2021屆高考英語復(fù)習(xí)之高考真題閱讀詞塊精析(二十八)

2021高考英語復(fù)習(xí)之高考真題閱讀詞塊精析（二十八）2020海南卷（C篇）InMay1987theGoldenGateBridgehada50thbirthdayparty.Thebridgewasclosedtomotortrafficsopeoplecouldenjoyawalkacrossit.Organizersexpectedperhaps50,000peopletoshowup.Instead,asmanyas800,000crowdedtheroadstothebridge.Bythetime250,000wereonthebridge,engineersnoticedsomethingterrible：theroadwaywasflatteningunderwhatturnedouttobetheheaviestloadithadeverbeenaskedtocarry.Worse,itwasbeginningtosway（晃動）.Theauthoritiesclosedaccesstothebridgeandtensofthousandsofpeoplemadetheirwaybacktoland.Adisasterwasavoided.ThestoryisoneofscoresinToForgiveDesign：UnderstandingFailure,abookthatisatoncealovelettertoengineeringandapaean（贊歌）toitsbreakdowns.Itsauthor,Dr.HenryPetroski,haslongbeenwritingaboutdisasters.Inthisbook,heincludesthelossofthespaceshuttles（航天飛機(jī)）ChallengerandColumbia,andthesinkingoftheTitanic.Thoughheacknowledgesthatengineeringworkscanfailbecausethepersonwhothoughtthemuporengineeredthemsimplygotthingswrong,inthisbookDr.Petroskiwidenshisviewtoconsiderthelargercontextinwhichsuchfailuresoccur.Sometimesdevicesfailbecauseagooddesignisconstructedwithlowqualitymaterialsincompetentlyapplied.Orperhapsadesignworkssowellitisadoptedelsewhereagainandagain,withseeminglyharmlessimprovements,until,suddenly,itdoesnotworkatallanymore.Readerswillencounternotonlystoriestheyhaveheardbefore,butsomenewstoriesandamovingdiscussionoftheresponsibilityoftheengineertothepublicandthewaysyoungengineerscanbehelpedtograspthem."Successissuccessbutthatisallthatitis,"Dr.Petroskiwrites.Itisfailurethatbringsimprovement.詞塊梳理1：trafficn.交通；貿(mào)易；運(yùn)輸；通信量vt.用…作交換；在…通行vi.交易，買賣時(shí)態(tài):trafficked,trafficking,traffics名詞:trafficker近義詞：[n.]collection,aggregation,accumulation,assemblage,commerce,commercialism,mercantilism[v.]trade,merchandise解析：communication:指郵電、無線電、鐵路、公路等各種交通方式或媒介。traffic:指來往的東西的情況，表示一種抽象概念的交通流動量。transportation:指將乘客或貨物從一處運(yùn)到另一處，也可指交通運(yùn)輸工具。詞組|習(xí)慣用語trafficaccident交通事故trafficflow交通流量trafficsafety交通安全；行車安全roadtraffic道路交通urbantraffic城市交通trafficcontrol交通管理trafficsystem交通系統(tǒng)；運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)trafficjam交通阻塞，塞車trafficmanagement交通管理；流量管理airtraffic空中交通，航空運(yùn)輸；飛航trafficcongestion通信量擁擠；信號擁擠trafficcondition交通狀況，運(yùn)輸情況；有效狀況passengertraffic客運(yùn)，旅客流量；旅客運(yùn)輸trafficvolume交通量trafficlight紅綠燈（等于trafficsignals）heavytraffic車水馬龍；擁擠的交通trafficnoise交通噪音，交通噪聲trafficengineering交通工程trafficinformation資料流量資訊trafficpolice交通警察2：acrossprep.(表示位置)在…對面[另一邊];橫在[披在]…上;掠過…;透過(表示方向)橫越,橫跨;橫穿,穿越;從…的另一面[邊](表示狀態(tài))與…交叉著;觸及,波及,影響到adv.從這一邊到另一邊；在對面,向?qū)γ妫豢缍?；成十字?成交叉狀；傳達(dá)過來解析：across:指“從……的一邊到另一邊”，強(qiáng)調(diào)橫過，多與動態(tài)動詞連用。along:指沿著一條直線在水平方向上運(yùn)動。一般表動態(tài)，有時(shí)也與靜態(tài)動詞連用。over:常和動態(tài)動詞連用，指“從……上面越過”或“橫越”；表靜態(tài)時(shí)，指“在彼處”。through:側(cè)重從一端穿到另一端。3：crowdn.人群聽眾,觀眾一群,一批;一堆vt.&vi.群集,擁擠vt.擠滿,塞滿催逼時(shí)態(tài):crowded,crowding,crowds名詞:crowder近義詞：[n.]gathering,assemblage[v.]move,displace,occupy,fill,meet,gather,assemble詞組|習(xí)慣用語acrowdof一大群；許多的crowdoutvt.擠出；推開crowdinto涌入；擠入alargecrowdof一大群的followthecrowd隨大流crowdaround圍攏，聚集在…周圍crowdbehavior群眾行為capacitycrowd觀眾滿座；爆滿4：noticen.通知，布告；注意；公告vt.注意到；通知；留心vi.引起注意時(shí)態(tài):noticed,noticing,notices近義詞：[n.]announcement,promulgation,attention,attending,request,asking,telling[v.]sight,note,observe,mention,remark,react,respond反義詞：[n.]ignore詞組|習(xí)慣用語withoutnotice不預(yù)先通知地；沒有事先通知priornotice事先通知；預(yù)先通報(bào)takenotice注意givenotice通知writtennotice書面通知furthernotice另行通知onnotice按事先通知的(地)，被關(guān)照過的(地)shortnotice臨時(shí)通知advancenotice預(yù)先通知takenoticeof注意到；留意publicnotice公共啟事，公告atshortnotice在短時(shí)間內(nèi)；立刻，即刻；一通知到就untilfurthernotice在另行通知以前atamoment'snotice即刻；隨時(shí)；一經(jīng)通知就立即onshortnotice忽然；急忙noticeboard布告牌；警告牌copyrightnotice版權(quán)記錄；著作權(quán)通知paymentnotice[經(jīng)]繳款通知onsuchshortnotice剛約就要見（沒有給對方充裕的時(shí)間）takenonoticeof不理采…5：flatadj.平坦的；單調(diào)的；淺的；扁平的adv.斷然地；平直地n.平地；平面；公寓vi.變平vt.使變平比較級:flatter,flattest副詞:flatly名詞:flatness近義詞：[n.]plain,field,champaign,box,musicalnotation,freightcar,pneumatictire[adj.]even,planar,two-dimensional,unqualified,unerect,underdeveloped,thin反義詞：[n.]uneven,cubic,three-dimensional,linear,one-dimensional,qualified,erect解析：even:通常指平面上的各點(diǎn)或一條直線的各點(diǎn)處在同一平面或直線上。flat:指光滑平整的表面，但不一定是水平的。level:強(qiáng)調(diào)沒有高低之處，且在同一水平面，可引申指才能相等或與相鄰某物平行。smooth:側(cè)重指表面十分平滑，無任何粗糙的感覺。引申作圓滑解。6：disastern.不幸；災(zāi)難，災(zāi)禍近義詞：[n.]adversity,hardship,hardknocks,misfortune,badluck,destruction,devastation解析：disaster:普通用詞，指大破壞、痛苦或傷亡。calamity:多指個(gè)人的不幸，比disaster嚴(yán)重，強(qiáng)調(diào)災(zāi)難引起的悲痛以及對于損失的感覺。catastrophe:語氣最強(qiáng)，指可怕的災(zāi)難，強(qiáng)調(diào)最終的結(jié)局。misfortune:普通用詞，多批較為嚴(yán)重的不幸，強(qiáng)調(diào)不幸多由外界因素所致。詞組|習(xí)慣用語naturaldisaster自然災(zāi)難，自然災(zāi)害disasterrelief賑災(zāi)；災(zāi)難援助disasterprevention防災(zāi)disasterarea災(zāi)區(qū)earthquakedisaster地震災(zāi)害disasterrecovery災(zāi)難復(fù)原disastermanagement災(zāi)難管理；災(zāi)備管理environmentaldisaster環(huán)境災(zāi)難；生態(tài)災(zāi)害，生態(tài)災(zāi)難meteorologicaldisaster氣象災(zāi)害disasterpreparedness防災(zāi)準(zhǔn)備狀態(tài)recipefordisaster造成災(zāi)難的因素socialdisaster社會災(zāi)禍disasterrecoveryplan災(zāi)難恢復(fù)計(jì)劃disasterfilm災(zāi)難片7：failvt.&vi.在…中失敗vi.衰退,衰弱破產(chǎn)不足,短缺,缺乏vt.辜負(fù)忘記,忽視,未能n.考試不及格時(shí)態(tài):failed,failing,fails近義詞：[v.]disappoint,letdown,change,evaluate,passjudgment,judge,worsen反義詞：[n.]succeed,win,comethrough,bringhomethebacon,deliverthegoods,pulloff,negociate詞組|習(xí)慣用語failin失敗；缺少withoutfail務(wù)必；必定，無疑neverfailto一定會...failtodo失?。晃醋龀蒮ailsafe故障保護(hù)；失效安全failtoresolve解決未果wordsfailme說不出話來8：considervt.&vi.考慮vt.把…看作,認(rèn)為關(guān)心,體諒,顧及時(shí)態(tài):considered,considering,considers近義詞：[v.]think,believe,conceive,chewover,thinkover,meditate,ponder解析：consider:指經(jīng)過考慮和觀察后得出的結(jié)論。think:普通用詞，指按照自己的意見提出看法。believe:通常指根據(jù)一定的證據(jù)，經(jīng)思考后而認(rèn)為屬實(shí)。count:指作出判斷后而得出的看法等。deem:正式用詞，常用于法律、文學(xué)，強(qiáng)調(diào)作判斷而不是思考。reckon:指對人或事作全面“權(quán)衡”，把各方面意見考慮進(jìn)去后得出結(jié)論。regard:側(cè)重憑外表或表面現(xiàn)象作判斷。多強(qiáng)調(diào)觀點(diǎn)。詞組|習(xí)慣用語considerasvt.認(rèn)為（把...看作）allthingsconsidered從全面考慮considerdoing考慮做…considerdoingsomething考慮做某事9：adoptvt.收養(yǎng)，采用,采納,采取，正式接受,通過時(shí)態(tài):adopted,adopting,adopts形容詞:adoptable名詞:adopter名詞:adoption近義詞詞典近義詞：[v.]choose,take,select,pickout,accept,have,takeoffice詞組|習(xí)慣用語adoptvariousmethods采取不同辦