工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯17

工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯17工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯17/NUMPAGES10工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯17工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯17Lesson17Insectswon’ttakeovertheearth,theyownitnow.Aleadingbiologistexplainswhybugsaretheworld’smostsuccessfuldesign.昆蟲沒(méi)有占據(jù)地球，它們現(xiàn)在屬于地球，一個(gè)杰出的生物學(xué)家解釋為什么昆蟲是世界上最成功的設(shè)計(jì)。Theyincorporateastonishinglysophisticateddesignfeatures,bothstructurallyandfunctionally,whichrenderthemespeciallywellsuitedforsurvivalonthisplanet.無(wú)論在結(jié)構(gòu)上還是機(jī)能上，它們具有令人驚訝的設(shè)計(jì)能力特征，來(lái)展示出它們?cè)谶@個(gè)星球上的適應(yīng)性。There’snodenyingit:BugsRule.Therearecurrently200millioninsectsforeveryman,womanandchild.Ofthe1.5millionspeciesidentified,morethanhalfareinsects.不可否認(rèn)的是：昆蟲法則。當(dāng)前每一個(gè)人都對(duì)應(yīng)2億蟲類。1.5億被人所識(shí)別，其中一半以上為昆蟲。Wehumansmaynotliketheidea,butthereisnodenyingit:BugsRule.Estimateshaveitthattherearesome1018bugsnowaliveontheplanet.Itisnotonlytheirsheernumber,butalsotheirdiversitythatisstaggering:Ofthetotal1.5millionspeciesofanimals,plantsandmicroorganismsthathavebeenidentified,morethanhalf—orover800,000—areinsects.Andwhilenewspeciesofinsectsarebeingdiscovereddaily,over10millionmayyetremainunknown.我們?nèi)祟惪赡懿幌矚g這個(gè)主意，但是不可否認(rèn)：昆蟲法則。估計(jì)有1018種昆蟲生存在地球上，這些并不是全部的數(shù)量，但它們的物種多樣性令人驚愕：總共有150萬(wàn)種植物，動(dòng)物，微生物被確認(rèn)，超過(guò)一半，或者80萬(wàn)種以上是昆蟲，并且每天都有新的昆蟲被發(fā)現(xiàn)，超過(guò)1000萬(wàn)的物種仍然未知。Whatmakesinsectsthemostsuccessfulinhabitantsoftheearth?Oneansweristhattheyaresmall,whichhasmadeitpossibleforthemtocolonizeliterallyeverynookandcranny.Butthereisanotherreason:Insectsarebuilttolast.Itisthesefeaturesthathaveallowedthemtogaintheevolutionaryadvantagetheyhaveachieved.是什么使昆蟲成為地球上最成功的居住者？一是因?yàn)樗鼈冃?，使它們能在角落和偏僻的地方有繁殖的可能性。但是另外一個(gè)原因是：昆蟲生來(lái)就是為了生存，這些特征使它們?cè)谶M(jìn)化中擁有優(yōu)勢(shì)。Thesuitofarmorthatinsectsareencasedinprovidesthemwithprotectionfrompredatorsandkeepsthemfromdryingout,thelatterbeingofconsiderableconcern,giventheirtinysize.Withouttheiroutercasing,theywouldneverhavemasteredlifeintheopen.Theinsectskeletonisappropriatelyhingedinplacestoprovideformobility.Likeourown,theirlegshaveflexiblejoints,butsodotheirprincipalbodyparts—theirhead,thoraxandabdomen.Eventhewingsoftheinsect,whichcanbeatatfrequenciesofhundredsoftimespersecond,arenomorethanflaplikeelaborationsoftheirskeleton.Itisthankstothecombinedmotorcapacityoftheirlegsandwingsthatinsectsareabletoachievethefeatsofagilityforwhichtheyarefamous.(Thinkofahouseflyevadingswatsorcockroachesinyourkitchen,scurryingforcoverwhenyouturnonthelights.)Potentially,becauseofitsrigidity,theinsectskeletonimposeslimitsongrowth.Insectssolvetheproblembymolting:Astheygettoolargefortheirarmor,theysimplyshedit.它們的盔甲是為了提供防止被捕食的保護(hù)和保持干燥，后者是相當(dāng)?shù)牟话?，給它們微小的體形。沒(méi)有外殼，它們無(wú)法生存。昆蟲骨架是在適當(dāng)?shù)牡胤竭B接提供流動(dòng)性，就像我們自己的，它們的腿具有柔性接頭，但這樣做的主要身體部位是頭部，胸腔和腹部。即使昆蟲有每秒數(shù)百次擊打的頻率的翅膀，都比不上它們像折翼狀的骨骼。多虧了它們的腿和翅膀機(jī)動(dòng)能力的結(jié)合，昆蟲有了它們有名的靈敏性（想象一下家蠅或者蟑螂在廚房躲避拍擊，當(dāng)你打開燈時(shí)它們急速跑到角落的情形）潛在的，因其剛度，昆蟲加強(qiáng)限制其增長(zhǎng)。昆蟲靠脫皮來(lái)解決這些問(wèn)題，當(dāng)它們相對(duì)于它們的外殼越來(lái)越大時(shí)，他們很容易就脫殼了。Agilityinanimalscorrelateswithhighrespiratorydemand,andinsectshavearemarkablewayofdeliveringoxygentotheirinternalorgans.Airflowsintotheinsectbodythroughaseriesofopeningscalledspiraclesthatleadinwardintotubes,ortracheae.Insteadofconveyingoxygenbywayofblood,insectsprovideordirectaerationoftheirtissues.Theflightmusclesofinsectscouldnotfunctionnearlyaseffectivelywithoutsuchaquickmeansofoxygendelivery.敏捷的動(dòng)物具有高呼吸的需求，昆蟲有一種高明的方法把氧氣運(yùn)送到他們的內(nèi)部器官?？諝饬魅肜ハx身體通過(guò)一系列昆蟲氣門的開口，到達(dá)軟管或呼吸管。昆蟲提供一個(gè)直接的通風(fēng)口到組織里，代替了通過(guò)血液運(yùn)輸氧氣。昆蟲的戰(zhàn)斗肌肉的功能巨虎不可能沒(méi)有一個(gè)這樣的快速有效的手段進(jìn)行氧氣傳遞。Insectsoccupyvirtuallyeveryfeedingniche.Putinanotherway,thismeansthattheyareabletoeatliterallyanything.Theirsuccessinthisregardderivesfromtheextraordinarydiversificationoftheirmouthparts.Beetlesandcaterpillarshavejawsforcuttingandtearing,mosquitoeshaveslenderstyletsforpiercingskinandsuckingbloodandbutterflieshavecoiledtubesforimbibingnectar.實(shí)際上昆蟲占領(lǐng)著每一個(gè)合適喂養(yǎng)的地方。另一個(gè)說(shuō)法是，在字面上意味著它們可以吃任何東西。他們說(shuō)它們的成功源于非凡的多樣化。甲蟲和毛蟲有頜用來(lái)切割和撕扯，蚊子有纖細(xì)的口針為穿刺皮膚和吸血，蝴蝶有來(lái)連續(xù)管來(lái)吸收甘露。Insectshaveextraordinarysensorycapacities.Theireyes,whichmaytaketheformofenormoushemispheresbulgingfromtheirhead,typicallyconsistofhundredsoftiny,tightlyopposedunits,calledfacets.Eachfacetpointsinoneparticulardirection,withtheresultthatthetwoeyesseeinvirtuallyalldirections.Foranaerialhuntersuchasarobberfly,thismeansbeingabletospotpreyinstantlyfromwhereveritmayappear.Insectscanalsoseeacolor—ultraviolet—towhichweareblind.Flowersareoftenadornedwithultravioletpatternsthatareinvisibletous,butvisibleandattractivetothepollinatinginsect.昆蟲有非凡的感官能力，它們的眼睛，這可能在它們的頭上需要巨大的半球形，眼形一般包括數(shù)以百計(jì)的小而緊緊反對(duì)的單位，稱為小眼面。每一個(gè)小眼面分在一個(gè)特定的方向，其結(jié)果是兩只眼睛幾乎看到所有的方向。一個(gè)空中獵人就像盜蠅在飛，這意味著能夠立即辨認(rèn)出獵物坑可能從哪里出現(xiàn)。昆蟲也可以看到一種顏色——紫外線，而我們卻看不見(jiàn)?；ㄊ墙?jīng)常裝飾紫外線的模式，它們是看不見(jiàn)的，但我們可見(jiàn)，用來(lái)吸引授粉昆蟲。Insectsarealsothebestdefendedofanimals.Theirchemicalweaponsareprodigious.Some,suchasbombardierbeetles,dischargeirritatingchemicalscalledquinoneswhendisturbed.Theymakethequinonesinspecialglandsbymixingchemicalsandcausinganexplosion.Theexplosionisofsuchmagnitudethatthequinonesareexpelledboilinghot,at100degreescentigrade.Otherinsectsarenolessremarkable.CertainAustralianbeetlelarvaeandEuropeanmothsemithydrogencyanide,theinfamouspoisonofdetectivenovels.TherearecockroachesinNewZealandthatsprayethylacrolein,ateargas.Anyonewhocollectsinsectsasamatterofroutineknowsthatpickingthemupbyhandcanbehazardous.Manybite,othersstingandstillothers,suchasseveralstrainsofcaterpillar,havehairsthatcauseitchinguponcontact.Insectslackingsuchdefensesmaybeotherwiseprotected.Somemaybesowellcamouflagedastobevirtuallyundetectable.Asonemightexpect,camouflagedinsectsareoftencompletelymotionlessbydayandactiveatnight.昆蟲也是最好的防守動(dòng)物。他們擁有的化學(xué)武器是驚人的。比如放屁蟲，當(dāng)受到打擾時(shí)會(huì)釋放出一種刺激性的化學(xué)物質(zhì)——苯醌。它們讓苯醌在特殊腺體中混合一些化學(xué)物質(zhì)從而引起一場(chǎng)爆炸。這種規(guī)模