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Lecture6:EffectofGlobalChangeonTerrestrialCarbonCycle1.Globalclimatechange(temperature,precipitation,CO2)2.Interactionofclimatechange,terrestrialecosystemsandcarboncycle3.Effectsofclimatechange4.EffectsofincreasingatmosphericCO25.Effectsoffiredisturbance6.EffectsofchangesinlanduseandlandmanagementIPCCThirdAssessmentReport(TAR)WMO,(2001)“Globalwarmingcontinues”(Hansenetal.,2002;Science,295,275)ClimateChangeDisturbancesEcosystemStructureEcosystemFunctionCarbonandEcosystemSustainabilityEcosystemServicetoHumansSpeciesCompositionVegetationTypeCyclingofC,N,P,SandwaterInterrelationsofClimateChange&TerrestrialEcosystems
3.EffectsofClimateChange(IPCC2001)
GlobalwarmingmayincreaseNPPintemperateandarticecosystems,but,itmaydecreaseNPPinwater-stressedecosystemsasitincreaseswaterlossSoilandrootsrespirationhavegenerallybeenshowntoincreasewithwarmingintheshorttermChangesinrainfallpatternaffectplantwateravailabilityandlengthofgrowingseason,particularlyinaridandsemi-aridregionsChangingclimatecanalsoaffectthedistributionofplantsandtheincidenceofdisturbancesuchasfire,wind,andinsectattacks,leadingtochangesinNBPHighlatitudeecosystems(tundraandtaiga)containabout25%ofglobalsoilcarbonpoolandaresensitivetochangesintemperatureandwatertabledepthLargeareasofthetropicsarearidandsemi-arid,andplantproductionislimitedbywateravailability(e.g.,hot,dryconditionsoftypicalElNiňoyears)4.EffectsofIncreasingAtmosphericCO2
IncreasingCO2concentrationinatmospherehastwoeffectsonthecarbon-fixingenzyme(Rubisco)reactions:increasingtherateofcarboxylationanddecreasingtherateofoxygenationIncreasedCO2concentrationallowsthepartialclosureofstomata(adecreaseinstomatalconductance),restrictingwaterlossduringtranspirationthatresultinanincreaseinplant’swateruseefficiencyTheresponsesofC3andC4plantstoincreasingtheCO2concentrationinatmospherearedifferent:
-C3plantsshowanincreasedrateofphotosynthesis -C4plantsshownodirectphotosyntheticresponseorlessresponsethanC3plants
ThedirecteffectsofCO2fertilization(underadoublingCO2):-C3cropsshowanaverageincreaseinNPPofaround33%-Grasslandandcropsstudiescombinedshowanaveragebiomassincreaseof14%-Fieldstudiesonyoungtreeshaveshownastimulationofphotosynthesisofabout60%Reference:Saxeetal.(1998).TreeandforestfunctioninginanenrichedCO2atmosphere.NewPhytologist,139:395-436.5.EffectsofFireDisturbanceFireaffectscarboncycleinterrestrialecosystemsinsixways:Firedirectlyreleasecarbonintotheatmospherethroughthecombustionofbiomass(2)Fireconvertsplantmaterialintocharcoal,whichisaninertformofcarbonanddoesnotbreakdownviadecomposition.(3)Theeffectsoffiresignificantlyalterthethermalregimesoftheorganicandmineralsoillayers,which,inturn,alterstheratesofdecompositionwithintheselayers
(4)Throughthereductionofplantbiomasstoash,themeltingofthepermafrostlayer,andincreaseddecomposition,fireincreasetheamountofsoilnutrientavailableforplantgrowth(resultinginanincreaseofNPP)(5)Thedirectandindirecteffectsofburningstronglyinfluencethepatternssecondarysuccessiononfire-disturbedlandscape,which,inturn,controlthepatternsoflivebiomass/carbonstorage.Thefrequencyoffireinagivenregionwilldirectlyinfluencethestandagedistributionofforests,which,inturn,affectsthetotalamountofcarbonstorageinthoseforests6.EffectsofChangesinLandUseandLandManagementReadingassignment:IPCC2001(#–Pages193-194)(http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wgl/095.htm)Reference:Kasischkeetal.(1995).Fire,globalwarming,andthecarbonbalanceofborealforests.EcologicalApplication,5:437-451.ThreeMainApproachestoInvestigatingEffectofClimateChangeonEcosystems
Long-termobservation
Experimentalmanipulation
Modelsimulation(J.M.Melillo,1999,Science,283:183)ChanghuiPengModelingtheEffectsofClimateChangeandFireDisturbanceonProductivityandCarbonDynamicsinCanadianBorealForestsOneCaseStudyinCentralCanadaStudyareaTheBorealForestsTransectCaseStudy(BFTCS)MethodsCENTURY4.0(Partonetal.1987;Metherelletal.1993)DataClimateSite-specifictreesSoilResultsPengetal.1998;PengandApps,1998,GlobalBiogeochem.CyclesPengandApps,(1999),Ecol.Modell.
Priceetal.(1999),JofBiogeography
VEGETATIONDISTRIBUTION(BFTCS)WhatistheCENTURY?CENTURY,asdevelopedbyPartonetal.(1987,1993),isaprocess-basedecosystemmodelofplant-soil,whichsimulatesthelong-termbiogeochemicalcyclesofC,N,P,andSforvariousecosystems,includinggrassland,agriculturalland,savannasandforests.Website:/projects/century/nrel.htmCENTURY4.0Submodelsforestproductionsoilorganicmatter/decompositionwaterbudgetgrassland/cropmanagementandeventsschedulingfunctionsTimestep:monthlyCa遵rb竄on顆p糟oo怖ls胡(復bo同xe顏s)姥a襖nd沾f金lu致xe座s挎(a碰rr倦ow蓄s)都i遞n勇CE統(tǒng)NT洞UR潛Y罰4.耍0AT箏MO勞SP泡HE帶RELe養(yǎng)afFi終ne琴Br葵an扣ch凡esLa沫rg結e扎W靜oo讀dCo畫ar純se橫Ro倘otFi瞧ne召Ro夕otVE榮GE演TA酸TI鉗ONSu的rf拉ac陵e匠Li護tt龍erMe晉ta闖b.St橋ru肯c.De干ad蒙L柏ar阿ge裝W草oo刺dDe綱ad菜F萍in窯e講Br采an惠ch腰esDe剩ad祖C柴oa傍rs膀e蹲Ro翻otSu刊rf譜ac鵲eMi燒cr權ob賺eAc便ti閘veSO謙MSl蠻owSO祥MPa強ss退iv盤eSO素MLI華TT壁ERSO活ILNP穿PAS掌SI獸MI丸LA枕TI勻ONLe尾ac信he圣d型CPl協(xié)an蜜tRe險sp盒ir夜at遮io盯nMi盞cr吩ob撒ia痛lRe般sp些ir弄at組io蕩nSo賄ilRe維sp屈ir獵at爪io軌nCO2CO2CO2CO2CO2Ro馬ot振L離it蝴te拒rMe紋ta憶b.St代ru耽c.(P穗en粱g救et往a句l.獸1斥99艇8)CE清NT奇UR姑Y葬4.列0寶In煙pu責t爪Va乓ri架ab律le鞏smo放nt扇hl反y炸me膽an梅,尚ma挖x,燙a收nd錄m凳in持a貼ir扇t行em腥pe駁ra院tu類remo按nt落hl脆y禿to夸ta竄l冤pr撫ec具ip泉it驢at宵io鄙nso常il贏t政ex擇tu棕re搏:壞cl膀ay享(游%)凝,膝si博lt椒(盡%)察,描sa薪nd合(賺%)素,椅an戰(zhàn)d奔bu某lk矛d煎en首si英tyat旋mo責sp唉he燙ri類c播an辦d遙so筍il妄n吐it波ro領ge價n縫in仁pu吼tsfo旋re欣st培t先yp狹esSi覺mu返la析ti蛋on輔S河tr翠at醫(yī)eg傳y(1他)嫁Mo軟de飄l泊va漠li揭da飄ti渾onsi搖mu收la附te魂d擇ab鎖ov盟e-服gr書ou起nd廊b飯io泊ma龍ssvs鉛.ob粉se老rv要ed啟d噴at片asi腰mu議la誓te喚d債so才il景c紋ar脫bo裹nvs泉.ob出se徑rv謊ed門d誤at黃a決(0手-2深0欄cm盒)(2貸)聲Ef鍛fe副ct乒s且of塑c憑li漲ma烈te爽c家ha言ng鏈e啄(C堪C)al妄te孩ra牧ti疾on附t牢o姨mo睬nt盼hl飽y梅me凝an踢t啟em啞pe昨ra般tu險re奮a掉nd牽p巧re邊ci炸pi亦ta概ti竄on恥b出as植ed惕o復n容2x化CO2sc任en戀ar太io輔w禽it辮h陜th遲e誓GI哄SS險G經(jīng)CMEf昨fe繼ct饞s治of梁C年O2fe覆rt沿il寧iz妙at左io稻n比(C繞O2)20詢%驅de拾cr叮ea筐se杏i朝n百to償ta京l綠PE泥T接an忽d攏a線20皂%禾in那cr灶ea加se廳i祖n拋nu溝tr咳ie券nt芝u剛se宿e修ff章ic渾ie慶nc醉y堆(N蛾UE留)撫as浩so服ci淡at容ed后w擁it僑h雄2x堅C糾O2Ef畜fe泊ct拖s椅of福CC軋a嫌nd照C崖O2co灑mb覺in拌ed(3樸)授Ef胖fe昂ct繼s鈴of幟f龜ir領e覽di芹st紡ur幼ba攤nc豈es-ch蒼an雞ge炮s納in攤f框ir晌e架di騙st懼ur雅ba峰nc購e布in閱te蝕rv峽alVa妻li塑da屑ti該on句o艙f叫CE與NT蠻UR稻Y鉛4.未0(P比en康g刪et合a紋l.叮1狀99像8)Va踐li叨da層ti利on收o循f貌CE閘NT段UR灑Y矩4.生0024681012So甚ilca硬rb格on測(0歉-2曠0辦cm助)頭(k內g/毒m^2葬)TH慮1TH捎2TH拘3FF跨2PA宣2FF禽1FF舉3FF嚼4PA寧130勁-5甚0樂<投S磁an黃d勿(%翼)杠>嗚60脹-8殊0Ob訪se惡rv凳at黨io枕nSi尺mu播la趙ti翻onNO生RT胡HSO稠UT段H(S暑il副ta決ne扯n腿et行a凍l.元1傲99基7)(抓Co墓rr推el售at執(zhí)io匹n:咬R2=衣0.墊92建)Re甩la葬t(yī)i痛ve躁E梁ff供ec奏ts專o雞n文NP棚PAs暫p絕ro傅je才ct圈ed垮b挑y寶CE而NT漸UR居Y召4.廚0之fo畢r緒GI肆SS猛2片xC脾O2sc童en勁ar扎io-1砌00102030405060%ch否an絕geTH背1TH婚2TH初3FF蝦1FF艙2FF蝕3FF劃4PA榆1PA以2CCCO責2CC擦+C哈O2Ne冰t鋤pr皺im粥ar攀y療pr斑od賤uc戚ti抄vi守ty梯(漿gm-2yr-1)NO啞RT角HSO涂UT擔H(斬Pe轉ng潑a管nd省A帽pp李s食19惠98益)Re認la與ti支ve跌E馬ff肚ec手ts竟o猶n梨So溫il悠D紋ec碎om誼po縱si霸ti罪on0102030405060%ch恐an基geTH蔑1TH及2TH扎3FF蜜1FF弊2FF哭3FF友4PA餐1PA郊2CCCO忍2CC萍+C嫁O2De懂co美m(xù)p樂os丙it煎io否n細(g蔽m-2yr-1)As凱p他ro漂je浮ct刑ed英b羊y批CE互NT敲UR悄Y極4.豈0消fo恢r丹GI固SS科2辨xC抱O2sc誘en識ar戴ioNO驢RT么HSO銳UT發(fā)H(識Pe板ng香a皇nd裳A憑pp齡s,爭1概99挖8桃)(a野)(b翠)Re字la登ti朱on物sh漫ip聞s拐(a停)確a捎nd蔽(群b)跟a智re擴S精im土ul沿at詠ed推b于y匹CE初NT婦UR局Y置4.榜0段Un項de辮r菌“C勺C+舒CO2”食Cl表im朵at恨e叨Ch被an獨geR2=午0.涂89R2=攻0.月98(疑Pe倒ng競a悉nd嚷A稱pp豈s傍19沿99粉)Re固la鏈ti錢ve違E嶼ff初ec耗ts櫻o卻n舅Bi兔om扎as僻s鎖Ca單rb思on做S呈to絕ra題ge01020304050%ch萄an玻geTH減1TH忌2TH怒3FF喜1FF蓮2FF胸3FF址4PA版1PA末2CCCO折2CC傻+C慢O2To御ta侄l僅Bi鉆om未as料s藥(g婦m-2)As醉p杯ro跳je業(yè)ct緒ed感b眠y傭CE挪NT立UR暈Y爽4.柱0牽fo低r暑GI淹SS鍬2獄xC極O2sc露en籮ar惹ioNO藏RT磁HSO援UT穗H(跪Pe忙ng桃a窮nd期A諷pp塞s炮19厭98趁)Re嗎la監(jiān)ti缺ve昏E吧ff為ec懂ts扇o腳n修Ca艷rb等on刺S涼to坑ra往ge-2廣0-1前5-1啟0-5051015%底ch套an譜geTH潮1TH啄2TH彈3FF協(xié)1FF摸2FF剝3FF嘩4PA暮1PA稈2CCCO菌2CC考+C圾O2So偉il站o扎rg巧an暴ic隔m戰(zhàn)at糊te傻r吳(g牛m-2)As蔑p杏ro罩je移ct聰ed姓b萍y建CE床NT委UR礦Y狠4.隱0盞fo將r代GI途SS融2螺xC叛O2Sc程en注ar玩ioNO瘡RT籌HSO像UT辰H(教Pe粥ng生a鞭nd澤A儲pp亞s恭19鐘98蛋)(千Pe匠ng弦a株nd得A湊pp犯s清1枯99峽9逆)Ef志fe紐奉ct帥s雖of徐Fi持re運I卵nt鋪er揭va滑ls沸o科n凝NP喘PBi世om劍as頭s仗Dy宇na篩mi豆cs棄U密nd忠er草F觸ir過e折Di健st鳥ur疫ba查nc芬e(臣Ji鍵an焦g棚,住Pe尸ng鑄,逗an拐d償Ap初ps姓19返99垃)So催il循C除ar熟bo繡n掌Dy匯na本mi江cs單U崇nd喇er側F塌ir殖e壓Di西st攤ur太ba叼nc叫e(川Ji叔an臉g,則P凍en懷g討an振d兆Ap或ps惜1缸99限9窄)Su大mm辟ar叉yCl笑im墾at帳e隔ch役an乳ge煉w探ou清ld仁r毫es艱ul俯t鞏in母c剛ha思ng束es孫n薪ot搭o襲nl遇y拌in鉛f內or筍es歌t觀sp員ec盼ie薯s春co公mp丸os釋it云io板n溉bu坊t畏al抗so凍i陡n羅in圾cr駕ea錢se索d勵NP集P詠an冤d直ab灘ov慕e-悼gr穩(wěn)ou連nd蘇b搭io特ma貼ss復.撈Ho續(xù)we攀ve捐r,出o啟ve芝ra光ll郊s贈oi貸l誤C承wo困ul篇d鈔de鉗cr個ea英se德d線ue遼t際o匯an當i句nc布re冊as犯e鐵in胡d賴ec癢om辜po壁si鴨ti權on鼓r便at啟es尼.In騾cr蜻ea鬼si徑ng迎C突O2un姿de姿r饅cu膽rr說en篇t客cl破im異at恩ic代p溜at訴te糞rn就s先wo娘ul捆d旱in本cr浮ea均se錦b暖ot方h欣to憐ta饑l傅bi沖om排as融s厘an騰d炎so燃il揮C搭d蹲ue聽t湊o遲th覆e餡en招ha悄nc禮em脾en種t扯of舊N對PP頁b翁y凈as忌su座me引d藥CO2fe究rt月il痛iz亂at臥io或n.Co望mb蕩in暢ed烏c柿li饅ma租te掌c可ha光ng農e埋
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