lst施reng鉛th,喇duct熟ilit分y,a慕nds零hear帶str附engt奉hof恒col孩umns膜.買Thi怪ste補chni和que飛ism竟ore累comm今only僑use決dfo蠟rbu陳ildi跳ngc遲olum品nsb值uth寶asb爐een描appl費ied責tos肥ome鹿brid樣gem截embe販rsi流nJa拔pan.眾Th軌een薯hanc祥edc呈onfi額neme希nti比sac朵hiev烈edw放ith雄the漸use合oft墻ies奇ors采pira遣lsa潑ta載smal池lpi候tch,括or燦tran馳sver晴ser滿einf豎orce擠ment輕spa躺cing房(Pr前iest故ley走eta弟l.1送996)妖.C閉oncr溝ete齡jack祥ets辰can墓beu著sed毀tor奮etro址fit鵲beam閉sas方wel照las棋col閉umns煮(Ch貪eong弦and貸Mac醒Alev弦ey2兵000)成.A爽ddit注iona茫lma禾teri難als仗can爸beu提sed迷tor幫einf宿orce訪the寇ret囑rofi丈t,a碗slo植nga齊sco搶nfin偉emen鐵tis蟲enh跳ance定d.腫2.3.米1.1拍Reb宋arR宮einf轟orce遭ment濫Conc溜rete猛jac股kete玉dco秤lumn撞swi踏thh析oop纏and森spir加alr尋einf定orce慢ment炸eff哭ecti掛vely芹enh富ance辮the籠str棟uctu遷ral千capa么city包of合retr行ofit坊ted財memb訓ers.慘Er撈soy遭eta娘l.(錢1993鵲)ra短ntw炎ose緩ries家of夜test吼sto勞stu規(guī)dyt濟heb獄ehav完ior飲ofs典tren隸gthe們ned歐and瑞repa傍ired熱con構cret噸eja睛cket子edc喊olum借ns.湊The件fir么sts參erie獵sco鼻mpar蘇est鋪heb稼ehav蓄ior拔ofj污acke割ted活colu少mns種with釘am稠onol矛ithi膛cre椅fere震nce怕spec寺imen決und君erm強onot殿onic澤axi街all冤oadi得ng.內All俘the膀con弟cret船efo起rth該emo翁noli秀thic孔spe紡cime滋nwa技sca迷stw嶼ith諸the響base悼col巧umn宣and望retr渣ofit糾rei賓nfor掙ceme盜nti于npl歲ace,架to鐘prov樓ide條asp梯ecim炮enw銀ith贏perf陰ect獎inte助ract拐ion孟and搬bond跑bet滔ween筆the蓬bas塘eco妄lumn某and卷ret飽rofi系tma瓜teri圖al.吼Hoo惜pre缸info朽rcem喘ent摩isu腹sed強int咳heb訂ase鎮(zhèn)colu鼻mna梳ndr扔etro蛇fit監(jiān)rein正forc跨emen五t.伐The障jack燥ets真are錢appl雄ied男unde堂rtw騰oco壤ndit仁ions突:a臘fter媽the飽com慮pres錄sion根loa近ding狗was鄰app螞lied英and強rem金oved盆,as法wel禮las絨whi布let挑hea赴xial精loa務dis評sti隱lla緩ppli肌ed.北It飼isd訪eter豆mine委dth慶atc其olum珍nsj殃acke茄ted賠afte爹run森load幣ing胞perf稀orme場dwe胡ll,扇reac割hing窯80堆to9并0pe政rcen漫tof住the負str刮engt凝hof快the洽mon陣olit把hic約refe胸renc摟esp買ecim享en.瘦Rep嚼air掏jack頁ets安appl配ied退whil順eth析eco傾lumn程is暮stil昏lun普der瞎load龍did貨not啦per全form劑as膠well附and爭onl尸yre捎ache燙d50蠟per腎cent地of刑the宵axia抽llo腳adc彎arri判edb倍yth聚emo權noli周thic肯spe愉cime振n.盞The輪seco貪nds陡erie播sof柏tes屋tss到tudy勢the快eff瓜ecti鮮vene墻sso搶fco傾ncre眠tej身acke莫tsw慢ith股colu扒mns譽test顏edu盡nder殘com槍bine溝dax須ial屈load襲and耀ben伯ding披.B室oth閥repa賞ira秘nds渡tren醫(yī)gthe槐ned粒jack論ets無beha愛vea餅dequ設atel填yun捏der共mono杰toni善can肢dre乘vers行edc尼ycli們clo塵adin魔g.脅Mre搜pres鋼ents秀mon文olit冶hica鍬lly嚴cast蘇spe借cime濕ns.常La倆ndU榨rep涌rese雄nts市peci膏mens綢ret熟rofi賴tted殲und燭erl職oad都ora蠅fter滾unl濾oadi別ng,脾resp燙ecti踢vely纏.S凈and行Rr浩epre厭sent菊str奏engt漫heni灶ngo浸rre皮pair略ret鑄rofi剝ts,與resp集ecti詢vely耍.F鄰rom呆the呀resu懸lts筋iti怒sob承viou倡sth聰att鋼hes墳tren違gthe籌ned奇spec拉imen病spe偵rfor鬼mad庸equa業(yè)tely利and委car冰rya億xial劇loa捧dsc暑ompa龍rabl純eto閣the波mon老olit記hic列refe兆renc懶esp轎ecim閑en.買Rodr稿igue通zan位dPa遼rk(略1994稼)co乒nduc抗ted淡furt些her澇test干ing曬onr少ecta夕ngul愁arc排olum已nsr局epai蜜red虛and環(huán)stre蜻ngth宜ened棋by宅conc痕rete祝jac核kets塞und傅erc汗ompr娛essi蜻vea貌xial禮loa境ding秒as辟well汁as喚late揪ral冶load室ing.徹Re往bar協(xié)hoop典sar變epr捎ovid沸eda青sth占ere蓄trof耳itr愈einf椅orce色ment唉for秘the未con緒cret覆eja歷cket解s.C榨oncr徑ete獵jack備ets法incr柄ease乎the茂str征engt喘h(huán)an痛dst纖iffn懸ess套oft肢hea黑s-bu跌ilt勁(unr挨etro膏fitt唱edo半rba憶se)消colu拍mns怨byu刮pto核thr辰eet嘩imes法.I曬tis骨als郵osh鵲own款that端dam乓age輔befo帆ret碼her藝etro衣fit暮has葡nos壇igni社fica扁nti安nflu肆ence祝on行the夏perf餅orma畢nce期oft蟲hej讀acke既ted寫colu賊mns.玻Ov昆eral壘l,c敏oncr錢ete學jack士ets死with熱reb浪arr態(tài)einf啞orce企ment揮sig編nifi蛾cant她lyi拔mpro督ves倡tiff器ness元,st逐reng什th,執(zhí)and馳duct滾ilit串yof爆typ棗ical礎rei追nfor爭ced擔conc悲rete暗col巴umns對,bu句tco叮nstr蔑ucti疫oni批sve指ryl根abor懷-int喇ensi宜ve.秘Simi供lar梢resu籮lts欄are攝repo查rted候by軟Bett瓦et暢al.狡(198置8)f撲ors蓮imil更arly改ret焦rofi優(yōu)tted復col則umns葡.T減hree幅squ炎are悟colu注mnt自est源spec色imen亮sar瀉eco敢nstr促ucte賢d,r足etro先fitt誼edw罵ith援aco周ncre販tej休acke耐t,a活ndt陷hen拘test新ed.印One犬of鵝the腰spec喉imen窄sis世tes糊ted,倘rep緞aire桌d,a察ndt徐hen隙rete鞠sted食.T保heo腹ther州two并spec限imen土sar淺est瞇reng習then稅edb輔efor扮ete粥stin妙g.逢Spec走imen供sar徒ete紫sted鴉und鼻era報xial緞and銹lat像eral或load宵ssi櫻mult撥aneo瞇usly聯(lián)to柔simu晶late殲ear統(tǒng)thqu河ake慰load尾ing.般Ag呈ain,扯the惡exp烘erim寫ent祥dete指rmin塔est配hat晉ada偽mage鳴dre禮trof界itte階dco勇lumn啦has療nea裝rly炭the文same園str倘engt汽han被dst酷iffn物ess案asa積nun新dama批ged往retr減ofit館ted岔colu襪mnw峽ith裹asi樸mila戀rco例ncre飾tej殿acke起t.史Lehm必an,扒eta攪l.(摸2001扶)us鴉eco植ncre趁tej型acke詠tst光ore炕pair巴sev炊erel廳yda自mage陣dco資lumn罩s.踩Thre兇ere辟pair醋met寸hods坡are悉con幣side第red贈and磨impl口emen告ted刪for豪t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,cost,typeoffailure,bond,andconstructiontime.2.4.1ApplicationApplicationvariablesarefurtherdividedintoseveralfactorsthatcouldassistindeterminingthetypeofretrofittouse.Thesefactorsincludeconstructiontime,constructiondifficulty,andcuring.ConstructionTimeTimerequiredforconcretejacketingisdependentuponthetypeofreinforcementused.Settingupformwork,creatingorsettingupreinforcement,pouringconcrete,andcuringoftheconcreteallcontributetothetimerequiredforthisretrofitting.PCSandweldedwirefabric(WWF)reduceconstructiontimebecausebothareproducedoff-site.ThetimerequiredtoproducePCSreinforcementisdependentonthemethodusedtocreatetheholes.WWFismassproducedandreadilyavailableonthemarket.SomeweldingmayberequiredforbothPCSandWWFtoenclosethemembertoberetrofitted.Rebarcageproductionisverytime-consumingwhetherproducedoff-siteorinthefield.Placementofthetransversereinforcementaroundthemembertoberetrofittedisalengthyprocessifmechanicalmeansarenecessarytoproperlypositionthereinforcement.Steeljacketsrequirelittleset-uptime.Noformworkisneededbecausethetubeservesasformwork.Littlefabricationandfieldtimeareneededfortheretrofit.Somefieldweldingmayberequiredtoenclosethemembertoberetrofitted.Pouringoftheconcrete,orgrout,doesnotrequiresignificanttime.FRPjacketsrequirepreparationofthesurfacetoberetrofitted.Forcircularsections,thistimeisminimal.Thesurfaceofthememberisthoroughlycleaned,andinsomecases,roughenedwithadiskgrinder.Forrectangularsections,allcornersorprotrudingedgesmustbesmoothedwhichcouldrequireadditionaltime.Iftherectangularcross-sectionistobealteredtoanellipticalshape,significanttimecouldberequiredforformworkset-up,concretepouring,andcuring.Actualapplicationofthematerialdoesnottakelong,asthematerialisapplieddirectlytothepreparedsurface.Closesupervisionisrequiredthroughoutcuringtoensurethatslidingorslippingofthematerialdoesnotoccur.Ifprefabricatedcompositeplatesareused,additionaltimeisrequiredforproductionandcuringoftheplates.ConstructionDifficultyTheconstructionsequenceforconcretejacketconstructioncanbedividedintothreeparts:formwork,reinforcementapplication,andconcretecasting.Formworkissimilarforallconcretejacketingregardlessofthetypeofreinforcement.Difficultyinconcretecastingisafunctionofthetypeofmemberbeingretrofittedandspacingofthereinforcement.Closelyspacedreinforcementrestrictstheflowofconcreteandcreatesadditionalworktoensuretheconcreteisproperlydistributedthroughoutthemember.ProperclearancesallowconcretetoflowfreelythroughrebarcagesandWWFreinforcement.PCSrestrictsconcreteflowmorebecausethereinforcementprovidedisplanar,sothesurfaceareaconfiningtheconcreteisgreater.Ifproperclearancesareprovided,concreteflowisnotaproblem.Shotcrete,orthesprayingoflow-slumpconcrete,isanapplicationthatcouldpossiblyreducetheneedforformwork.Reinforcementapplicationisafactorsignificantlyaffectedbythetypeofreinforcementusedintheconcretejacket.WWFcaneasilybeplacedaroundthemembertoberetrofittedandthenweldedortiedtocreatethedesiredcage.Smallgaugewiresareeasilymanipulatedtothedesiredshape.Iflargeamountsofreinforcementareneeded,WWFwouldbespeciallyproduced,ormaynotbeaviableoptionatall.CircularPCScanbeplacedintwoC-sectionsandthenweldedtosurroundthemember.Placementofhooporspiralrebarreinforcementaroundanexistingmemberisadifficultandtimeconsumingprocessasmechanicalmeansmaybenecessarytobendthereinforcementintoplace.HoopreinforcementcanbelapsplicedorweldedastwoC-shapes,butthisisalsoatime-consumingprocess.Steeljacketsrequirethetwohalvesofthetubetobeweldedtogethertoencompassthemember.Noform