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Outline,ApplicationandDevelopmentofthe

singlechip

Thesinglechip

is

onekind

of

integrated

circuit

chip,

whichusesthe

ultralarge-scaletechnologyand

hasthedata-handlingcapacity(for

examplearithmetic

operation,logicoperation,datatransfer,interrupt

processing)

themicroprocessor

(CPU),randomaccessdata-carrier

storage

(RAM),

read-only

programmemory(ROM),

input

output

circuit

(I/O),

possibly

also

includes

fixed

time

thecounter,

serial

passesunguardedly

(SCI),demonstrationactuationelectriccircuit(LCDorLEDactuation

electriccircuit),pulse-durationmodulationelectriccircuit(PWM),

simulation

multichannel

switch

andA/Electric

circuit

andsoonDswitch

integrates

to

together

themonolithchipon,

constitutes

tobe

smallest

thecomputersystemwhichhoweverconsummates.Theseelectriccircuits

canunder

the

software

control

accurate,

be

rapid,

highly

effective

completetheproceduredesignerpresettheduty.

From

this

looked

that,

singlechip

has

the

function

which

the

microprocessor

does

not

have,

it

may

alone

complete

the

intellectualizationcontrolfunctionwhichthemodernindustrycontrol

requests,thisissinglechipbiggestcharacteristic.

Howeversinglechip

also

is

different

with

thesingle

trigger,

the

chip

beforethedevelopment,itonlyhasthefunctiongreatlystrengthened

ultralargescaleintegratedcircuit,ifentrustswithitthespecific

procedure,

it

then

is

youngest,

the

integrity

microcomputercontrol

system,it(PCmachine)hastheessentialdifferencewiththesingle

trigger

or

the

personal

computing,

singlechip

application

belongsto

the

chiplevel

application,

needsthe

user

to

understand

singlechip

chip

the

structureandthecommandsystemaswellasotherintegratedcircuit

application

technologies

andthesystemdesign

needtheory

andtechnology,

withsuchspecificchipdesignapplicationprocedure,thuscausesthis

chiptohavethespecificfunction.

Thedifferentsinglechiphasthedifferenthardwarecharacteristicandthesoftwarecharacteristic,namelytheirtechnicalcharacteristicisdifferent,thehardwarecharacteristicisdecidedby

singlechipchipinternalstructure,theusermustusesomekindof

singlechip,

mustunderstand

whetherthis

product

does

satisfy

the

characteristictargetwhichtheneedthefunctionandtheapplication

system

requests.

Here

technical

characteristic

including

function

characteristic,

control

characteristic

andelectrical

specification

and

soon,

theseinformationneedsto

obtainfromintheproductionmerchant

technicalmanual.Thesoftwarecharacteristicisreferstothecommand

system

characteristic

and

the

development

support

environment,

the

instruction

characteristic

is

singlechip

addressing

way

which

weis

familiar

with,

thedata

processing

and

the

logical

processing

way,

input-outputcharacteristicandtopowersourcerequestandsoon.The

developmentsupportenvironmentiscompatible

and

the

probability

including

theinstruction,

supports

thesoftware(tocontainmaysupport

developmentapplicationproceduresoftwareresources)andthehardware

resources.Mustusesomemodelsinglechiptodevelopownapplication

system,

master

its

structure

characteristic

andthe

technical

characteristicisthatweneed..

Singlechipcontrolsystemcouldsubstituteforbeforeusescontrol

systemwhichthecomplexelectronic

circuit

or

the

digital

circuit

constituted,mightthesoftwarecontrolrealizes,andcouldrealizethe

intellectualization,nowsinglechipcontrolcategoryomnipresent,for

example

correspondence

product,

domestic

electric

appliances,

intelligent

instrument

measuring

appliance,

process

control

and

special-purposecontroldeviceandsoon,singlechipapplicationdomainwasmoreandmorewidespread.

Indeed,singlechipapplicationsignificanceisfarisnotrestrictedinitsapplicationcategoryorfromthistheeconomicefficiencywhich

brings,itfundamentallychangedthetraditionalcontrolmethodandthedesignthoughtmoreimportantly.Iscontrolstechnicalarevolution,isanimportantmilestone.

2.TheMCU’sdevelopmentoutline

In1946firstelectronicaccountingmachinebirthuntilnow,onlythen50years,dependsuponmicroelectronictechnologyandthesemiconductortechnologyprogress,fromtheelectrontube-transistor-integrated

circuit - large scale integrated circuit, nowtogether onthe chip

definitelymayintegrateseveralmillionevenmorethanten

million

transistor,

causes

the

computer

volume

slightly,

the

functionisstronger.Speciallyinthenearly20yearstime,computer

technologyobtainedtherapiddevelopment,thecomputerintheindustry

andagriculture,thescientificresearch,theeducation,thenational

defenseandtheaerospacedomainhasobtained

thewidespread

application,

computer

technologyalready

wasanational

modernscience

andtechnology

levelimportantsymbol.

Singlechip

is

borninthe20thcentury

70's,

looks

like

F8monolithic

microcomputer

which

Fairchid

Corporation

develops.

The

so-called

singlechipisusesthelargescaleintegratedcircuittechnologythe

centralprocessingelement(CenterProcessingUnit,AlsoisChangCheng

CPU)andthedata-carrierstorage(RAM),theprogrammemory(ROM)and

other

I/O

passesintegrates

unguardedly

ontogether

the

chip,

constitutes

asmallestcomputersystem,butmodernsinglechipthenhasaddedonthe

severanceunit,fixedtimeunitandA/Dtransformationandsoonmore

complex,moreperfectelectriccircuit,causessinglechipthefunction

moreandmoreformidable,theapplicationismorewidespread.

The20thcentury70's,microelectronictechnologyisbeingatthe

development

phase,

the

integrated

circuit

belongs

to

thescale

developmenttime,eachkindofnewmaterialnewcraftnotyetmature,

singlechip

still

occupied

the

primary

development

phase,

the

part

integrationscalealsoquitesmall,thefunctionquitewassimple,CPU,

RAMhadgenerally

hasalso

included

somesimple

I/O

integrates

tothe

chip

on,looks

like

FarichildCorporation

to

belong

to

this

type,

it

also

must

bejoinedtotheperipheryotherprocessingelectriccircuitsjustnow

toconstitute

the

integrity

the

computing

system.Thesimilar

singlechip

alsohasZilogCorporationtheZ80microprocessor.

In1976INTELCorporationhaspromotedtheMCS-48singlechip,this

timesinglechipisthegenuine8monolithicmicrocomputers,andpushes

tothemarket.Itisyoungbythevolume,functionentire,thepricehas

lowly

wonthewidespread

application,

has

laidthe

foundation

for

singlechip

development,

becomesinsinglechip

history

the

important

milestone.

UndertheMCS-48leadership,afterthat,eachbigsemiconductor

companydevelopedandhasdevelopedownsinglechiponeafteranother,lookedlikeZilogCorporationtheZ8series.Tothe

beginning

ofthe80's,

singlechip

hasdevelopedtothehigh

performance

stage,looks

like

INTEL

Corporation

the

MCS-51series,

Motorola

Corporation6,801and6,802series,RokwellCorporation6,501and6,502

seriesandsoon,Inaddition,Japan'sfamouselectricalcompanyNECand

HITACHIalloneafteranotherdevelopedhadoneselfcharacteristicthe

special-purposesinglechip.

The80's,worldeachbigcompanycompetestodevelopthevariety

multi-purpose

strong

singlechip,

someseveraldozens

series,

morethan300

varieties,

this

time

singlechip

belongs

approximately

truely

monolithic,

mostlyintegratedCPU,RAM,ROM,numbermanyI/Oconnection,manykinds

ofinterruption

system,evenalso

hassometo

bring

A/Dswitch

singlechip,

function

moreandmoreformidable,

RAMandROMcapacity

also

moreandmore

big,

the

addressing

space

even

mayreach

64kB,

maysay,

singlechip

developedtoabrand-newstage,theapplicationdomainhasbeenmore

widespread,

many

domestic

electric

appliances

moved

towards

the

intellectualizeddevelopmentpathwhichcontrolledusingsinglechip.

After1982,16singlechipsarepublished,representtheproductare

INTELCorporation's

MCS-96series,

16singlechips

compare8machine,

the

datawidthincreasedatime,real-timeprocessingabilitystronger,the

basicfrequencyishigher,theintegrationratehadachieved120,000

transistors,RAMincreasedto232bytes,ROMthenhasachieved8kB,and

had8interruptsources,atthesametimehasdisposedmultichannelA/D

transformationchannel,highspeedI/TheOprocessingunit,issuitable

forthemorecomplexcontrolsystem.

After

90's,

singlechip

obtained

therapid

development,

theworld

each

big

semiconductor

companyhas

developed

a

function

more

formidable

singlechiponeafteranother.AmericanMicrochipCorporationhadissued

onekind

ofincompatible

MCS-51newgeneration

ofPICseries

singlechip,

hasarousedthefieldwidespreadinterestcompletely,itsproductonly

then

33simplified

theset

of

instructions

to

attract

manyusersspecially,

causedthepeopleto

concentrate

fromtheINTEL111complexinstructions.

ThePICsinglechiphasobtainedthefastdevelopment,holdsthesmall

spaceinthefield.

Theafterwardsmatter,thefamiliarsinglechippublicfiguresquitehavebeenallclear,moremonolithicaircrafttypespourout,MOTOROLACorporationhadissuedoneafteranother

theMC68HCseriessinglechip,Japan'sseveralfamouscompaniesall

developedaperformancestronger product, butJapan'ssinglechip usedin

generallythespecial-purposesystemscontrol,butdidnotlooklike

companyandsoonINTELputsintothemarketformsthegeneralsinglechip.

ForexampleNECCorporationproducestheuCOM87seriessinglechip,its

representative worksuPC7811isonekindofperformancequite outstanding

singlechip.MOTOROLACorporation'scharacteristicandsoonMC68HC05

seriesitshighspeedlowpricehaswonmanyusers.

Zilog Corporation's Z8series productrepresentative worksareZ8671,

contains BASICtheDebug interpreter,enormous place then user. But

AmericancountryhalfCOP800seriessinglechipthenusestheadvanced

Harvardstructure.ATMELCorporationthenperfectlyunifiessinglechip

technology andtheadvanced Flash memorytechnology, hasissued the

performancequite outstanding AT89series singlechip.Including company

andsoonChina'sTaiwanHOLTEKandWINBONDinabundancehasalsojoined

singlechip

developmentranks,

byreasonoftheir

inexpensive

superiority,

sharescupofbeautifulthicksoup.

In

1990

American

INTELCorporation

promoted

80,960

super

32

singlechips

tocausethe

computerstir,

the

producthasput

in

the

market

oneafteranother,becameinsinglechiphistoryanimportantmilestone.

Thisperiod,insinglechipfield,singlechipvarietyextraordinary

splendour,competes

tobethemost

unusual.Some8,16

even32machine,

but8singlechipsbyitspriceinexpensive,thevarietycomplete,the

application

software

rich,

thesupport

environment

were

still

full,

characteristicandsoondevelopmentconveniencebutareoccupyingthe

dominantposition.ButINTELCorporationbyreasonoftheirabundant

technology,

theperformanceoutstanding

typeandthegoodfoundation,

at

present

was

still

singlechip

mainstream

product.

Only

is

the90's

intermediate

stages,

INTEL

Corporation

is

busyis

developing

their

personal

computing

microprocessor,

not

the

enough

energy

continued

singlechip

technology

which

develops

oneself

creates

leads,

but

by

companyandsoonPHILIPScontinues

to

develop

the

C51series

singlechip.

3.Singlechipapplicationdomain

MCUapplicationsSCMnowpermeateallareasofourlives,whichis

almostdifficult

to

findtraces

ofthe

field

withoutSCM.Missile

navigation

equipment,

aircraft,

all

typesofinstrument

control,computer

networkcommunicationsanddatatransmission,industrialautomation,

real-timeprocesscontrolanddataprocessing,extensiveuseofvarious

smartICcard,civilian

luxury

carsecurity

system,

video

recorder,

camera,

fullyautomaticwashingmachinecontrol,andprogram-controlledtoys,

electronic

pet,

etc.,

whichareinseparable

fromthemicrocontroller.

Not

tomentiontheareaofrobotcontrol,intelligentinstruments,medical

equipmentwas.Therefore,theMCUlearning,developmentandapplication

ofthelargenumberofcomputerapplicationsandintelligentcontrolof

thescientists,engineers.

Singlechipwidelyappliesintheinstrumentmeasuringappliance,thedomesticelectricappliances,themedicalequipment,domainandsoonaerospace,specialpurposeequipmentintellectualizedmanagementand

processcontrol,maydividethefollowingseveralcategoriesapproximately:

OnintelligentinstrumentmeasuringapplianceapplicationSinglechiphasthevolumesmall,thepowerlosslow,thecontrol

function

strong,

the

expansion

is

nimble,

merit

and

so

on

microminiaturization

and

easy

to

operate,

widely

applies

in

the

instrumentmeasuringappliance,theuniondifferenttypesensor,may

realize

suchasphysical

quantity

theandsoonvoltage,

power,frequency,

humidity,

temperature,

current

capacity,

speed,

thickness,

angle,

length,

degree

of

hardness,

element,pressure

survey.

Usessinglechip

control

to

cause

the

instrument

measuring

appliance

digitization,

the

intellectualization,

the

microminiaturization,

also

the

function

comparesusestheelectron

or

the

digital

circuit

is

moreformidable.

For

exampleprecisemeasurementequipment(dynamometer,oscilloscope,each

kindofanalyzer).

2.Inindustrycontrolapplication

May

constitute

the

various

formats

control

system,

the

data

acquisition

systemwith

singlechip.

Forexamplethefactory

assemblyline

intellectualizedmanagement,theelevatorintellectualizationcontrol,eachkindofalarmsystem,constitutestwocascadecontrolsystemswiththecomputernetworkingandsoon.

3.Indomesticelectricappliancesapplication

Maysaylikethisthat,thepresentdomesticelectricappliances

basicallyhaveallusedsinglechipcontrol,praised,thewasher,the

electricrefrigerator,theairconditioner,thecolortelevision,other

acousticvideofrequencyequipmentsfromtheelectricityfood,againto

theelectronicweightingequipment,allkindsof,omnipresent.

4.Incomputernetworkandcorrespondencedomainapplication

Ofthemodernsinglechip

hasthe

correspondence

connectiongenerally,

mayveryconveniently

andthe

computercarries

onthedata

communication,

forprovidedtheextremelygood

physical

conditions

application

in

betweenthe

computernetwork

andthe

communication

facility,

the

present

communication

facility

basically

has

all

realized

singlechip

intelligence

control,

fromthe

handset,

thetelephone,the

small

program

controlled

switch,the

building

automaticcorrespondence

ringing

system,

thetrain

wireless

correspondence,

again

the

mobile

phone

which

everywhere

totheroutineworkin,thecolonymobilecommunication,

radiointercomandsoon.

SinglechipinmedicalequipmentdomainapplicationSinglechipquiteisalsowidespreadinmedicalequipmentuse,for

examplemedicallife-supportmachine,eachkindofanalyzer,,ultrasounddiagnosisequipmentandhospitalbedringingsystemandsoon.

InavarietyofmajorappliancesinthemodularapplicationsDesignedtoachievesomespecialsinglespecificfunctiontobe

modularinavarietyofcircuitapplications,withoutrequiringtheuse

ofpersonneltounderstanditsinternalstructure.Ifmusicintegrated

single

chip,seemingly

simple

function,

miniature

electronic

chip

inthe

net(the

principleisdifferent

fromthetapemachine),youneedacomputer

similar

totheprinciple

ofthe

complex.

Suchas:musicsignal

to

digital

formstoredinmemory(likeROM),readbythemicrocontroller,analog

musicintoelectricalsignals(similartothesoundcard).Inlarge

circuits,

modularapplications

thatgreatly

reducethevolume,

simplifies

thecircuitandreducethedamage,errorrate,butalsoeasytoreplace.

7.Microcontroller

intheapplicationfieldofautomotive

equipment

SCMinautomotiveelectronics

iswidely

used,

suchasavehicle

engine

controller,CANbus-basedIntelligentElectronicControlEngine,GPS

navigationsystem,absanti-lockbrakingsystem,brakesystem,etc..

Inaddition,singlechipintheindustryandcommerce,thefinance,

thescientificresearch,theeducation,domainandsoonnationaldefenseaerospaceallhastheextremelywidespreaduse.

4.Singlechipdevelopmenttendency

Nowmaysaysinglechip

wasall

flowersbloomstogether,

thetime

which

hundred

school

ofthoughtcontend