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僅供個(gè)人參考《新編簡(jiǎn)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程》第版
第1-3練習(xí)題
參考答案ChapterIntroductionHowinterpretlinguistics:Linguisticsthestudyof?答:
Linguisticsisoninvestigationofdata,conductedwithreferencetosomegeneraloflanguageInordertodiscoverthenaturerulesoflinguistsandlanguagefirst,whicharetosimilarities,andgeneralizationsarehehypothesesaboutlanguagestructure.TheformedhavetocheckedrepeatedlyobservedtofullyInlinguistics,inandtheoryindialecticalthatis,awithouttheofdatacanandwithoutexplainedbytheoryremainofthings.aretheofWhatdoesstudy?答:Theoflinguisticsitincommunication;phonology:itstudiessoundsareputmeaninginmorphology:itstudiestheinsymbolsrepresentingarrangedandtoformitstudiesgovernhowcombinedformsentencesinsemantics:itmeaningconveyedlanguage;itmeaningintheoflanguageInwhatbasicdoeslinguisticsdifferfromtraditionalgrammar?答:
traditionallytheoflanguageyearsisroughlyreferredtoas“traditionalr.”Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalrammarinbasicways.Firstly,linguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalisprescriptive.modemlinguisticsregardsthespokenprimary,thewritten.grammarians,onthehand,toover-emphasize,importanceofthepartlybecauseofitspermanence.Then,linguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammarinitforcelanguagesintoaIsmodernlinguisticssynchronicordiachronic?Why?答:
Inmodemlinguistics,aseemsenjoypriorityaone.Becausepeoplebelievedthatunlessthevariousofaindifferentperiodsstudied,itwoulddifficultthethathaveinitsdevelopment.Forwhatgivepriorityratherwriting?答:
andthemediaofModemlinguisticsspokenlanguagenaturaltheofhumanforreasons.thepointofviewofevolution,ispriortowriting.writingsystemofanyageisalways“invented”byitsusersrecordspeechwhentheneedinworldtherestillthatcanonlybespokenbutwritten.ineverydaycommunication,speechgreaterrolethanwritinginofamountofinformationAndspeechisalwaysthewayinwhichhistongue,writinglearnedtaughtlaterhetoschool.linguists,languagemanytruefeaturesofspeechwhilelanguageisonlythe“revisedrecordofspeech.Thusdataforinvestigationanalysisdrawnfromeverydayspeech,whichregardasauthentic.不得用于商業(yè)用途
僅供個(gè)人參考HowisSaussure'sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparolesimilartoChomsky'sdistinctionbetweencompetenceperformance?答:
distinctionandaresimilar,theydifferintookaviewoflanguagenotionoflangueofsocialandlookslanguageaofviewtocompetenceapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.characteristicsofyouincludedinagood,definitionlanguage?答:ofall,languageisasystem,i.e.,elementsofcombinedlanguageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisintrinsicconnectionbetweenandsymbolstandsThird,languageisprimaryforallissound.languagei.e.,itisdifferentfromtheoflifepossess.8.arethemainfeatureshumanbeenbyC.thatitdifferentcommunicationsystem?
(
2.語(yǔ)的識(shí)別性特征)美國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)家C.Hockett提出了人類語(yǔ)言的12種別性特征中重要的識(shí)別性特種有5種:即語(yǔ)言的任意性、創(chuàng)造性、二重性、移位性和文化傳遞性。這些特征是所有人類語(yǔ)言所共有的人類語(yǔ)言的識(shí)別性特征是動(dòng)物“語(yǔ)言所不具有的。1)任意性:它指音與義之間沒有邏輯聯(lián)系。比如說(shuō),不同的語(yǔ)使用不同的音指相同的事物。2)創(chuàng)造性:語(yǔ)言的創(chuàng)造性主要表現(xiàn)在語(yǔ)言使用者能夠以有限的言規(guī)則為基礎(chǔ)說(shuō)出和理解無(wú)限的句子,包括他們以前從沒有聽說(shuō)過的句子。3)二重性:它指語(yǔ)言在結(jié)構(gòu)上存在兩個(gè)層次:低層次和高層次在低層次是一個(gè)個(gè)沒有意義的音,如p/,/g/,/i/,但是這些處在低層次的沒有意義的音可以依照一定的語(yǔ)言規(guī)則結(jié)合在一起形成語(yǔ)言體系的高層次,即:有意義的單位,如詞素,單詞等。4)移位性:移位性指人類可以使用語(yǔ)言來(lái)談?wù)撨^去的事情,現(xiàn)的事情或?qū)?lái)的事情;語(yǔ)言也可以用來(lái)談?wù)撐覀兛陀^世界中的事情,或假想世界中的事情??傊Z(yǔ)言的使用可以脫離交際的直接情景語(yǔ)境,從而不受語(yǔ)言時(shí)空距離的影響。5)文化傳遞性:文化的傳遞性是指,雖然人類習(xí)得語(yǔ)言的能力遺傳因素的原因,但是語(yǔ)言體系具體內(nèi)容的習(xí)得不是通過遺傳來(lái)傳遞的,而是要通過后天的學(xué)習(xí)來(lái)獲得。答:featuresoflanguagearefeatures.TheyLanguageisThismeansthatislogicalconnectionmeaningsandsounds.AgoodexampleisthedifferentsoundstorefertosameobjectindifferentProductivityLanguageisitpossibletheconstructionandinterpretationnewsignalsitsThisiswhyproduceunderstandanlargeofincludingsentenceshaveneverbefore.Languageoftwosetstwolevels.Atlowerorisaofsounds,whichmeaninglessthemselves.Butoflanguagebeandintoalargeofofarefoundthelevelofthe不得用于商業(yè)用途
?僅供個(gè)人參考?Languagecanthingswhichorrealorimaginedmattersinthepast,inplaces.Inotherlanguagecantocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thisiswhat“displacement”means.Culturalhumanforgeneticbasis,i.e.,wewereallwithacquirelanguage,thedetailsoflanguagesystemaregeneticallyhavetaughtlearned.arethefunctionslanguage?Thinkofownexamplesillustration.答:Threeoftenoflanguage:descriptivefunction,function,andsocialfunction.descriptivefunctionisthefunctionwhichbeassertedordenied,andinevenFor“Chinaalargecountrywithahistory.expressivefunctionsuppliesinformationabouttheandvalues.For“Iwillneverwith”socialfunctionservesmaintainbetweenpeople..example:“are”ChapterPhonologyP30arethetwoOfoneprimaryandwhy?答:writingthemediaofcommunication.Oftwomediaofspeechprimaryforreasons,pleasetotheanswertothefifthinchapter.isvoicingandisitcaused?答:
VoicingisqualityofofallvowelsandconsonantsinEnglish.Itbyvibrationofcords.Explainbroadtranscriptionnarrowtranscriptiondiffer?答:
transcriptionwithletter-symbolsonlynormallyindictionariesandforgenerallatter,i.e.transcriptionwithletter-symbolswiththecallednarrowistranscriptionbyinofspeechsounds.oftheycanrepresentmuchofthefineitisnecessaryforInbroadthesymbol[l]isfor[l]inthefourwordsleaf[li:f],[fi:l],build[bild],andhealth[helθ].Asofthe[l]inallfoursoundcombinationsslightly.[l]in[li:f],beforeavowel,a[l],diacriticisindicateit;[1][fi:l]and[bild],theofawordorrconsonant,ispronounceddifferentlyfromtheclear[1]in“l(fā)eaf”.Itiscalleddark[?]innarrowtranscriptionthediacritic[]isusedtoindicateit.Thenthesoundcombination[helθ],thesound[l]followedbydentalsound[θ],itspronunciationissomewhataffectedbythedentalsoundthatfollowsit.Itisthuscalledadental[l],andinthediacritic[]isindicateit.Ittranscribedas[helexampleconsonantall[p]differentlyinthetwowordspitandspitInwordpit,the[p]iswithapuffofbutinspitpuffoftoextent.theofpit,[p]istoandinthecaseofspit,the[p]isunaspirated.isnotininription,asmallraised“h”isusedtoshowaspiration,thuspitisas[p
?t]andspittranscribed?t].HowtheEnglishconsonants答:caninoneisintermsofofarticulationandtheisintermsof不得用于商業(yè)用途
h僅供個(gè)人參考hofarticulation.Intermsofofarticulationtheconsonantsclassifiedintofollowingtypes:affricates,liquids,andInofofarticulation,itcanintotypes:bilabial,dental,alveolar,palatal,andglottal.criteriaareusedclassify答:
VowelsmaybeandbacktooftheisTofurtherofgroup,needtoapplyanothercriterion,theofthemouth.wethevowelsintofoursemi-closevowels,andAthirdthatoftenintheofistheoflips.Inallthefrontvowelsandvowelsi.e.,withoutroundingthelips,andallbackvowels,withtheexceptionofarerounded.Itthatvowelsbepronouncedwithroundedlips.A.Givephoneticeachsounddescriptions:palatalaffricatelabiodentalfricativealveolarshortlongbilabialB.phoneticfeaturesofeachthefollowing[t]2)[l][][w][][?]答:(1)[][f](3)][?](5)[:](6)[p]B.(1)alveolarvoicedliquidaffricate(4)voicedbilabialglideback,short(6)openHowdoandinfocusstudy?Whodothinkwillinterestedthebetween,say,[l]and[?],[p][p],aphoneticianorphonologist?Why?答:(1)Bothphonologyandarewiththesameaspectof–sounds.Butwhilebotharerelatedtoofsounds,,differinapproachandfocus.Phoneticsofaitinterestedinallsoundsinallhumanlanguages:howtheydifferwhatpossess,beclassified,etc.Phonology,ontheotheraimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinlanguagepatternsandhowthesetoconveyincommunication.Aphonologistwillbemoreinterestedinit.ofoffindgovernsthedistributionof[l]and[?],[p]and[p].isaphone?Howisitdifferentaphoneme?Howallophonesa答:AphoneticunitThewehearandduringcommunicationareallphones.Aisnotanyparticularsound,butratheritrepresentedoraphoneincontext.Thedifferentcanphonemeindifferentenvironmentscalledallophonesthatexample,/l/incanrealizeddark[?],[l],whichareoftheExplainsequentialrule,assimilationrule,deletionrule.答:Rulesthecombinationofinaparticulararesequentialrules.manysequentialrulesinifwordbeginswith[l]or[r],soundbeiswhy[lbik][lkbi]impossibleinviolatedrestrictionstheofphonemes.不得用于商業(yè)用途
僅供個(gè)人參考assimilationruleassimilatesonetoby“copying”afeatureofasequentialphoneme,makingphonessimilar.Assimilationofneighboringis,mostbyorprocesses.wespeak,wetendtoincreasetheeaseofarticulation.This“sloppy”tendencymaybecomeregularizedasrulesoflanguage.allisnotfeatureinitdoesdistinguishthisdoesmeanvowelsinEnglishnasalizedinnasalizedcertainphoneticcontexts.the[i:]inlikegreen,and.isbecauseinallthese[i:]isfollowednasal[n]or[m].assimilationruleaccountstheofthe[n]soundruleiswithinaword,thenasal[n]assumessameofarticulationtheconsonantthatknowthatinprefixin-betotheofwordnegative,–indiscreet,correct–.Butthesoundtheprefixin-alwaysanItisinwordindiscreettheconsonanti.e.[d],alveolarstop,the[n]soundwordactuallyasvelar[?];thisbecauseconsonantthatitis[k],isvelarwecanseethesoundwe“copying”afeatureoftheconsonantthatfollowsit.Deletionuswhenaisbedeletedalthoughitisorthographicallyhaveintheofsign,,andparadigm,thereisno[g]itrepresentedinspellingbytheincorrespondingsignature,,,the[g]representediscanas:Deletea[g]itbeforefinalnasalGivenrule,phonemicrepresentationofinsign–signature,resign–phlegm–phlegmatic,–paradigmaticwillincludewhichwillbedeletedtoifnosuffixisadded.10.Whatarefeatures?Howdomajorsupra-segmentalfeaturesin答:
phonemicoccurthelevelofsegmentsareThefeaturesstress,intonation,Theofinmeaning.Theretwokindsstress:stresssentencestress.ofmaychangetheofspeechwordfromnoun,toaverbunchanged.Tonesvariationswhichdistinguishjustlikephonemes.Intonationanroleinconveyanceofinalmosteverylanguage,inlanguagelikeEnglish.Whenspokenintones,sameofwordshavedifferentChapterMorphologyP40thewordsplacinga“+”betweeneachmorphemeandthenext:a.microfilef.psychophysicsh.答:+fileb.be+++pre+e.tele++f.fore+fatherpsycho+physicsmechanistThinkthreemorphemetheirmeaning,andtypesmaysuffixedtwoexamplesofeach.suffix:meaning:thepersonorthingperformingaction不得用于商業(yè)用途
僅供個(gè)人參考type:toexamples:actor,whoactsstageplays,motionpictures,etc.translator,“onetranslates答:(1)suffix:-ablemeaning:somethingbedoneortype:addedtoverbsexamples:acceptable,“canbeaccepted”respectable,“canberespectedsuffix:-lymeaning:functionaltype:addedtoexamples:freely.“adverbialof‘free’”quickly,“adverbialof'quick'”.suffix:-eemeaning:thepersonreceivingtheactiontype:addedverbsexamples:employee,“onewhoworksinacompanyinterviewee,“oneisinterviewed”Thinkthreeprefixes,givestemmaybeprefixedattwoexamplesofeach.a-prefix:a-meaning:“without;not”type:toexamples:asymmetric,“l(fā)ackingsymmetry”asexual,“withoutsexorsexorgans”答:(1)prefix:dis-meaning:showingoppositetype:addedtoverbsornouns:disapprove,prefix:
“donotapprove”“l(fā)ackhonesty”.meaning:against,opposedtoty
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