2023年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)院考試歷年高頻考點(diǎn)真題答案

2023年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)院考試歷年高頻考點(diǎn)真題答案第1卷一.綜合題(共25題)1.單選題Itissome15millionHindus,SikhsandMuslimssweptupinatumultuousshuffleofcitizensbetweenIndiaandPakistanafterthepartitionofthesubcontinentin1947.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.divisionB.turmoilC.fusionD.consolidation2.單選題Itisbelievedthatdictionariesarehighestauthority[A]inmatterofmeaningandusage.[B]Fewpeopleask[C]bywhatauthoritythedictionariessaywhattheysay.Nowletusseehowdictionariesaremade.Butwhatfollows[D]appliesonlytothoseofficeswherefirsthand,originalresearchgoeson.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.inmatterofB.FewpeopleC.bywhatD.applies3.單選題Duringthemid-1980s,myfamilyandIspenta（1）yearinthehistorictownofSt.Andrews,Scotland.ComparinglifetherewithlifeinAmerica,wewereimpressedbya（2）

disconnectionbetweennationalwealthandwell-being.TomostAmericans,Scottishlifewouldhaveseemed（3）

.IncomeswereabouthalfthatintheU.S.AmongfamiliesintheKingdomofFifesurroundingSt.Andrews,44percentdidnotownacar,andwenevermetafamilythatownedtwo.Centralheatinginthisplace（4）

southofIcelandwas,atthattime,stillaluxury.Inhundredsofconversationsduringouryearthereandduringthreehalfsummerstayssince,we

（5）

noticethat,（6）

theirsimplerliving,theScotsappeared（7）

joyfulthanAmericans.WeheardcomplaintsaboutMargaretThatcher,butneveraboutbeingunderpaidorunabletoaffordwants.Withinanycountry,suchasourown,arerichpeoplehappier?Inpoorcountries,beingrelativelywelloffdoesmake

（8）

somewhatbetterwelloff.Butinaffluentcountries,wherenearlyeveryonecanaffordlife'snecessities,increasingaffluencematters（9）

little.IntheU.S.,Canada,andEurope,thecorrelationbetweenincomeandhappinessis,asUniversityofMichiganresearchernotedina1980s16-nationstudy,“virtually（10）

”.Happinessislower

（11）

theverypoor.Butoncecomfortable,moremoneyprovidesdiminishingreturns.Evenveryrichpeopleareonlyslightlyhappierthanaverage.Withnetworthall

（12）

$100million,providing

（13）

moneytobuythingstheydon'tneedandhardlycareabout,4in5ofthe49peoplerespondingtosurveyagreedthat“Moneycanincreaseordecreasehappiness,dependingonhowitisused”.Andsomewereindeedunhappy.Onefabulously

（14）

mansaidhecouldneverrememberbeinghappy.Onewomanreportedthatmoney

（15）

miserycausedbyherchildren'sproblems.Attheotherendoflife'scircumstancesaremostvictimsofdisablingtragedies.Yet,remarkably,mosteventuallyrecoveranear-normallevelofday-to-dayhappiness.Thus,universitystudentswhomustcopewithdisabilitiesare（16）able-bodiedstudentstoreportthemselveshappy,andtheirfriendsagreewiththeirself-perceptions.Wehave

（17）

theAmericandreamofachievedwealthandwell-beingbycomparingrichandunrichcountries,andrichandunrichpeople.Thatleavesthefinalquestion:Overtime,doeshappinessrisewithaffluence?Typicallynot.Lotterywinnersappeartogainbutatemporaryjoltofjoyfromtheirwinnings.Onasmallscale,ajumpinourincomecanboostourmorale,forawhile.Butinthelongrun,neitheranicecreamconenoranewcarnorbecomingrichandfamousproducesthesamefeelingsofdelightthatitinitially（18）

.Happinessisnottheresultofbeingrich,buta（19）

consequenceofhavingrecentlybecomericher.Wealth,itthereforeseems,islikehealth:Althoughitsutterabsencecanbreedmisery,havingitdoesnotguaranteehappiness.Happinessis（20）

amatterofgettingwhatwewantthanofwantingwhatwehave.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.underpaidB.prosperousC.affluentD.sabbatical問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)A.assumedB.seemingC.seemedD.seemly問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)A.precariousB.imprudentC.spartanD.gallant問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)A.notfarB.asfarasC.farfromD.farto問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)A.virtuallyB.remarkablyC.ideallyD.repeatedly問(wèn)題6選項(xiàng)A.forasmuchB.despiteC.consideringD.inasmuch問(wèn)題7選項(xiàng)A.nolessB.lessC.moreD.nomore問(wèn)題8選項(xiàng)A.forB.upC.outD.over問(wèn)題9選項(xiàng)A.scarelyB.intentionallyC.surprisinglyD.provisionally問(wèn)題10選項(xiàng)A.diminishingB.negligibleC.tripledD.perceivable問(wèn)題11選項(xiàng)A.inB.onC.uponD.among問(wèn)題12選項(xiàng)A.exceededB.exceedingC.excessD.excessive問(wèn)題13選項(xiàng)A.utterB.messyC.greedyD.ample問(wèn)題14選項(xiàng)A.prosperousB.triumphantC.jubilantD.victorious問(wèn)題15選項(xiàng)A.couldundoB.couldintensifyC.couldnotundoD.couldnotintensify問(wèn)題16選項(xiàng)A.asplausibleasB.notasplausibleasC.aslikelyasD.notaslikelyas問(wèn)題17選項(xiàng)A.ventilatedB.deliberatedC.speculatedD.scrutinized問(wèn)題18選項(xiàng)A.doesB.didC.hasdoneD.is問(wèn)題19選項(xiàng)A.newB.favoriteC.temporaryD.normal問(wèn)題20選項(xiàng)A.moreB.lessC.betterD.worse4.單選題Itwas（

）thelasttimearoundthetrack（

）Ireallykickeditin—passingthegossipinggirlfriends,blockingoutthewhistlesofboyswhohadalreadycompletedtheirrunandnowwerehangingoutonthegrassyhill,Iranpushinghard,breathingshallowly,knowingfullwellthatIwasgoingtohavetohearaboutitfrommydisapprovingfriendsforthenextfewdays.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.notuntil...whenB.notuntil...thatC.until...whenD.until...that5.單選題Ifthestateofourknowledgewere（

）itprovideduswithamodelofunquestionedvaliditythatcompletelyexplainedhumanbehavior,wecaneliminatealldisagreement.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.suchthatB.suchasC.assuchD.sothat6.翻譯題TranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintogoodChinese.Theseconddesigninthisgreatcenturies—oldtraditionistoarguethatanyformofpublichelptothepooronlyhurtsthepoor.Itdestroysmorale.Itseducespeopleawayfromgainfulemployment.Itbreaksupmarriages,sincewomencanseekwelfareforthemselvesandtheirchildrenoncetheyarewithouthusbands.（1）Thereisnoproofofthis—none,certainly,thatcomparesthatdamagewiththedamagethatwouldbeinflictedbythelossofpublicassistance.Still,thecaseismade—andbelieved—thatthereissomethinggravelydamagingaboutaidtotheunfortunate.Thisisperhapsourmosthighlyinfluentialpieceoffiction.（2）Thethird,andcloselyrelated,designforrelievingourselvesofresponsibility,forthepooristheargumentthatpublic-assistancemeasureshaveanadverseeffectonincentive.Theytransferincomefromthediligenttotheidleandfeckless,thusreducingtheeffortofthediligentandencouragingtheidlenessoftheidle.Themodernmanifestationofthisissupply-sideeconomics.Supply-sideeconomicsholdsthattherichintheUnitedStateshavenotbeenworkingbecausetheyhavetoolittleincome.So,bytakingmoneyfromthepoorandgivingittotherich,weincreaseeffortandstimulatetheeconomy.Canwereallybelievethatanyconsiderablenumberofthepoorpreferwelfaretoagoodjob?（3）

Orthatbusinesspeople—corporateexecutives,thekeyfiguresinourtime—areidlingawaytheirhoursbecauseoftheinsufficiencyoftheirpay?ThisisascandalouschargeagainsttheAmericanbusinessperson,notablyahardworker.Beliefcanbetheservantoftruth—butevenmoreofconvenience.Thefourthdesignforgettingthepooroffourconscienceistopointtothepresumedadverseeffectonfreedomoftakingresponsibilityforthem.Freedomconsistsoftherighttospendamaximumofone’smoneybyone’sownchoice,andtoseeaminimumtakenandspentbythegovernment.(Again,expenditureonnationaldefenseisexcepted.)IntheenduringwordsofProfessorMiltonFriedman,peoplemustbe“freetochoose.”Thisispossiblythemosttransparentofallofthedesigns;nomentionisordinarilymadeoftherelationofincometothefreedomofthepoor.(ProfessorFriedmanishereanexception;throughthenegativeincometax,hewouldassureeveryoneabasicincome.)（4）

Thereis,wecansurelyagree,noformofoppressionthatisquitesogreat,noconstructiononthoughtandeffortquitesocomprehensive,asthatwhichcomesfromhavingnomoneyatall.

（5）Thoughwehearmuchaboutthelimitationonthefreedomoftheaffluentwhentheirincomeisreducedthroughtaxes,wehearnothingoftheextraordinaryenhancementofthefreedomofthepoorfromhavingsomemoneyoftheirowntospend.Yetthelossoffreedomfromtaxationtotherichisasmallthingascomparedwiththegaininfreedomfromprovidingsomeincometotheimpoverished.Freedomwerightlycherish.Cherishingit,weshouldnotuseitasacoverfordenyingfreedomtothoseinneed.7.單選題Russia’seconomy—untilrecentlyoneofthefastestgrowinginEurope—isindirestraits.Traditionalindustriessuchassteelarehurtingbadly.Thedecade-longconsumerboomhasturnedintoaslumpasunemploymentsoars.Thegovernmenthascashtospendafteryearsofsensiblebudgetpolicies,butthecentralbankwillbeforcedtokeepinterestrateshighaslongasinflationisstuckindoubledigitsandtrustintherubleremainsshaky.ThereversalinRussia’seconomicfortunesisparticularlypainful.Since1998—theyearofRussia’slastfinancialcrisis—theeconomyhasexpandedeight-fold.Asoilpricesrocketed,sodidthecountry’sself-confidence.Notcontentwithpresidingovertheeconomicboom,thePresidentVladimirPutinvowedtorestorehiscountry’sgreatpowerstatus.TalksaboutapartnershipwiththeWestgavewaytobelligerentstatementsaboutanewColdWar.Inthesummerof2008,RussiantankstrundledintoGeorgia.Inearly2009,adisputewithneighboringUkraineledRussiatocutoffgasflows,leavingpeopleinsomeEuropeanUnioncountriesfreezingandfactoriesidle.MostEuropeanswanttoseeRussiastableandwell-off.Buttheyalsobelievethattheeconomiccrisismightbringopportunitiesforapoliticalrapprochement.SomehopethattherecessionmightjustmaketheRussianleadershipalittlemorehumbleoratleasttriggerreformsthatwouldmakeiteasierfortheE.U.tostrengthentradeandinvestmentlinks.ButwhileRussia’srelationswiththeU.S.havebeenthawingsinceBarackObamatookovertheWhiteHouse,E.U.-Russiarelationsremainfrosty.Talksaboutanewbilateraltreatyonpoliticalandeconomiccooperationhavemadelittleheadway.HopesforafreetradeagreementbetweenBrusselsandMoscowhavewitheredafterRussiaputitsapplicationformembershipintheWorldTradeOrganizationonice.E.U.-Russiaenergycooperationremainsstuck,whichincreasestheriskofyetanothergascrisis.EuropeanshaverespondedtoMoscow’sideasaboutconstructinga“newEuropeansecurityarchitecture”withadistinctlackofenthusiasm.Mostimportantly,perhaps,RussiaisincensedaboutE.U.effortstodrawthecountriesthatliebetweentheE.U.andRussiacloserintoitsorbit.RussiahastraditionallyregardedUkraine,Belarus,MoldovaandotherformerSovietstatesalongitsborderasits“privilegedsphereofinfluence”,inthewordsofPresidentDmitryMedvedev.TheE.U.’snew“EasternPartnership”initiative,launchedinMay,offersthesecountrieseconomicintegrationandstrongerpoliticalties.AlthoughtheE.U.hasshiedawayfromtalkingabouttheprospectofmembership,howeverdistant,ithopestohelpitseasternneighborstobecomericher,morestableandmoredemocratic.ThiswouldleavethembetterequippedtowithstandRussianmeddlingandbullying.MoscowisparticularlyunhappyabouttheE.U.’soffertoincludeBelarus—traditionallyastaunchMoscowally—intheEasternPartnership,albeitontheconditionthatMinskimproveitsshoddyhuman-rightsrecord.WhentheE.U.recentlyofferedamultibillion-dollarloantohelpmodernizetheUkrainianpipelinesystem—conduitfor70%ofRussiangassalestoEurope一Russianleaderswerefurious.MoscowhasalsotriedtofoilEuropeanattemptstobuildstrongerenergylinkswithAzerbaijan.PotentialforconflictexistsinGeorgia,whereE.U.observersaretheonlyonesleftafterRussiaforceOrganizationforSecurityandCooperationinEuropeandUnitedNations’monitorstoleaveAbkhaziaandSouthOssetia.WaryofcedinginfluencetoEurope,theRussianshavesteppedupeffortstomaintaintheirtraditionalfightingweightintheregion.TheyhavegivenlargeloanstoneighborshitbytheeconomiccrisisandsoughttostrengthenregionalsecurityandeconomicorganizationsthattietheirneighborsclosertoMoscow.Theyhavealsotakenamorehands-onapproachto“frozenconflicts”inMoldovaandtheCaucasustokeepneighboringgovernmentsontheirtoes.E.U.officialsliketoinsistthatitseasternpolicydoesnotclashwithRussianinterestsintheircommonneighborhood.TheyhaveaskedRussiatotakepartinsomeregionalinitiativessuchasanefforttostrengthenenergysecurity.Sofar,though,Russiahasrefusedtoplayball.ButtheE.U.cannotsimplypullbackandallowRussiatodominateEasternEurope.Itmuststickfirmlytoitsobjectiveofhelpingitsneighborstodecidetheirowndestiny.IfEuropeistoremaincredible,thereisnoothercourseworthpursuing.1.Whichofthefollowingtitleswouldbestdescribethisarticle?2.Whichofthefollowingwordsbestdescribesthetoneofthepassage?3.Fortheauthor,whichofthefollowingadjectivesbestdescribesPresidentPutin’sattitude?4.Whatdoesthephrase“ontheirtoes”mean?5.Fortheauthor,whichofthefollowingshouldbeconsideredatopprioritytoensurepeaceandstabilityinEasternEurope?問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.EuropeandRussia’sContinentalRift.B.Russia’sGeopoliticalRole.C.FinancialandEconomicMayheminRussia.D.CrisisAvertedbetweenRussiaandE.U.問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)A.Argumentative.B.Satirical.C.Objective.D.Critical.問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)A.Diplomatic.B.Pugnacious.C.Pusillanimous.D.Infantile.問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)A.Torenderneighboringgovernmentsimpotent.B.Toweakentheresolveoftheneighboringgovernments.C.Tokeeptheneighboringgovernmentsonastateofconstantalert.D.Togainthesupportoftheneighboringgovernments.問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)A.TheE.U.shouldacknowledgeRussia’spanEuropeaninitiatives.B.Russia’snewsecurityandenergyinitiativeswillfosterpanEuropeancooperation.C.Russiamustagreetopromotebilateral,multilateralandregionaleconomiccooperation.D.E.U.shouldacknowledgeRussia’spanEuropeaninitiatives.B.Russia’snewsecurityandenergyinitiativeswillfosterpanEuropeancooperation.C.Russiamustagreetopromotebilateral,multilateralandregionaleconomiccooperation.D.E.U.shouldacknowledgeRussia’spanEuropeaninitiatives.B.Russia’snewsecurityandenergyinitiativeswillfosterpanEuropeancooperation.C.Russiamustagreetopromotebilateral,multilateralandregionaleconomiccooperation.D.E.U.shouldacknowledgeRussia’spanEuropeaninitiatives.B.Russia’snewsecurityandenergyinitiativeswillfosterpanEuropeancooperation.C.Russiamustagreetopromotebilateral,multilateralandregionaleconomiccooperation.D.E.U.shouldacknowledgeRussia’spanEuropeaninitiatives.B.Russia’snewsecurityandenergyinitiativeswillfosterpanEuropeancooperation.C.Russiamustagreetopromotebilateral,multilateralandregionaleconomiccooperation.D.BilateralcontactsbetweenRussiaandindividualE.U.memberstatesreinforceratherthanunderminecommonE.U.objectives.8.單選題FromthebeginningoftheRepublic,Americanshaveenjoyedaccusingthefirstmagistrateofkinglyambition.Sometimesseriouslybutmoreoftenderisively,thepresidentisdenouncedasawould-beking,subvertingtheConstitutionforpersonalends.FromGeneralWashingtontothepresentincumbent,thewielderofpowerhasusuallybeenregardedwithsuspicion,adisagreeablebutnotunhealthystateofaffairsforbothgovernorandgoverned.Fewpresidents,however,havebeenaccusedofwantingtoestablishfamilydynasties,ifonlybecausemostpresidentshavefounditimpossibletoselectasuccessorofanysort,muchlesspromotearelative.ButnowsomethingnewishappeningintheRepublic,andastheChinesesay,weareliving“ininterestingtimes”.In1960,withtheelectionofthethirty-fifthpresident,thefamousambitionofJosephP.Kennedyseemedatlastfulfilled.Hehimselfhadcomealongwayfromobscuritytogreatwealthandprominence;nowhiseldestsurvivingson,accordingtoprimogeniture,hadgonethefulldistanceandbecomepresident.Itwasatriumphforthepatriarch.Itwasalsoasplendidmomentforatleasthalfthenation.WhatdoubtsonemayhavehadabouttheKennedyswereobscuredbythecharmandintelligenceofJohnF.Kennedy.Heappearedtobebeautifullyontohimself;hewasalsoontous;thereisevenevidencethathewasontothefamily,too.Asaresult,therewerefewintellectualsin1960whowerenotbeguiledbythespectacleofapresidentwhoseemedalwaystobestandingatacertainremovefromhimself,watchingwithamusementhisownperformance.Hewasanironistinaprofessionwheretheprizeusuallygoestotheapparentcomball.Withsuchamanaschiefofstate,allthingswerepossible.Hewould“getAmericamovingagain”.Butthenmysteriouslythethingwentwrong.Despitefinerhetoricandwisecommentary,despitetheglamorofhispresence,wedidnotmove,andifhistoriansarecorrectwhentheytellusthatpresidentsare“made”intheirfirsteighteenmonthsinoffice,thenonecanassumethattheKennedyadministrationwouldneverhavefulfilledourhopes,muchlesshisown.Kennedywasofcourseill-fatedfromthebeginning.TheBayofPigsusedupmuchofhiscreditinthebankofpublicopinion,whilehisattemptsatsociallegislationwereresolutelyblockedbyamorethanusuallyobstructiveCongress.InforeignaffairshewasoverwhelmedbythemasterfulKhrushchevandnotuntiltheCubanmissilecrisisdidheachievetacticalparitywiththatslygambler.Hisadministration’soneachievementwasthetest-bantreaty,anencouragingfootnotetothecoldwar.YettodayKennedydeadhasinfinitelymoreforcethanKennedyliving.Thoughhisadministrationwasnotasuccess,hehimselfhasbecomeanexemplarofpoliticalexcellence.Partofthisphenomenonisattributabletotherace’sneedforheroes,evenindeflationarytimes.ButmostlythelegendisthedeliberatecreationoftheKennedyfamilyanditsclients.Wantingtoregainpower,itisnownecessarytoshowthatonceuponatimetherewasindeedaCamelotbesidethePotomac,agoldenageforeverlostunlessasecondKennedyshouldbecomethepresident.Andso,toensuretherestorationofthatlovelytime,thepastmustbetransformed,dullfactstranscended,andthedeadheroextolledinfilms,throughmemorials,andinthepagesofbooks.1.Accordingtotheauthor,whenmanyconsideredKennedyasapresidentialcandidate,（

）.2.DuringKennedy’spresidency,the“bankofpublicopinion”（

）.

3.TheauthorbelievesthattheAmericanpublic’swarinessofitsleader’sambitionforpoweris（

）.

4.TheauthornotesthatAmericahasnotdevelopedlastingpoliticaldynasties（

）.

5.FromthedescriptionofJohnF.Kennedyinthisessay,wemightseehimasforeshadowingthemodernpopularityof（

）.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.misgivingswerenullifiedbycharismaB.hisinexperiencewasnotafactorC.JosephP.Kennedy’sambitionswerefulfilledD.theyfounditdifficulttodecidewhetherornottovoteforhim問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)A.overflowedbecauseoftheBayofPigsB.constrainedafast-flowingriverofpopularcontentmentC.wasnegativelyaffectedbecauseoftheCongressD.wasdepletedearly問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)A.prudentB.jaundicedC.indicativeofdisillusionmentD.quixotic問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)A.becauseofdisenchantmentwiththeKennedypresidencyB.becauseofcongressionaloversightC.forwantofpresidentialheirsD.forpragmatic,ratherthanpractical,reasons問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)A.meta-humorandrecta-analysisB.populistpoliticalmovementsC.intellectualdisenchantmentwithAmericanpoliticsD.realitytelevisionshows9.單選題CulturalcontinuitieswithAfricawerenotdependentonimportationand（

）ofspecificfolktalesintheirpristineform.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.perpetuationB.perceptibilityC.perpetrationD.perplexity10.單選題Meetingis,infact,anecessarythoughnotnecessarilyproductivepsychologicalsideshow.Perhapsitisourcivilizedwaytomoderating,ifnotpreventing,change.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.promotingB.impedingC.temperingD.arresting11.單選題Thetwoarticlesarousesuspicion.Thetheory?Thenovel?Sincethereisnosuchthingasthenovel,howcantherebeasingletheory?Oristheeditorsomesoilofmonist?Blinkeredhedgehoginwildfoxcountry?Thejacketidentifiesinwildfoxcountry?ThejacketidentifiesMr.Halperinas“AssociateProfessorandDirectorofGraduateStudiesintheDepartmentofEnglishattheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia.”Thisistrueacademicweight.“HeisalsotheauthorofTheLanguageofMeditation:FourStudiesinNine-teenth-CenturyFictionandEgoismandSelf-DiscoveryintheVictorianNovel,”Well,meditationifnotlanguageisbiginSouthernCalifornia,wheremanyanavocadotreeshadesitssmogboundZenmaster,whiletheVictoriannovelcontinuestobeagrowthindustryinAcademe.Eagerly,oneturnstoProfessorHalperin’s“ACriticalIntroduction”tonineteenessaysbyasmanyprofessorsofEnglishProfessorHalperinhasnotaneasywaywithourrichlanguage.Nevertheless,oneopenshisbookinthehopethattheproseof“someofthemostdistinguishedcriticsofourtime”willbebetterthanhisown.AmericanprofessorsofEnglishhaveneverhadaneasytimewithFrenchtheoreticiansofthenovel(closescrutinyofthequotationfromBarthesrevealsthatitwastakenfromanEnglishnotanAmericantranslation).Nevertheless,despitevarioushedgeslike“mayinevitably,”P(pán)rofessorHalperinhasrecklesslyenrolledhimselfintheschoolofParis(classof56).Asaresult,hebelievesthattheautonomousnovel“isnotcreatedasaconsciousrepresentationofanythingoutsideitself.”Asidefromthepresumptionofpretendingtoknowwhatanywriterhasinmind(isheinevitablybutnotconsciouslydescribingormimickingtherealworld?),itisnativetoassumethataman-madenovelcaneverresembleameteorfallenfromouterspace,aperfectlyautonomousartifactwhoseraisondetreis“withtherelationshipsamongthevariousstructuralelementswithintheworkoffictionitself”ratherthan“betweenreaderandtext.”ApparentlythenovelisnolongerwhatJamesconceivedit,astorytold,inProfessorHalperin’shappyphrase,from“thelimitedperspectiveofasinglesentientconsciousness.”Andso,indubiousbattle,unconscioussentienciesclashintheEnglishdepartmentsoftheWestwithinsentientconsciousnesses.Ingeneral,ProfessorHalperin’snovel-theoristshavenothingveryurgentorinterestingtosayaboutliterature.Whythendotheywritewhentheyhavenothingtosay?Becausetheambitiousteachercanonlyriseintheacademicbureaucracybywritingatcomplicatedlengthaboutwritingthathasalreadybeenmuchwrittenabout.Theresultofallthisbook-chatcannotinterestanyonewhoknowsliteraturewhilethosewhowouldliketolearnsomethingaboutbookscanonlybemystifiedanddiscouragedbythesecommentaries.CertainlyitisnoaccidentthatthenumberofstudentstakingEnglishcourseshasbeenindeclineforsomeyears.Butthatisbesidethepoint.Whatmattersisthattheeffortsoftheteachersnowunderreviewadduptoatleastahalfmillenniumofacademictenure.Rebirthofthenovel?Thatseemsunlikely.TheUniversity-noveltendstobestillborn,suitableonlyforclassroombiopsy.ThePublic-novelcontinuestobewrittenbuttheaudienceforitisreadinganythingatalldifficultandunrewarding.AmbitiousnovelistsarepoignantlyawareofthegeneraldeclineinwhatProfessorHalperinwouldcall“readingskills”.MuchofMr.DonaldBarthelme’smeanstobeironic.Ofcourseheknowshisbookisnotveryinterestingtoread,butthenlifeisnotveryinterestingtoliveeither.Hopefully,asProfessorHalperinwouldsay,thebookwillself-destructonceithasbeenrituallypraisedwhereverEnglishistaughtbutnotlearned.1.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsJohnHalperin’scredentialsandpastpublicationsisbestdescribedas（

）.2.Theauthorarguesthatcontemporaryliterarycriticismproducedbytheacademy（

）.

3.Theauthordifferentiatesbetweentwotypesofnovels:

（

）.

4.Theauthoriscriticaloftheideathatthenovel（

）.

5.TheauthorofthisessaybelievesthatHalperin（

）.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.collegialB.condescendingC.compassionateD.cynical問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)A.isstronglyinfluencedbycriticalworkswrittenbyFrenchphilosophersB.isusefulonlyinsofarasissecuresitsauthor’sacademiccareerC.reflectsanunhealthysenseofnihilismD.servesasanexampleoftheinterface“betweenreaderandtext”問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)A.oneartfullycreatedforpeoplewholovetoread,theothersloppedtogetherforscholasticanalysisB.onewell-writtenandintendedforscholars,theotherpoorly-writtenandintendedforthepublicC.thosethatareworthwhileandthosethatareproducedforthemass-marketD.onethatislifelessandmeantforanalysisbythepublic,theotherpoorly-writtenandmeantforthereadingenjoymentofthepublic問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)A.meansmanydifferentthingstomanydifferentpeopleB.istheresultofauthorialintentandinteractionwiththeoutsideworldC.isacollaborativeworkD.iscreatedandbeunderstoodentirelyofandwithinitself問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)A.hascreatedausefulandwell-writtenanthologyB.ultimatelymakesvaluable,ifcontroversial,claimsaboutmodernliteratureC.isabetteranalystthanwriterD.assumestoomuchaboutfictionwriters’intentionsandmindsets12.單選題Conradproduced13novels,2volumesofmemoirs,and28shortstories.Hislifeatsea（

）thebackgroundformuchofhiswriting.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.renderedB.furnishedC.concededD.ascribed13.單選題Onemajorobstacle[A]toeconomicdevelopmentispopulationgrowth.[B]Thepopulationsofmostdevelopingcountriesgrowataratemuchfasterthan[C]thatofindustrializedcountries.Onereasonforthisgrowthisthehighcrudebirth-rate—thenumberof[D]livebirthsper1,000people.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.toB.ThepopulationsC.thatD.livebirths14.單選題Unlikethelibertarians,hedoesnotbelievethestateisasecond-orderphenomenon,amereenablerorprotectorofwhatpeoplechoosetodoincivilsocietyor,alternatively,asaboteuroftheirfreedoms.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.attributorB.distracterC.destroyerD.precursor15.單選題Anumberofresearchershavewrittenabouta“hiddencurriculum”inschools,definedasthesubtleinfluencesonstudentsthatreinforcesexistandracistmessages.Thehiddencurriculumminimizesand（

）thecontributionswomenhavemade.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.eulogizesB.malignsC.maximizesD.compliments16.單選題[A]Atitsmostbasic,corporatecultureisdescribedasthepersonalityofanorganization,orsimplyas“howthingsaredonearoundhere”.Itguides[B]whatemployeesthink,act,andfeel.Itisawideterm[C]usedtodefinetheuniquepersonalityorcharacterofaparticularcompanyororganization,[D]andincludessuchelementsascorevaluesandbeliefs,corporate