歷年托?？荚囬喿x真題匯總及

歷年托?？荚囬喿x真題匯總及答案歷年托?？荚囬喿x真題匯總及答案歷年托福考試閱讀真題匯總及答案優(yōu)選文檔

0308托福試題

閱讀（55minutes）

Question1-11

Iffoodisallowedtostandforsometime,itputrefies.Whentheputrefiedmaterial

isexaminedmicroscopically,itisfoundtobeteemingwithbacteria.Wheredothese

bacteriacomefrom,sincetheyarenotseeninfreshfood?Evenuntilthemid-nineteenth

century,manypeoplebelievedthatsuchmicroorganismsoriginatedbyspontaneous

(5)generation,ahypotheticalprocessbywhichlivingorganismsdevelopfromnonliving

matter.

ThemostpowerfulopponentofthetheoryofspontaneousgenerationwastheFrenchchemistandmicrobiologistLouisPasteur(1822-1895).Pasteurshowedthatstructures

presentinaircloselyresemblethemicroorganismsseeninputrefyingmaterials.Hedid

thisbypassingairthroughguncottonfilters,thefibersofwhichstopsolidparticles.After

theguncottonwasdissolvedinamixtureofalcoholandether,theparticlesthatithad

trappedfelltothebottomoftheliquidandwereexaminedonamicroscopeslide.Pasteur

foundthatinordinaryairtheseexistsavarietyofsolidstructuresranginginsizefrom

0.01mmtomorethan1.0mm.Manyofthesebodiesresembledthereproductive

structuresofcommonmolds,single-celledanimals,andvarious

othermicrobialcells.

Asmanyas20to30ofthemwerefoundinfifteenlitersofordinaryair,andtheycould

notbedistinguishedfromtheorganismsfoundinmuchlargernumbersinputrefyingmaterials.Pasteurconcludedthattheorganismsfoundinputrefyingmaterialsoriginated

fromtheorganizedbodiespresentintheair.Hepostulatedthat

.優(yōu)選文檔

thesebodiesareconstantly

(20)beingdepositedonallobjects.

Pasteurshowedthatifanutrientsolutionwassealedinaglassflaskandheatedto

boilingtodestroyallthelivingorganismscontaminatingit,itneverputrefied.Theproponentsofspontaneousgenerationdeclaredthatfreshairwasnecessaryfor

spontaneousgenerationandthattheairinsidethesealedflaskwasaffectedinsomeway

(25)byheatingsothatitwouldnolongersupportspontaneousgeneration.Pasteurconstructedaswan-neckedflaskinwhichputrefyingmaterialscouldheheatedtoboiling,butair

couldreenter.Thebendsintheneckpreventedmicroorganismsfromgettingintheflask..Materialsterilizedinsuchaflaskdidnotputrefy.

1,Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

(a)Pasteur’sinfluenceonthedevelopmentofthemicroscope.

(b)Theoriginofthetheoryofspontaneousgeneration.

(c)Theeffectsofpasteurizationonfood.

(d)Pasteur’sargumentnstagaithetheoryofspontaneousgeneration.

2,Thephrase“teemingwith”inline2isclosestinmeaningto(a)fullof

(b)developinginto

(c)resistantto

(d)hurtby

3,Whichofthefollowingquestionsdidthetheoryofspontaneousgenerationattempttoanswer?

(a)Whatistheoriginofthelivingorganismsareseenonsomefood?

(b)Howmanytypesoforganismscanbefoundonfood?

(c)Whatisthemosteffectivewaytopreparelivingorganismsformicroscopicexamination?

(d)Howlongcanfoodstandbeforeitputrefies?

4,Theword“resemble”inline9isclosestinmeaningto

(a)benefitfrom

(b)appearsimilarto

.優(yōu)選文檔

(c)jointogetherwith

(d)growfrom

5,Thepurposeofthe“guncotton”mentionedinparagraph2wasto

(a)trapparticlesforanalysis(b)slowtheprocessofputrefaction(c)increasetheairflowtothemicroscopicslide(d)aidthemixingofalcoholandether

6,Theauthormention“1.0mm”inline14indescribingthe(a)thicknessofalayeroforganismsthatwasdepositedonanobject(b)diameterofthefibersthatwereintheguncottonfilters(c)thicknessofthemicroscopeslidesthatwereused

(d)sizeoftheparticlesthatthatwerecollected

7.Theword“postulated”inline19isclosestinmeaningto(a)analyzed

(b)doubted

(c)persuaded

(d)suggested

8.TheobjectsthatPasteutremovedfromtheairinhisexperimentwereremarkablebecausetheywere

(a)primarilysingle-celledorganisms

(b)nodifferentfromobjectsfoundinputrefyingmaterials(c)fairlyrare

(d)abletoliveinamixtureofalcoholandether

9.Theword“it”inline22refersto

(a)anutrientsolution

(b)aglassflask

(c)boiling

(d)spontaneousgeneration

10.Accordingtoparagraph3,proponentsofspontaneousgenerationbelievedthatwhichofthefollowingwasimportantfortheprocesstosucceed?

(a)Asealedcontainer

(b)Freshair

.優(yōu)選文檔

(c)Heat

(d)Thepresenceofnutrients

11.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3thatPasteuremployedaswam-neckedflaskto

(a)storesterilizedliquidsforuseinfutureexperiments(b)preventheatfrombuildingupinasolution(c)disproveacriticismofhisconclusions(d)estimatethenumberoforganismsinaliterofair

Questions12-20

IntheearlydecadesoftheUnitedStates,theagrarianmovementpromotedthefarmer

associety’heros.Inthemindsofagrarianthinkersandwriters,thefarmerwasapersononwhosewell-beingthehealthofthenewcountrydepended.TheperiodbetweentheRevolution,whichendedin1783,andtheCivilWar,which

endedin1865,wastheageof

(5)thefarmerintheUnitedStates.Agrarianphilosophers,representedmosteloquentlyby

ThomasJefferson,celebratedfarmersextravagantlyfortheirsupposedcentralityinagood

society,theirpoliticalvirtue,andtheirSuperiormorality.And

virtuallyallpolicymakers,whethertheysubscribedtothetenets

ofthephilosophyheldbyJeffersonornot,recognizedagriculture

asthekeycomponentoftheAmericaneconomy.Consequently,governmentat

alllevelsworkedtoencouragefarmersasasocialgroupandagricultureaseconomic

enterprise.

Boththenationalandstategovernmentsdevelopedtransportationinfrastructure,buildingcanals,roads,bridges,andrailroads,deepeningharbors,andremovingobstructionsfromnavigablestreams.Thenationalgovernmentimportedplantandanimalvarietiesand

launchedexploringexpeditionsintoprospectivefarmlandsintheWest.Inaddition,

governmenttradepoliciesfacilitatedtheexportingofagricultural

.優(yōu)選文檔

products.

Fortheirpart,farmersseemedtomeetthesocialexpectationsagrarianphilosophers

hadforthem,astheirbroaderhorizonsandgreaterself-respect,bothproductsoftheRevolution,werereflectedtosomedegreeintheirbehavior.Farmersseemedtobecome

morescientific,joiningagriculturalsocietiesandreadingthefarmnewspapersthatsprang

upthroughoutthecountry.Theybeganusingimprovedimplements,triednewcropsand

pureanimalbreeds,andbecamemorereceptivetomoderntheoriesofsoilimprovement.

Theyalsorespondedtoinducementsbynationalandstategovernments.Farmers

streamedtotheWest,fillingfrontierlandswithstunningrapidity.Butfarmersresponded

lesstotheexpectationsofagrariansandgovernmentinducementsthantogrowingmarketopportunities.EuropeandemandforfoodfromtheUnitedStatesseemedinsatiable.War,industrialization,andurbanizationallkeptdemandhighinEurope.UnitedStatescities

andindustriesgrewaswell;evenindustriesnotdirectlyrelatedtofarmingthrivedbecause

ofthemarket,money,andlaborthatagricultureprovided.

12.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(a)TheagrarianphilosophyofThomasJefferson

(b)Theroleofthenationalgovernmentinthedevelopmentofagriculture

(c)Improvementsinfarmingtechniques

(d)Theimpactoftheincreasedimportanceofthefarmer

13.Theword“depended”inline3isclosestinmeaningto(a)improved

(b)relied

(c)demanded

(d)explained

14.TheauthormentionsThomasJeffersoninparagraph1asan

.優(yōu)選文檔

exampleof

(a)aleaderduringtheRevolution

(b)aninventorofnewfarmingtechniques

(c)aphilosopherwhobelievedfarmerswereessentialtothecreationofagoodsociety

(d)afarmerwhoguidedtheagrarianmovementtowardanemphasisoneconomicdevelopment

15.Thephrase“subscribedto”incloslinest8inismeaningto

(a)contributedto

(b)agreedwith

(c)thoughtabout

(d)expandedon

16.Whichofthefollowingstatementsissupportedbythe

informationinparagraph1?

(a)AllgovernmentpolicymakersacceptedJefferson’viewsof

agricultureandfarmers.

(b)Agriculturalproductiondeclinedbetween1783and1861.

(c)Themajorityoffarmersworkedforthegovernment.

(d)Agriculturewasavitalpartofthenation’seconomy.

17.Accordingtothepassage,thenationalandstategovernmentsdidallofthefollowingEXCEPT

(a)buildroads

(b)importnewplantvarieties

(c)givefarmersmoneyfortheircrops

(d)developpoliciesthathelpedfarmersexporttheirproducts

18.Allofthefollowingarementionedasexamplesoffarmers’meetingtheexpectationsofagrarianphilosophersEXCEPT(a)obtaininginformationfromfarmnewspapers

(b)accumulatingpersonalwealth

(c)plantingnewcrops

(d)becomingmorescientific

19.Theword“stunning”inline24isclosestinmeaningto

(a)predictable

(b)impressive

.優(yōu)選文檔

(c)famous

(d)gradual

20.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisbestsupportedbyparagraph4?

(a)Agriculturaldevelopmentcontributedtodevelopmentinotherpartsoftheeconomy.

(b)EuropeanagriculturalproductswereofahigherqualitythanthoseproducedintheUnitedStates.

(c)ThegrowingsettlementoftheWestledtoadecreaseinagriculturalproduction.

(d)Farmerswereinfluencedmorebygovernmentpoliciesthanbymarketopportunities.

Question21-29

ThewidevarietyofclimatesinNorthAmericahashelpedspawnacomplexpatternof

soilregions.Ingeneral,therealm’ssoilsalsoreflectthebroadenvironmentalpartitioning

into“humidAmerica”and“aridAmerica.”Whereannualprecipitationexceeds20inches

(50centimeters),soilsinhumidareastendtobeacidicinchemicalcontent,Sincecrops

(5)dobestinsoilsthatareneitheracidic(higherinacidcontent)noralkaline(higherinsaltcontent).fertilizationisnecessarytoachievethedesiredlevelofneutralitybetweenthe

.優(yōu)選文檔

two.AridAmerica’soilsaretypicallyalkalineandmustbefertilizedbacktoward

neutralitybyaddingacidiccompounds.Althoughmanyofthesedrylandsoils,particularly

intheGreatPlains,arequitefertile,Europeansettlerslearnedoveracenturyagothat

wateristhemainmissingingredientinachievingtheiragriculturalpotential.Inthe

1970’s,certainirrigationmethodswereperfectedandfinally

providedarealopportunity

toexpandmoreintensivefarmingwestfromtheCentral

Lowlandintothedrierportions

oftheGreatPlains.Glaciationalsoenhancedtherichlegacyoffertilesoilsinthecentral

UnitedStates,bothfromthedepositionofmineral-richglacialdebrisleftbymeltwater

andfromthicklayersoffinewind-blownglacialmaterial,calledloess,inandaroundthe

middleMississippiValley.

NaturalvegetationpatternscouldbedisplayedonamapofNorthAmerica,butthe

enormoushumanmodificationoftheNorthAmericanenvironmentinmoderntimeshas

allbutreducedthisregionalizationschemetothelevelofthehypothetical.Nonetheless,

thehumidAmerica-aridAmericadichotomyisstillavalidgeneralization:thenatural

vegetationofareasreceivingmorethan20inchesofwateryearlyisforest,whereasthe

drierclimatesgiverisetoagrasslandcover.TheforestsofNorthAmericatenttomake

abroadtransitionbylatitude.IntheCanadianNorth,needle-leafforestsdominate,but

theseconiferoustreesbecomemixedwithbroadleafdeciduoustreesasonecrossesthe

borderintotheNortheastUnitedStates.AsoneproceedstowardtheSoutheast,broadleafvegetationbecomesdominant.AridAmericamostlyconsistsofshort-grassprairiesor

stepper.TheonlyareasoftruedesertareintheSouthwest.

.優(yōu)選文檔

21WhataspectofNorthAmericadoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

Thewidevarietyofclimates

Soiltypesandvegetationpatterns

Improvedirrigationmethodsandtheexpansionofagriculture

Thechangeinprecipitationpatterns

22Theword“spawn”inline1isclosestinmeaningto

distinguish

eliminate

protect

create

23Theword“partitioning”inline2isclosestinmeaningto

division

modification

opening

circulating

24Accordingtothepassage,acidicsoilstenttobeassociatedwith

ahighsaltcontent

anincreaseinfarming

largeamountsofrain

glacialmeltwater

25Theword“enhanced”inline13isclosestinmeaningto

implied

increased

indicated

informed

26HowdidglacialmeltdownaffectthesoilinNorthAmerica?

Itredistributedthesoiltypes

Itaddedsalttothesoil

Itmadethesoilmoreneutralincontent

Itaddedmineralstothesoil

27Thephrase“regionalizationthisscheme”inline19referstothe

movementsofglacialdeposits

.優(yōu)選文檔

patternsofnaturalvegetation

humanmodificationoftheNorthAmericanenvironment

distinctionbetweenhumidAmericaandaridAmerica

28Theword“transition”inline23isclosestinmeaningto

elevation

change

advantage

condition

29Thepassagesupportswhichofthefollowingstatements?

AridAmericaisnotnecessarilycharacterizedbythepresence

ofdeserts

MostofCanadaandthenortheasternUnitedStatesconsistsofshort-grassprairieswherevernaturalvegetationhasnotbeenmodifiedbyhumans

Theaccumulationofloessisprimarilytheresultofirrigation

GlaciationremovedthefertilelayerofsoilfrommuchoftheMississippiValley

Questions30-40

Mostsourcesofilluminationgeneratelightoveranappreciableperiod,andindeedif

anobjectislitforaverybrieftime(lessthat1/25second),thehumaneyewillnotreact

intimetoseetheobject.Aphotographicemulsion---thatis,alight-sensitivecoatingonphotographicfilm,paper,orglass---will,however,recordmuchshorterburstsoflight.A

(5)photographicflashcanthereforebeusedtocapturehigh-speedmovementonfilmaswell

astocorrectdeficienciesofthenormalsurroundinglighting.Photoflashisnowgeneratedelectronically,buttheearliestform,firstusedin1864,wasapaperbagcontaining

magnesiumwireandsomeoxygen-richsubstance,suchaspotassiumchlorate.Whenthe

bagwasignited,themetalburnedwithanintenseflash.Acontemporaryobserverreported

that“thisquiteunsafedeviceseemstohavedonenothingworsethatengulftheroomin

.優(yōu)選文檔

densesmokeandleadtopicturesofdubiousqualityandodd

poses.”

Theevolutionofthephotoflashwasslow,flashbulbs,

containingfinewiremadeofa

metal,suchasmagnesiumoraluminum,capableofbeing

ignitedinanatmosphereofpureoxygenatlowpressure,were

introducedonlyinthe1920’arliest.Inthetype,themetal

wasseparatedfromtheoxygenbyathinglassbulb.Theflashwasfiredbypiercingthebulbandallowingtheoxygentocomeintocontactwiththemetal,whichignited

spontaneously.Laterbulbswerefiredbyanelectricbattery,

whichheatedthewireby

passingasmallcurrentthroughit.Othercombinations,suchasthepairingofoxygen

difluoridewithzirconium,havealsobeenused.Ineachcaseenoughenergyisgivenoutto

(20)heattheoxidizablemetalmomentarilytoawhite-hotemission

ofvisiblelight.Thesmokeparticlesaresosmallthattheycoolrapidly;butsincetheyarewhite,theycontributetothebrilliancebyreflectingthelightfromtheirstill-glowingneighbors.Aslightlybiggerformofthemetalwillburnforalongertime.

30Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

Thehistoryofthephotoflash

Theoriesabouthowtheeyereactstolight

Thetechnologyofmodernphotography

Thedangersofusingtheearlyphotoflash

31Accordingtothepassage,1/25secondistheminimumamountoftimerequiredforthe

recordingofanimageonfilm

generationofartificiallight

creationofaphotographicemulsion

humaneyetoreacttolight

32Accordingtothepassage,anadvantageofusingaphotoflashisthatit

.優(yōu)選文檔

canproducerepeatedburstsoflight

intensitiescolorsinphotographs

isshortenoughnottobotherhumaneyes

supplementsexistinglighting

33Theword“ignited”inline9isclosestningmeato

setonfire

cutinto

opened

shaken

34Whichofthefollowingphrasesisdefinedinparagraph1?

(A)”appreciableperiod”(line1)

(B)”photographicemulsion”(line3)

”high-speedmovement”(line5)

”oddposes”(line11)

35Theword“evolution”inline12isclosestinmeaningto

publicity

adoption

development

manufacture

36Thefunctionoftheglassinthefirstflashbulbswasto

producethesparkthatinitiatedtheflash

magnifythelightproducedbytheflash

protectthephotographerfromtheheatoftheflash

keepthemetalandoxygenapartbeforetheflash

37Theword“it”inline18refersto

oxygen

battery

wire

current

38Theword“momentarily”inline20isclosestiningmeanto

effortlessly

briefly

electronically

.優(yōu)選文檔

gradually

39Accordingtothepassage,thewhitecolorofthesmokeparticlesgeneratedbyaflashbulbcontributesto

rapidcooling

brightillumination

electricalconductivity

intenseheat

40Accordingtothepassage,aflashbulbcanbemadetoburnlongerbyusing

thickerwire

moreoxygen

thinnerglass

continuouselectricity

Questions41-50

ThestylisticinnovationinpainingknownasImpressionismbeganinthe1870’sThe.Impressionistswantedtodepictwhattheysawinnature,buttheywereinspiredtoportrayfragmentarymomentsbytheincreasinglyfastpaceofmodernlife.Theyconcentratedon

theplayoflightoverobjects,people,andnature,breakingupseeminglysolidsurfaces,

(5)stressingvividcontrastbetweencolorsinsunlightandshade,anddepictionreflectedlight

inallofitspossibilities.Unlikeearlierartists,theydidnotwanttoobservetheworldfromindoors.Theyabandonedthestudio,paintingintheopenairandrecordingspontaneousImpressionsoftheirsubjectsinsteadofmakingoutsidesketchesandthenmovingindoors

tocompletetheworkformmemory.

(10)SomeoftheImpressionistspainting’methodswereaffectedbytechnological

advances.Forexample,theshiftfromthestudiototheopenairwasmadepossiblein

partbytheadventofcheaprailtravel,whichpermittedeasyandquickaccesstothe

.優(yōu)選文檔

countrysideorseashore,aswellasbynewlydevelopedchemicaldyesandoilsthatled

tocollapsiblepainttubes,whichenabledartiststofinishtheirpaintingsonthespot.

Impressionismacquireditsnamenotfromsupportersbut

fromangryartloverswho

feltthreatenedbythenewpainting.Theterm“Impressionism”wasbornin1874,when

agroupofartistswhohadbeenworkingtogetherorganizedanexhibitionoftheir

paintingsinordertodrawpublicattentiontotheirwork.Reactionfromthepublicand

presswasimmediate,andderisive.Amongthe165paintingsexhibitedwasonecalled

(20)Impression:Sunrise,byClaudeMonet(1840-1926),Viewedthroughhostileeyes,

Monet’spaintingofarisingsunoveramisty,waterysceneseemedmessy,slapdash,

andanaffronttogoodtaste.BorrowingMonetstitle,artcritics’

extendedtheterm“Impressionismto”theentireexhibit.In

response,Monetandhis29fellowartistsin

theexhibitadoptedthesamenameasabadgeoftheirunity,

despiteindividualdifferences.

Fromthenuntil1886Impressionismhadallthezealofa“church”,asthepainterRenoir

putit.MonetwasfaithfultotheImpressionistcreeduntilhisdeath,althoughmanyofthe

othersmovedontonewstyles.

41Whataspectofpaintinginthenineteenthcenturydoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

Theimpactofsomearti