中英畢業(yè)設(shè)計翻譯-淺談混凝土的施工溫度與裂縫

附錄：專業(yè)英語翻譯DiscusstheconstructiontemperatureandcrackoftheconcretelightlyThesummary,throughobservationliveformanyyears,throughconsultingthemonographaboutstresswithintheconcrete,explaintoconcretetemperaturereason,on-the-spotconcretecontrolandmeasure,preventionofcrackoftemperaturethatcrackproduce.KeywordConcreteTemperaturestressCrackControlTheconcreteoccupiestheimportantpositioninmodernengineeringconstruction.Buttoday,thecrackoftheconcreteiscomparativelygeneral,thecracksarenearlyomnipresentinthescienceofbridgebuilding.Thoughwetakevariouskindsofmeasuresinconstructing,careful,butthecrackstilloccursnowandthen.Tracingittoitscause,itisoneofthemincompletelythatourchangetoconcretetemperaturestresspaysattentionto.Inthelargevolumeconcrete,temperaturestressandtemperaturecontrolaresignificant.Thisismainlybecauseofthereasonoftworespects.Firstofall,concreteoftenappearthetemperaturecrackinnotconstructing,influencetheglobalityanddurabilityofthestructure.Secondly,inthecourseofoperating,thetemperaturechangehasremarkableinfluencethatcan'tbeignoredonthestressstateofthestructure.Whomwemeettoconstructtemperaturecrackinmainly,soonlytoorigincauseofformationandtreatmentmeasure,concreteofcrackmakeadiscussioninconstructingthistext.ReasonofacrackHavemanykindsofreasonstoproducethecrackintheconcrete,itismainlythechangesoftemperatureandhumidity,fragilityanddisparityoftheconcrete,andthestructureisunreasonable,therawmaterialsnotuptostandard(ifthealkaliaggregatereact),thetemplateisoutofshape,thefoundationdoesnotsubsideetc.evenly.Thecementemitsalargeamountofheatofhydrationwhentheconcreteishardenned,insidetemperatureisrisingconstantly,causethestressofdrawingonthesurface.Inthecourseofloweringthetemperature,isitcongealfoundationpayrestraintomixalwayslaterstage,willpresentthestressofdrawingwithintheconcrete.Reducingoftemperaturecansurfacecauseheavystressofdrawingveryinconcretetoo.Whenthesedrawthestressandgobeyondresistingtheabilityofsplittingofconcrete,namelywillpresentthecrack.Alotofinsidehumidityofconcretechangeverylightorchangerelativelyslow,surfacehumiditymightchangeheavytheviolentchangetakesplacing.Suchasmaintainingthoroughly,whengettingwetterwhennotdoing,contractsurfacetherearen'tdeformationdoing,oftencausethecracktoo.Theconcreteisakindoffragilitymaterial,tensilestrengthisabout1/10ofthecompressionstrength,isitcarryonone'sshoulderorbacklimitwhendrawoutofshapetohave*104only,isitcarryonone'sshoulderorbacklimitlocationwhenstretchoutofshapetothereis*104toaddforalongtimetoaddashorttime.Becauserawmaterialseven,waterdustthanunstable,transportandbuildphenomenonofemanatingofcourse,itstensilestrengthisnoteveninthesameconcrete,alotofresisttheabilityofdrawingverylow,itisapttopresenttheweakpositionofthecrack.Amongarmoredconcrete,drawstresstoundertakebyreinforcingbarmainly,concretebearstressofkeepingjust.Orreinforcingbarmixifedgepositiongonetotocongealpresentthestressofdrawinginthestructureinplainconcrete,mustrelyontheconcreteoneselftobear.Requiretoavoidthestressofdrawingoronlyverysmallstressofdrawingappearsofthethegeneraldesign.Buttheconcreteiscooledfrommaximumtemperaturetothesteadytemperatureofoperatingperiodinconstructing,oftencausesizabletodrawthestresswithintheconcrete.Thetemperaturestresscanexceedotheroutsidesandloadthestressescausedsometimes,knowchangelaw,temperatureofstressforcarryonreasonablestructuraldesignandconstructextremelyimportant.Analysisof2temperaturestressesCanbedividedintofollowingthreestagesaccordingtotheformingprocessofthetemperaturestress:(1)Itisearly:Buildconcreteisitisitoverbasicallytosendoutheattocementtobegin,generallyoneonedaybyoneself.Twocharacteristicsatthisstage,first,thecementemitsalargeamountofheatofhydration,second,mixandcongealthechangingsharplyofelasticmodelquantity.Becauseofthechangeofelasticmodelquantity,formtheremainingstressintheconcreteinthisperiod.(2)Middleperiod:Uptilltheconcreteiscooleduntilstabilitytemperaturefromcementsendoutheatfunctionbasicallywhenexpiring,inthisperiod,thetemperaturestressismainlybecausethecoolingoftheconcreteandexternaltemperaturechangecause,thesestressesandremnantsstressesthatisformedinearlydaysaresuperposed,mixandcongealtheelasticmouldamountthatgoestoanddoesnotchangemuchduringthisperiod.(3)Laterperiod:Operationperiodafterthecompletecoolingofconcrete.Temperaturestresswhetherexternaltemperaturechangecausemainly,thesestressesandfirsttwokindsofremnantsstressesesarechangedandadded.Canbedividedintotwokindsaccordingtothereasonwhythetemperaturestresscauses:(1)Spontaneousstress:Therearenotanyrestraintortotallystaticstructureattheborder,ifinsidetemperatureisnon-lineardistribution,temperaturestressappearingbecausestructurerestrainsfromeachother.Forexample,thebodyofmoundofthebridge,thephysicaldimensionisrelativelylarge,surfacetemperatureislowwhentheconcreteiscooled,insidetemperatureishigh,presentthestressofdrawingonthesurface,presentthestressofpressinginthemiddle.(2)Restrainthestress:Allofthestructureonesoritrestrainexternalonesomeborder,can'toutofshapeandstressnotcausenotfree.Suchascaseroofbeamroofconcreteandguardrailconcrete.Thistwokindsoftemperaturestressesdrawbackstressescausedtoactonwiththedoingofconcretetogetherfrequently.Itisamorecomplicatedjobtowanttoanalysethedistribution,sizeofthetemperaturestressaccuratelyaccordingtoknowntemperature.Incaseofgreatmajority,needtorelyonthemodeltestorthenumbervaluetocalculate.Toisitmaketemperaturestresshavesizablelimptocreepconcrete,atthestressaccountingtemperature,mustconsidertheinfluencethatcreep,calculateconcretlythatnolongerstatesthinlyhere.Controlandpreventingthemeasureofthecrackof3temperatureForpreventcrack,lightentemperaturestresscanfromcontroltemperatureandisitisitsetabouttorestraintermsfromtwotoimprove.Themeasureofcontrollingtemperatureisasfollows:住(蜜1)Is到it援impr房ove死aggr共egat勒egr鞠ade傷mix毫,is鎖it濫dor疏igid黃con孤cret澤eto揚spe活nd,授mix錫mix傾ture忠to芹adop薯t,i漿sit言gui隙dea喇ngry摩pha肺rmac胞euti街cal觸orp暢last恥ific閥atio得nph掀arma篇ceut披ical通,et素c.m蘭easu擺rei董nor鎮(zhèn)der盒tor竄educ鳴ece態(tài)ment坊con樣sump歲tion短of俱conc疫rete鄙to重add;市獻(xiàn)(瓦2)Ad懷dwa柄ter旺ort艘hew昆ater誠to遣cool防the抓bro邪ken停ston寫ein糕ord把ert欺ore門duce蹦the狹tem傻pera犯ture綱of綁buil姓ding旁of晴the撞conc添rete爹whi鍋lem垃ixin按gan警dsh耕utti爬ngt游hec舊oncr苦ete;模鄰(薄3)Re沉duce羨the破thi拉ckne慚sso鐵fbu禮ildi純ngw角hile棟bui凈ldin造gth改eco規(guī)ncre蜘teo寇nho方tda別y,u研tili鵲zea蛇ndb哈uild糧the牛asp襯ect穴tod霸ispe逝lth盲ehe梯at;國(狐4)Bu皆ryt仙hew刷ater沫pip漿eun驗derg舌roun牛din仆the喚con凱cret航e,e章nter固the艱col勵dwa壇ter凳tol鋤ower剝the義tem誠pera民ture許ope兩nly;凍歇(閣5)St康ipul洽ate篇rati鬼onal特for眉mre喜mova萍lti爪me,嚇the保temp犁erat武ure躬keep鞋swa王rmt趨hes道urfa剖cew唇hile堡low吼erin確gsu繁dden稿ly,圾inc鑒ase滲that蛾the中rap圍idt胡empe賠ratu腦reg忌radi逃ent資take禁spl已ace燈int栗hec竟oncr尋ete巧surf墊ace;他化(檔6)Th號eco汁ncre勞tew短ith往medi屑uma研ndl笛ong-良term哀and財exp五osed柿con饒stru抽ctio膨nbu燈ilds臂ap饑iece影of仗surf規(guī)ace理ort盈hin倡wall叢str米uctu突re,籍take磁the嫩mea畝sure棟of協(xié)keep材ing瘋warm偷in壞cold脅sea優(yōu)son;衣巴The塊meas棉ure弄ofi憶mpro衡ving賣con油diti孤ono川fre煮stra摟inin立gis碰:狠(甲1)Di棄vide航and孤sew云and練div劇ide悠one奸rati剪onal不ly;凈飲(堆2)Pr烏even禾tth紙efo巡unda潑tion微fro杏mri蔽sing劍and求fal挽ling坡too程big笨;情(梁3)Ra候tion臟ala催rran染geme透ntc脈onst猴ruct綱ion庫proc薄ess,蟻pre遞vent洪the萄too摘big鼻dis拜crep吊ancy難in褲elev犧atio摧nan幟dsi譽def鋼rom棋expo辯sing秩for勵al裹ong嘆time歪;支Ina愈ddit個ion,躍imp亂rove樸the達(dá)per眨form提ance拉of爭the條conc蒸rete光and寄imp今rove丘and屠res覆ist獵the沸abil賠ity納ofs趟plit幕ting初,st約reng旱then夢mai噴nten邪ance耕,p金reve箭ntt回hes賺urfa離cef菠rom謹(jǐn)bein爺gdo撓nea羊ndc湊ontr燕acte返d,匹espe狀cial狠lyg而uara傲ntee多the賢qua蜻lity遵of門the沖conc篩rete燭is券very件imp靈orta壺ntt浪opr俘even社ting政the陸cra夾ck,浪shou舅ldp禁ays身peci永ala慕tten票tion承to糖avoi圾ding致pro傭duci標(biāo)nga待ndr傍unni叔ngt識hrou貫ght萬hec授rack主,t鎖heg稍loba侵lity踩res尸umed叼its邪str鐵uctu銅rea令fter楚app宋eari毫ngi子sve醋ryd舟iffi削cult確,so魄sho涉uld邊rely壁mai艙nly則onp固reve多ntin乳gth符eem皂erge拒nce魚oft陳her顧unni鑒ngt屑hrou慨ghc尤rack康滿whil褲eco叔nstr恰ucti躺ng.效Inc作onst啞ruct仗ion怖ofc基oncr敞ete帽,fo惰rra己ise國turn導(dǎo)over超rat秋eof錦tem歡plat豪e,革dema零ndc裝oncr芝ete鄰form獻(xiàn)rem悲oval投as甩soon厘as夕poss饅ible禾tha飲tbu凍ild鴨newl勉yof況ten.巧Sho竹uld像cons德ider音for掃mre飛mova偽lti膀mep吧rope陸rly烏when盛con裳cret罩ete吃mper淺atur圍eis耽hig憤her遭than拌the脂tem衡pera迫ture撫,so歌as循not工toc撕ause鉆the促sup奧erfi尋cial賠ear由lyc葉rack擺of發(fā)conc淺rete膝.Bu湯ildi湯ngt建hee階arly眨for陶mre膜mova慣lne們wly,抗cau愁sev冬ery抬larg盼est雹ress否of潛draw儲ing準(zhǔn)ont炮hes壁urfa些ce,母the屑phen皇omen差ont侄hat緣"te逢mper否atur途eis臣ass繡ault行ed"兔app異ears碰.Bu趟ild孫init隔ial挖stag黑ein尚con玉cret冷e,b三ecau碼seh匪eat浴ofh笨ydra揀tion咽is曠sent由out西,th挨esu乳rfac沈eca吐uses冤siz疤able依to架draw挑the判str血ess,鳥sur屑face仁tem養(yǎng)pera震ture沃is層also鑼hig積her發(fā)than膊tem泉pera稿ture拳at設(shè)this廉mom花ent,宇rem掉ove墻the補temp惹late愉at線this售mom循ent極,su段rfac夠ete以mper釀atur間eis艷low旱ered拳sud洲denl歪y,m錫ust譽caus干ete狐mper舉atur蓬egr劈adie川nt,頭thu永sad欣dan向ddr串a(chǎn)wt珍hes星tres脫son登the泄sur混face遠(yuǎn),c鬼hang法ean蒜dad沒dwi萌tht錄heh哄eat叼ofh漂ydra賊tion術(shù)str云ess,昂in劣addi案tion請,th沸eco隱ncre輛ted施ries公and膏con耳trac繼ts,音the江sup回erfi測cial大str坊ess傘ofd紡rawi誼ngr新each峰esv語ery匪grea澤tnu帆mber盯val斧ue,刃have蜜dan蘇ger確ofc濾ausi些ngt刻hec額rack思,bu鞋tco習(xí)ver袋ali學(xué)ght-匯duty禮hea蔬tin孤sula盛tor富with請on搬t(yī)he汁surf置ace滋int幕ime賺afte患rre突movi皺ngt劣het呼empl葛ate誕,fo熔rin則stan仁cef北oam漢spon抖ge,太etc.篩,fo服rpr禮even市tco巾ncre朵tes顧urfa唉cef因rom亦prod崖uce援the鼻too宴big押stre爺sso燃fdr忍awin解g,h考ave往rema扯rkab典ler根esul勻ts.蠟Add蠟musc紫lei丑nflu擋ence尿to且larg廈evo主lume舍t(yī)em鞏pera逝ture朱str軟ess現(xiàn)ofc擱oncr憂ete判very討lig飛ht,蛇bec護(hù)ause只lar饅gev存olum近eco請ncre遇tei紋nclu遲dem狀uscl塵eto籌be們rate彼ver哲ymu唯chl熱ow.很Just腫hav輕ein唐flue束nce械ont衛(wèi)heg桌ener率ala敬rmor仍edc直oncr絮ete.碑On喜term扇sth阻att忌empe順ratu追rei漿sno撞tve控ryh神igh姐and板the軋stre邁ssi雜sle觸sst樸han固limi它tof成sur豈rend跳erin推g,e亡very姜per晉form紹ance提of拒the肯stee碼lis粘ste脊ady,虜and冶hav心eno避thin勝gto腐do傅with移str潤ess位stat豈e,涂time緒and飲tem帶pera購ture橡.Li過neb肢loat右edc罰oeff均icie勾nto銜fst溝eel稍and練conc坦rete到lin喚ebl蕉oate救dco電effi冊cien齒tdi唇ffer津ence謠ver估yli混ght,齊tak息epl和ace魄litt河lei局nter柜nal么stre窯ssv絲ery傅only遲bet片ween番the康two匙whi鄙lec較hang痛ing塔int驗empe爆ratu杰re.木Beca許use怠elas暴tic句moul溝dam纖ount哪of超stee練lco限ncre意tee墳last蜻icm鍛ould拔7~1圣5of恐qua訊ntit青y,r掘each脆as貞inte我rior午con尋cret疼est暑ress夫ten租sile著str朵engt平han謝dwh究enf搏ract鴿urin房g,t摘hes扣tres去sof鋤the墊rei趙nfor社cing幕bar貌wil賣lno祥tex借ce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裕層面散熱袋；勢（剖4店）在混凝綠土中埋設(shè)客水管，通沖入冷水降祖溫；概（晝5泰）規(guī)定合毛理的拆模蒜時間，氣誓溫驟降時最進(jìn)行表面術(shù)保溫，以剝免混凝土些表面發(fā)生掠急劇的溫栽度梯度；活（鉆6捐）施工中只長期暴露訴的混凝土輪澆筑塊表份面或薄壁猛結(jié)構(gòu)，在墊寒冷季節(jié)盈采取保溫曠措施；賢改善約束量條件的措涂施是：嘆（劑1灣）合理地器分縫分塊陸；草（永2攤）避免基府礎(chǔ)過大起擁伏；年（浮3供）合理的淹安排施工膀工序，避蠟免過大的溜高差和側(cè)輕面長期暴拴露；梢此外，改沃善混凝土蹲的性能，拼提高抗裂股能力，加背強養(yǎng)護(hù)，芹防止表面蝦干縮，特涼別是保證夫混凝土的熔質(zhì)量對防牲止裂縫是做十分重要照，應(yīng)特別救注意避免剛產(chǎn)生貫穿黎裂縫，出懼現(xiàn)后要恢柔