風(fēng)電機(jī)發(fā)展趨勢

風(fēng)電機(jī)發(fā)展趨勢將來的風(fēng)電機(jī)？設(shè)計趨勢LargerDiametersTipSpeed-OffshoreandLandBasedDesigns

PitchvStallSpeedVariationRotorMass風(fēng)電機(jī)組單機(jī)容量的增長情況大直徑

Biggerandmoreefficient!

3.6-6MWprototypesrunning(Vestas,GE,SiemensWind,Enercon)!

2MW

WTsarestillthe“bestseller”inthemarket!風(fēng)輪重量 AsdesignsevolvewithincreasingattentiontomassreductionanoverallpictureofrotormassscalingaslessthancubicisapparentItwillbeachallengetothesearchforappropriatematerialswillcentre.Rotormasstrends大直徑飛輪掃掠面積與半徑平方成正比如果只考慮重量引起的疲勞，葉片質(zhì)量成本是尺寸的三次方。傳動鏈的質(zhì)量成本也是安三次方增加。多兆瓦風(fēng)電機(jī)在根本上講效益差！限制風(fēng)電機(jī)尺寸發(fā)展的是經(jīng)濟(jì)性，而不是技術(shù)性。尖速比-海上、岸上Noiseincreasesverysharplywithtipspeed.Foragivenpowerafastturningturbineexhibitslowertorque(drivetrainload)thanalowspeedturbineandhencehasalowerdrivetraincost.Thereisthereforeatrade-offbetweendrivetrainloadandnoisetobemade.Fortheonshoremarketthenoiseisthemajorconstraint.Foroffshoreturbines,averysignificantincreaseintipspeedrangingapproximatelyfrom10to30%isevident.最新技術(shù)尖速比在10左右達(dá)到最佳效率。噪聲對海洋生物的影響。變槳vs

失速UntiltheadventofMWscalewindturbinesinthemid1990’s,stallregulationpredominatedbutpitchregulationisnowthefavouredoptionforthelargestmachines.Ratioofpitchregulatedtostallregulateddesignsof≥1MWrating變速Operationatvariablespeedoffersthepossibilityofincreased"gridfriendliness”,loadreductionandsomeminorenergybenefits.Itisthusanattractiveoption.Amongwindturbinesover1MWrating,outof52distinctmodelsof20differentmanufacturers,3werefixedspeed,12hadtwospeedsystemsand37employedvariablespeed.

Variablespeedoperationisrealisedinmanywayseachdifferinginsignificantdetails.Directdrivesystemshaveanaturalcapabilityforverywidespeedrange.The‘conventional’variable-speedconceptusingageareddrivetrainconnectsthegeneratortothenetworkthroughapowerelectronicconverterandenablessystemsthatmayhavewideornarrowspeedranges.Theelectricalenergyisgeneratedatvariablefrequency–afrequencyrelatedtotherotationalspeedoftherotor–andthenconverted,bytheconverterorinverter(bothpowerelectronicdevices)tothefrequencyofthegrid..Thereareseveralpossibleconfigurations,basedonbothsynchronousandinductiongenerators.上風(fēng)向還是下風(fēng)向尖蘇增加－實(shí)度遞減（平方關(guān)系）－120m/s的葉片寬度只有60m/s葉片寬度的1/4.葉片更軟，很難適用于上風(fēng)向。下風(fēng)向設(shè)計更適合，但噪聲大。最近發(fā)展DirectDriveGeneratorsHybrid–SingleStageofGearsandMulti-poleGeneratorRotorBladeDevelopments SingleBearingArrangement OffshoreTechnology直驅(qū)風(fēng)電機(jī)Direct-drivegeneratorsoperateattherotationalspeedofthewindturbinerotorandaredirectlycoupledwithoutneedforagearbox.Theadvantagessoughtarereductionsincapitalcost,nacellemass,drivetrainlosses,downtimeandmaintenancecost.Thesimplicityofthesystemandtheavoidanceofagearboxasamaintenanceitemaredefiniteadvantagesofthedirectdrivesystem.Enerconhasundoubtedlybeenthemostsubstantialwindenergycompanytocommittodirectdrivetechnologyalmostsincethestartoftheirsignificantmarketpresenceintheearly1990’s.Theseare,inprinciple,conventionalsynchronousmachineswithrotorslip-ringsandarotorexcitationcircuit.Theotherdirect-drivemachines,inproductionandindevelopment,usepermanentmagnetsontherotor.Howeverthemassandsizeofdirect-drivegeneratorsareintrinsicallylarge.Inparticular,thelargediameterofthegeneratorhasimplicationsfornacellelayoutandtransport,especiallyforonshoreturbines.混合型：Theterm“hybrid”isadoptedtodescribeanewtypeofpowertraininwhichagearboxisusedtoincreasespeedbutnottothelevelatwhichstandardgeneratorsofupto8polescanbeused.Itcanthisbeconsideredasacompromisebetweenthefullydirectdriveandthefullyconventionalsolution.Thegeneratorismulti-poleandessentiallysimilartodirectdrivedesignsbutmorecompactbeingofrelativelyhigherspeedandlowertorque.Aconceptdescribedas“Multibrid”wasinitiallyproposedbytheGermanconsultancycompany,Aerodyn.Theideawastohaveasinglestageofgearing(6:1isabouttheratiolimitachievableinasinglestage)drivingamediumspeedmulti-polegenerator.TheMultibriddesignconceptisnowbeingpursuedbyPfleidererWindEnergyandWinWinD.TheFinnishcompanyWinwind

OyhasdevelopedtheWinWinD,a1.1MW,56mdiameterwindturbine.Asinglestageofplanetarygearing(ratio5.7:1)iscoupledwithalowspeed(40–146rpm)multi-polePMG.Thenacellearrangementisverycompact.TheWinWinDdesignemploysvariablespeedwithindividualbladepitching.Thiswindturbinesystemisofsi