全球變化對(duì)陸地碳循環(huán)的影響英文

Lecture6:EffectofGlobalChangeonTerrestrialCarbonCycle1.Globalclimatechange(temperature,precipitation,CO2)2.Interactionofclimatechange,terrestrialecosystemsandcarboncycle3.Effectsofclimatechange4.EffectsofincreasingatmosphericCO25.Effectsoffiredisturbance6.EffectsofchangesinlanduseandlandmanagementIPCCThirdAssessmentReport(TAR)WMO,(2001)“Globalwarmingcontinues”(Hansenetal.,2002;Science,295,275)ClimateChangeDisturbancesEcosystemStructureEcosystemFunctionCarbonandEcosystemSustainabilityEcosystemServicetoHumansSpeciesCompositionVegetationTypeCyclingofC,N,P,SandwaterInterrelationsofClimateChange&TerrestrialEcosystems

3.EffectsofClimateChange(IPCC2001)

GlobalwarmingmayincreaseNPPintemperateandarticecosystems,but,itmaydecreaseNPPinwater-stressedecosystemsasitincreaseswaterlossSoilandrootsrespirationhavegenerallybeenshowntoincreasewithwarmingintheshorttermChangesinrainfallpatternaffectplantwateravailabilityandlengthofgrowingseason,particularlyinaridandsemi-aridregionsChangingclimatecanalsoaffectthedistributionofplantsandtheincidenceofdisturbancesuchasfire,wind,andinsectattacks,leadingtochangesinNBPHighlatitudeecosystems(tundraandtaiga)containabout25%ofglobalsoilcarbonpoolandaresensitivetochangesintemperatureandwatertabledepthLargeareasofthetropicsarearidandsemi-arid,andplantproductionislimitedbywateravailability(e.g.,hot,dryconditionsoftypicalElNiňoyears)4.EffectsofIncreasingAtmosphericCO2

IncreasingCO2concentrationinatmospherehastwoeffectsonthecarbon-fixingenzyme(Rubisco)reactions:increasingtherateofcarboxylationanddecreasingtherateofoxygenationIncreasedCO2concentrationallowsthepartialclosureofstomata(adecreaseinstomatalconductance),restrictingwaterlossduringtranspirationthatresultinanincreaseinplant’swateruseefficiencyTheresponsesofC3andC4plantstoincreasingtheCO2concentrationinatmospherearedifferent:

-C3plantsshowanincreasedrateofphotosynthesis -C4plantsshownodirectphotosyntheticresponseorlessresponsethanC3plants

ThedirecteffectsofCO2fertilization(underadoublingCO2):-C3cropsshowanaverageincreaseinNPPofaround33%-Grasslandandcropsstudiescombinedshowanaveragebiomassincreaseof14%-Fieldstudiesonyoungtreeshaveshownastimulationofphotosynthesisofabout60%Reference:Saxeetal.(1998).TreeandforestfunctioninginanenrichedCO2atmosphere.NewPhytologist,139:395-436.5.EffectsofFireDisturbanceFireaffectscarboncycleinterrestrialecosystemsinsixways:Firedirectlyreleasecarbonintotheatmospherethroughthecombustionofbiomass(2)Fireconvertsplantmaterialintocharcoal,whichisaninertformofcarbonanddoesnotbreakdownviadecomposition.(3)Theeffectsoffiresignificantlyalterthethermalregimesoftheorganicandmineralsoillayers,which,inturn,alterstheratesofdecompositionwithintheselayers

(4)Throughthereductionofplantbiomasstoash,themeltingofthepermafrostlayer,andincreaseddecomposition,fireincreasetheamountofsoilnutrientavailableforplantgrowth(resultinginanincreaseofNPP)(5)Thedirectandindirecteffectsofburningstronglyinfluencethepatternssecondarysuccessiononfire-disturbedlandscape,which,inturn,controlthepatternsoflivebiomass/carbonstorage.Thefrequencyoffireinagivenregionwilldirectlyinfluencethestandagedistributionofforests,which,inturn,affectsthetotalamountofcarbonstorageinthoseforests6.EffectsofChangesinLandUseandLandManagementReadingassignment:IPCC2001(#–Pages193-194)(http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wgl/095.htm)Reference:Kasischkeetal.(1995).Fire,globalwarming,andthecarbonbalanceofborealforests.EcologicalApplication,5:437-451.ThreeMainApproachestoInvestigatingEffectofClimateChangeonEcosystems

Long-termobservation

Experimentalmanipulation

Modelsimulation(J.M.Melillo,1999,Science,283:183)ChanghuiPengModelingtheEffectsofClimateChangeandFireDisturbanceonProductivityandCarbonDynamicsinCanadianBorealForestsOneCaseStudyinCentralCanadaStudyareaTheBorealForestsTransectCaseStudy(BFTCS)MethodsCENTURY4.0(Partonetal.1987;Metherelletal.1993)DataClimateSite-specifictreesSoilResultsPengetal.1998;PengandApps,1998,GlobalBiogeochem.CyclesPengandApps,(1999),Ecol.Modell.

Priceetal.(1999),JofBiogeography

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