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CAVEPITTRANSITIONContentsTransitionhistoryTransitionclassesOpencut/cavegeotechnicaldifferencesTransitiongeotechnicalissuesCaveimpactonopencutslopesBlockattackTransitioncavinghistorySince1945,35casesofpit/UGtransition5futurecasesoftransition

-Argyle2006 -Venetia-2011 -Chuqucamta-2012 -MountKeith-2015 -BinghamCanyon-2016Allexceptonearepitcavetransitions

Pittransitiondepths

1945to1985transitiondepth250m1985to2001transitiondepth350m2001to210plannedtransitiondepth1000m>250mstarttoinvestigatepit/cavetransitionRecenttrendlasttwopitcutbacksremovedDeeppit/caveopexthesameDeepermoregeotechnicalcontrolGeotechnicaldifferencesOpencutaverageUCS75MPaCavemineaverageUCS150MPaOpencut/UG\RQD,60%75%respectfullyOpencutRMR10-40Cavemine40-80AbovearenonLaubscherratingsUGcompressivestressenvironmentOpencutlowstress/tensileenvironmentGeotechnicalconceptsOpencut,engineeringgeology,rockmassstructuralproblemsUnderground,mininggeotechnical,stressrockmassproblemsOpencutgeotechs,engineeringgeologybackgroundUndergroundgeotechs,miningengineeringbackgroundKeylearningPitgeotechnicalenvironmentsdifferentGeotechnicalissuesdifferentSelectgeotechnicalteamcarefullyMusthavepit/UGextensiveexperienceLotsofstructuralinformationnotrelatedtoUGTransitionclassesClass1Subsequent(UGafterpit)Class2Simultaneous(pit&UG

together)Class3Reverse(pitafterUG)

TransitiongeotechnicalissuesOrebodydefinition

-Orebodyoutline -Blockheight -FinalpitbottomdepthWheretostartexplorationDesktop/scopingstudymaindeliverable -Orebodygeometry -Finalpitdepthcut-off(sensitivitiesusingdifferentmetalpricesforfinalshell) -cavingmethod(topdown/bottomup) -DetailedgeotechnicalexplorationplanExplorationGeotechnicalissuesTime

-Geotechnicalinvestigations -transitiontimeInfrastructure

-Shaft/declineposition -Plant/millposition -MinesurfacebuildingsFinalgloryholeperimeter&subsidenceBlockattackinfrastructureinvestigationsTime(Stacey&Terbrugge2000)TimingPitopsceasesbeforepropagationPitsstopsbeforeproductionPropagation10%blocktonnageSlopefallsatabout5%blocktonnagePropagationdestroysslopecohesionReducesslopeanglesby2-8degreesSubsidenceBlockattackShaftDeclineTempshaftDecline/'portalattackORE

OpencutSamplingtunnelsShaftbetterafter500mdepthDeclinesbetter<500mdeepBlockattackShaftgeotechnicalinvestigations/designDeclineinvestigations/designRAPinvestigations/designPortalmouthinvestigations/designBulksamplinginvestigationsanddesignCrusher,workshopinvestigations50%CaveprojectCAPEXinaboveStand-offdistancesgivenBlockattackMoreinvestigationsGroundwaterintomineInstrumentcaveforpropagationIsseismicsystemrequiredWastedisposalintopitsFailureofopencutstockpilesTemporaryminingMajorcontactstructuresthatcouldstoptunnelingSimultaneousissuesDippingorlargeorebodiesUG/pitisolatedsections60mhorizontalpillaror70degreebreakbackMiningsequenceMiningsequenceproblems -Slopefalls/failures -Chimneycavesintobenches -IngresswateringressintoUG -Ventilationleakagetroughpit(25-30mcover) -GassingofpitpersonnelfromUG -ContaminatedmineproblemsGeotechnicaldesignComplexCannotbesolvedwithempiricalchartsStagesScopecavepitbreakbackanglesandinterfaces\withminingfaces

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