新編簡明英語語言學教程戴煒棟第1-3章課后練習題答案

僅供個人參考《新編簡英語語言學教程》第版

第1-3練習題

參考答案ChapterIntroductionHowinterpretlinguistics:Linguisticsthestudyof？答：

Linguisticsisoninvestigationofdata,conductedwithreferencetosomegeneraloflanguageInordertodiscoverthenaturerulesoflinguistsandlanguagefirst,whicharetosimilarities,andgeneralizationsarehehypothesesaboutlanguagestructure.TheformedhavetocheckedrepeatedlyobservedtofullyInlinguistics,inandtheoryindialecticalthatis,awithouttheofdatacanandwithoutexplainedbytheoryremainofthings.aretheofWhatdoesstudy?答：Theoflinguisticsitincommunication;phonology:itstudiessoundsareputmeaninginmorphology:itstudiestheinsymbolsrepresentingarrangedandtoformitstudiesgovernhowcombinedformsentencesinsemantics:itmeaningconveyedlanguage;itmeaningintheoflanguageInwhatbasicdoeslinguisticsdifferfromtraditionalgrammar?答：

traditionallytheoflanguageyearsisroughlyreferredtoas“traditionalr.”Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalrammarinbasicways.Firstly,linguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalisprescriptive.modemlinguisticsregardsthespokenprimary,thewritten.grammarians,onthehand,toover-emphasize,importanceofthepartlybecauseofitspermanence.Then,linguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammarinitforcelanguagesintoaIsmodernlinguisticssynchronicordiachronic?Why?答：

Inmodemlinguistics,aseemsenjoypriorityaone.Becausepeoplebelievedthatunlessthevariousofaindifferentperiodsstudied,itwoulddifficultthethathaveinitsdevelopment.Forwhatgivepriorityratherwriting?答：

andthemediaofModemlinguisticsspokenlanguagenaturaltheofhumanforreasons.thepointofviewofevolution,ispriortowriting.writingsystemofanyageisalways“invented”byitsusersrecordspeechwhentheneedinworldtherestillthatcanonlybespokenbutwritten.ineverydaycommunication,speechgreaterrolethanwritinginofamountofinformationAndspeechisalwaysthewayinwhichhistongue,writinglearnedtaughtlaterhetoschool.linguists,languagemanytruefeaturesofspeechwhilelanguageisonlythe“revisedrecordofspeech.Thusdataforinvestigationanalysisdrawnfromeverydayspeech,whichregardasauthentic.不得用于商業(yè)用途

僅供個人參考HowisSaussure'sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparolesimilartoChomsky'sdistinctionbetweencompetenceperformance?答：

distinctionandaresimilar,theydifferintookaviewoflanguagenotionoflangueofsocialandlookslanguageaofviewtocompetenceapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.characteristicsofyouincludedinagood,definitionlanguage?答：ofall,languageisasystem,i.e.,elementsofcombinedlanguageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisintrinsicconnectionbetweenandsymbolstandsThird,languageisprimaryforallissound.languagei.e.,itisdifferentfromtheoflifepossess.8.arethemainfeatureshumanbeenbyC.thatitdifferentcommunicationsystem?

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2．語的識別性特征）美國語言學家C.Hockett提出了人類語言的12種別性特征中重要的識別性特種有5種：即語言的任意性、創(chuàng)造性、二重性、移位性和文化傳遞性。這些特征是所有人類語言所共有的人類語言的識別性特征是動物“語言所不具有的。1）任意性：它指音與義之間沒有邏輯聯(lián)系。比如說，不同的語使用不同的音指相同的事物。2）創(chuàng)造性：語言的創(chuàng)造性主要表現(xiàn)在語言使用者能夠以有限的言規(guī)則為基礎說出和理解無限的句子，包括他們以前從沒有聽說過的句子。3）二重性：它指語言在結構上存在兩個層次：低層次和高層次在低層次是一個個沒有意義的音，如p/,/g/,/i/，但是這些處在低層次的沒有意義的音可以依照一定的語言規(guī)則結合在一起形成語言體系的高層次，即：有意義的單位，如詞素，單詞等。4）移位性：移位性指人類可以使用語言來談論過去的事情，現(xiàn)的事情或?qū)淼氖虑?；語言也可以用來談論我們客觀世界中的事情，或假想世界中的事情?？傊Z言的使用可以脫離交際的直接情景語境，從而不受語言時空距離的影響。5）文化傳遞性：文化的傳遞性是指，雖然人類習得語言的能力遺傳因素的原因，但是語言體系具體內(nèi)容的習得不是通過遺傳來傳遞的，而是要通過后天的學習來獲得。答：featuresoflanguagearefeatures.TheyLanguageisThismeansthatislogicalconnectionmeaningsandsounds.AgoodexampleisthedifferentsoundstorefertosameobjectindifferentProductivityLanguageisitpossibletheconstructionandinterpretationnewsignalsitsThisiswhyproduceunderstandanlargeofincludingsentenceshaveneverbefore.Languageoftwosetstwolevels.Atlowerorisaofsounds,whichmeaninglessthemselves.Butoflanguagebeandintoalargeofofarefoundthelevelofthe不得用于商業(yè)用途

?僅供個人參考?Languagecanthingswhichorrealorimaginedmattersinthepast,inplaces.Inotherlanguagecantocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thisiswhat“displacement”means.Culturalhumanforgeneticbasis,i.e.,wewereallwithacquirelanguage,thedetailsoflanguagesystemaregeneticallyhavetaughtlearned.arethefunctionslanguage?Thinkofownexamplesillustration.答：Threeoftenoflanguage:descriptivefunction,function,andsocialfunction.descriptivefunctionisthefunctionwhichbeassertedordenied,andinevenFor“Chinaalargecountrywithahistory.expressivefunctionsuppliesinformationabouttheandvalues.For“Iwillneverwith”socialfunctionservesmaintainbetweenpeople..example:“are”ChapterPhonologyP30arethetwoOfoneprimaryandwhy?答：writingthemediaofcommunication.Oftwomediaofspeechprimaryforreasons,pleasetotheanswertothefifthinchapter.isvoicingandisitcaused?答：

VoicingisqualityofofallvowelsandconsonantsinEnglish.Itbyvibrationofcords.Explainbroadtranscriptionnarrowtranscriptiondiffer?答：

transcriptionwithletter-symbolsonlynormallyindictionariesandforgenerallatter,i.e.transcriptionwithletter-symbolswiththecallednarrowistranscriptionbyinofspeechsounds.oftheycanrepresentmuchofthefineitisnecessaryforInbroadthesymbol[l]isfor[l]inthefourwordsleaf[li:f],[fi:l],build[bild],andhealth[helθ].Asofthe[l]inallfoursoundcombinationsslightly.[l]in[li:f],beforeavowel,a[l],diacriticisindicateit;[1][fi:l]and[bild],theofawordorrconsonant,ispronounceddifferentlyfromtheclear[1]in“l(fā)eaf”.Itiscalleddark[?]innarrowtranscriptionthediacritic[]isusedtoindicateit.Thenthesoundcombination[helθ],thesound[l]followedbydentalsound[θ],itspronunciationissomewhataffectedbythedentalsoundthatfollowsit.Itisthuscalledadental[l],andinthediacritic[]isindicateit.Ittranscribedas[helexampleconsonantall[p]differentlyinthetwowordspitandspitInwordpit,the[p]iswithapuffofbutinspitpuffoftoextent.theofpit,[p]istoandinthecaseofspit,the[p]isunaspirated.isnotininription,asmallraised“h”isusedtoshowaspiration,thuspitisas[p

?t]andspittranscribed?t].HowtheEnglishconsonants答：caninoneisintermsofofarticulationandtheisintermsof不得用于商業(yè)用途

h僅供個人參考hofarticulation.Intermsofofarticulationtheconsonantsclassifiedintofollowingtypes:affricates,liquids,andInofofarticulation,itcanintotypes:bilabial,dental,alveolar,palatal,andglottal.criteriaareusedclassify答：

VowelsmaybeandbacktooftheisTofurtherofgroup,needtoapplyanothercriterion,theofthemouth.wethevowelsintofoursemi-closevowels,andAthirdthatoftenintheofistheoflips.Inallthefrontvowelsandvowelsi.e.,withoutroundingthelips,andallbackvowels,withtheexceptionofarerounded.Itthatvowelsbepronouncedwithroundedlips.A.Givephoneticeachsounddescriptions:palatalaffricatelabiodentalfricativealveolarshortlongbilabialB.phoneticfeaturesofeachthefollowing[t]2)[l][][w][][?]答：(1)[][f](3)][?](5)[:](6)[p]B.(1)alveolarvoicedliquidaffricate(4)voicedbilabialglideback,short(6)openHowdoandinfocusstudy?Whodothinkwillinterestedthebetween,say,[l]and[?],[p][p],aphoneticianorphonologist?Why?答：(1)Bothphonologyandarewiththesameaspectof–sounds.Butwhilebotharerelatedtoofsounds,,differinapproachandfocus.Phoneticsofaitinterestedinallsoundsinallhumanlanguages:howtheydifferwhatpossess,beclassified,etc.Phonology,ontheotheraimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinlanguagepatternsandhowthesetoconveyincommunication.Aphonologistwillbemoreinterestedinit.ofoffindgovernsthedistributionof[l]and[?],[p]and[p].isaphone?Howisitdifferentaphoneme?Howallophonesa答：AphoneticunitThewehearandduringcommunicationareallphones.Aisnotanyparticularsound,butratheritrepresentedoraphoneincontext.Thedifferentcanphonemeindifferentenvironmentscalledallophonesthatexample,/l/incanrealizeddark[?],[l],whichareoftheExplainsequentialrule,assimilationrule,deletionrule.答：Rulesthecombinationofinaparticulararesequentialrules.manysequentialrulesinifwordbeginswith[l]or[r],soundbeiswhy[lbik][lkbi]impossibleinviolatedrestrictionstheofphonemes.不得用于商業(yè)用途

僅供個人參考assimilationruleassimilatesonetoby“copying”afeatureofasequentialphoneme,makingphonessimilar.Assimilationofneighboringis,mostbyorprocesses.wespeak,wetendtoincreasetheeaseofarticulation.This“sloppy”tendencymaybecomeregularizedasrulesoflanguage.allisnotfeatureinitdoesdistinguishthisdoesmeanvowelsinEnglishnasalizedinnasalizedcertainphoneticcontexts.the[i:]inlikegreen,and.isbecauseinallthese[i:]isfollowednasal[n]or[m].assimilationruleaccountstheofthe[n]soundruleiswithinaword,thenasal[n]assumessameofarticulationtheconsonantthatknowthatinprefixin-betotheofwordnegative,–indiscreet,correct–.Butthesoundtheprefixin-alwaysanItisinwordindiscreettheconsonanti.e.[d],alveolarstop,the[n]soundwordactuallyasvelar[?];thisbecauseconsonantthatitis[k],isvelarwecanseethesoundwe“copying”afeatureoftheconsonantthatfollowsit.Deletionuswhenaisbedeletedalthoughitisorthographicallyhaveintheofsign,,andparadigm,thereisno[g]itrepresentedinspellingbytheincorrespondingsignature,,,the[g]representediscanas:Deletea[g]itbeforefinalnasalGivenrule,phonemicrepresentationofinsign–signature,resign–phlegm–phlegmatic,–paradigmaticwillincludewhichwillbedeletedtoifnosuffixisadded.10.Whatarefeatures?Howdomajorsupra-segmentalfeaturesin答：

phonemicoccurthelevelofsegmentsareThefeaturesstress,intonation,Theofinmeaning.Theretwokindsstress:stresssentencestress.ofmaychangetheofspeechwordfromnoun,toaverbunchanged.Tonesvariationswhichdistinguishjustlikephonemes.Intonationanroleinconveyanceofinalmosteverylanguage,inlanguagelikeEnglish.Whenspokenintones,sameofwordshavedifferentChapterMorphologyP40thewordsplacinga“+”betweeneachmorphemeandthenext:a.microfilef.psychophysicsh.答：+fileb.be+++pre+e.tele++f.fore+fatherpsycho+physicsmechanistThinkthreemorphemetheirmeaning,andtypesmaysuffixedtwoexamplesofeach.suffix:meaning:thepersonorthingperformingaction不得用于商業(yè)用途

僅供個人參考type:toexamples:actor,whoactsstageplays,motionpictures,etc.translator,“onetranslates答：(1)suffix:-ablemeaning:somethingbedoneortype:addedtoverbsexamples:acceptable,“canbeaccepted”respectable,“canberespectedsuffix:-lymeaning:functionaltype:addedtoexamples:freely.“adverbialof‘free’”quickly,“adverbialof'quick'”.suffix:-eemeaning:thepersonreceivingtheactiontype:addedverbsexamples:employee,“onewhoworksinacompanyinterviewee,“oneisinterviewed”Thinkthreeprefixes,givestemmaybeprefixedattwoexamplesofeach.a-prefix:a-meaning:“without;not”type:toexamples:asymmetric,“l(fā)ackingsymmetry”asexual,“withoutsexorsexorgans”答：(1)prefix:dis-meaning:showingoppositetype:addedtoverbsornouns:disapprove,prefix:

“donotapprove”“l(fā)ackhonesty”.meaning:against,opposedtoty