北師大環(huán)境工程概論課件第10講 固體危險(xiǎn)廢物

第10講固體危險(xiǎn)廢物

WhatisaPesticide?Anyorganismthatinterferesinsomewaywithhumanwelfareoractivitiesisapest.Pesticidesarechemicalsthatcontrolpestpopulations.InsecticideskillinsectsHerbicideskillplantsFungicideskillfungiRodenticideskillrodentsWhatisaPesticide?Theidealpesticide:Narrow-spectrum(killsonlytheorganismforwhichitwasintendedandnotharmotherspecies)ReadilybreakdownStayexactlywhereputandnotmovethroughtheenvironmentWhatisaPesticide?ThereisnosuchthingasanidealpesticideActualpesticides:Broad-spectrum(killsavarietyoforganisms,includingbeneficialones)Donotdegradereadilyorbreakdownintocompoundsasdangerousas,ormoredangerousthan,theoriginalpesticideMovearoundagreatdealthroughtheenvironmentWhatisaPesticide?First-GenerationPesticidesInorganiccompounds(e.g.,lead,mercury)Botanicals(e.g.,nicotine,pyrethrin)Pyrethrinisderivedfromchrysanthemumflowers.WhatisaPesticide?Second-GenerationPesticidesSyntheticbotanicals(e.g.,pyrethroids)DDTWhatisaPesticide?TheMajorGroupsofInsecticidesChlorinatedhydrocarbon(e.g.,DDT)Organophosphates(e.g.,malathion)Carbamates(e.g.,carbaryl)WhatisaPesticide?TheMajorKindsofHerbicidesSelectiveherbicides (e.g.,2,4-D–killsbroad-leavedplants)Nonselectiveherbicides (e.g.,glyphosate,aka:Round-UpTM)BenefitsandProblemswithPesticidesBenefit:Cropproduction Farmerssave~$3-$5incropsforevery$1investedintopesticidesBenefitsandProblemswithPesticidesProblem:EvolutionofGeneticResistance#ofspeciesexhibitinggeneticresistancetopesticidesBenefitsandProblemswithPesticidesProblem:EvolutionofGeneticResistance CreatesapesticidetreadmillPesticideapplicationKillsmostpestsResistantsurviveNumbersincreaseNewpopulationgeneticallyresistantEVENMOREINCREASEBenefitsandProblemswithPesticidesProblem:EvolutionofGeneticResistance ResistanceManagement

Createa“refuge”(nopesticideapplied)AvoidrepeateduseofsamepesticideBenefitsandProblemswithPesticidesProblem:ImbalancesintheEcosystemBenefitsandProblemswithPesticidesProblem:Persistence,Bioaccumulation,andBiologicalMagnificationBiomagnificationofDDTRisksofPesticidestoHumanHealthShort-termEffectsofPesticides Case-in-Point:TheBhopalDisaster40tonsofmethylisocyanategasreleased600,000peopleexposed2,500immediatelykilled2,500morekilledthroughtime50,000-60,000haveserioushealthproblemsRisksofPesticidestoHumanHealthLong-termEffectsofPesticidesPotentiallyhigherriskofcancerSterilityMiscarriage/birthdefectsPotentiallyhigherriskforParkinson’sdiseaseEndocrineDisruptorsAlternativestoPesticidesUsingCultivationMethodstoControlPestsInterplantmixturesofplantsStripcuttingPlanting,fertilizing,andirrigatingatpropertimeCroprotationAlternativestoPesticidesBiologicalControls Usingnaturallyoccurringdiseases,parasites,orpredatorstocontrolapestPheromonesandHormones Usepheromonestoattractinsectstotraps Natural&synthetichormonesinduceabnormaldevelopmentReproductiveControls Sterile-maletechnique–inundatepestpopulationwithlargenumbersofsterilemalesAlternativestoPesticidesGeneticControls UsingGeneticallyModified(GM)plants Case-in-Point:Bt,ItsPotentialandProblems GeneticallymodifiedcorntoproduceBttoxin Potentialproblem:mayaffectnon-targetspecies,suchasmonarchbutterflyQuarantineAlternativestoPesticidesIrradiatingFoods Predominantlyusedonmeats KillsmanymicroorganismsLawsControllingPesticideUseFood,Drug,andCosmeticsAct(1938) PesticideChemicalsAmendment(1954) DelaneyClause(1958)FederalInsecticide,Fungicide,andRodenticideAct(1947)EstimatesofRiskofCancerfromPesticideResidueLawsControllingPesticideUseFood,Drug,andCosmeticsAct(1938) PesticideChemicalsAmendment(1954) DelaneyCause(1958)FederalInsecticide,Fungicide,andRodenticideAct(1947)FoodQualityProtectionAct(1996)TheManufactureandUse

ofBannedPesticidesSomeUScompaniesstillmakebannedorseriouslyrestrictedpesticidesandexporttheproduct.ThiscanpotentiallyleadtotheimportationoffoodtaintedwithbannedpesticidesTheManufactureandUse

ofBannedPesticidesTheGlobalBanofPersistentOrganicPollutantsSolidWasteUSproducesmostpercapitasolidwaste=4.4lbsperpersonperday 229milliontonsperyear(andincreasingperyear!)SolidWasteDisposalofSolidWastes SanitaryLandfills ProblemsAssociatedwithSanitary LandfillsMethanegasproductionSurfacewater/groundwatercontaminationNotalong-termremedyEvenwhenclosed,considerablecostSolidWasteDisposalofSolidWastes SanitaryLandfills TheSpecialProblemofPlasticShearamountisstaggeringDonotreadilybreakdownSolidWasteDisposalofSolidWastes SanitaryLandfills TheSpecialProblemofTiresMadefrommaterialsthatcannotberecycledCanbeincineratedSolidWasteDisposalofSolidWaste Incineration Typesofincinerators

MassburnModularRefuse-derivedSolidWasteDisposalofSolidWaste Incineration ProblemsAssociatedwithIncineration

AlwayssomeairpollutionProducelargeamountsofashSiteselectionoftencontroversialSolidWasteDisposalofSolidWaste Composting(堆肥）

ReducesyardwasteinlandfillsCanbesoldordistributedtocommunityWastePreventionThreegoals: 1)Reduce 2)Reuse 3)RecycleWastePreventionReducingtheAmountofWaste:SourceReductionPollutionPreventionAct(1990)Dematerialization/newshour/bb/science/july-dec08/plasticocean_11-13.html

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WastePreventionReusingProductsRefillingglassbeveragebottlesWhataresomeotherproductsthatcaneasilybereusedorwaysthatyoureuseproducts?WastePreventionRecyclingMaterial

PaperGlassGlassphaltWastePreventionRecyclingMaterial

PaperGlassAluminumMetalsOtherThanAluminumPlasticsWastePreventionRecyclingMaterial

PaperGlassAluminumMetalsOtherThanAluminu