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/TheTraditionoftheRoseinEastIndianCultureandAyurvedicMedicineByMonikaJoshi玫瑰在東印度文化及阿育吠陀醫(yī)學(xué)中的傳統(tǒng)內(nèi)涵莫妮卡·喬希RoseshaveanenduringpresencethroughoutEastIndianculturalhistory.TheflowerwasusedandisstillusedtodayinceremoniessuchasHinduweddings,andinthepracticeofAyurvedicmedicine,atraditionalsystemofIndianhealing。ApplicationsofAyurvedamakeextraordinaryuseoftheblossoms,suchasinpreparationofrosefragrances.Oftenusedingarlands,thesefloraldecorat(yī)ionsserveasameansofpersonaladornment.Asabasicingredientofperfumes,theincenseindustrymakesuseoftheflower'sderivatives.Rosepetalsareusedinculinarypreparat(yī)ions,suchasthosefoundinTheGreatCurriesofIndia。Thepurposeofthisessayistofamiliarizereaderswiththehistorical,religiousandmedicalsignificanceofrosesinEastIndiancultureandAyurvedicmedicine。玫瑰在東印度傳統(tǒng)文化中存在已久.這一花卉一直用于印度教婚禮等儀式以及傳統(tǒng)的印度療法——阿育吠陀醫(yī)學(xué),今天依舊如此。[①]DavidFrawley,AyurvedicHealing:AComprehensiveGuide(Delhi:MotilalBanarsidassPrivateLimited,2000)6.阿育吠陀醫(yī)學(xué)在實(shí)踐中會(huì)特別使用玫瑰花,如用其制備玫瑰香氛等。玫瑰花還經(jīng)常被做成花環(huán),用作個(gè)人飾物.作為香水的基本原料,玫瑰的衍生品在香氛工業(yè)也得到充分利用.此外,玫瑰花瓣還可用于烹飪,在《美味的印度咖喱》(TheGreatCurriesofIndia)一書(shū)中可找到相關(guān)內(nèi)容。[②]烹飪法實(shí)例可參見(jiàn)[①]DavidFrawley,AyurvedicHealing:AComprehensiveGuide(Delhi:MotilalBanarsidassPrivateLimited,2000)6.[②]烹飪法實(shí)例可參見(jiàn)CamelliaPanjabi的著作TheGreatCurriesofIndia,40.HistoricalrecordsaboutthevarietiesofnativeIndianrosesareverylimited,exceptforancienttextsofAyurveda,whichidentifytheroseasapopularmedicinalingredient。However,withinthelastthirtyyears,archaeologicaldiscoveriesindicatethatflowerwasalreadyinuseinthee(cuò)arlyIndusValleycivilizationasoneofthebasicingredientsforpreparingaromaticoils。In1975,Dr。PaoloRovesti,directoroftheInstitutoDerivatiVegetaliinMilan,ledanexpeditiontoPakistan,anindependentcountrythatwaspartofIndiauntil1947,toinvestigatetheearlyIndusValleycivilization。Duringhisexpedition,hefoundaperfectlypreservedterracottadistillationapparatusintheMuseumofTaxila,datingfromabout3000B。C.Thepresenceofperfumecontainersexhibitedinthemuseum,datingfromthesameperiod,confirmsthepreparat(yī)ionofaromaticoilsinthe有關(guān)印度原產(chǎn)玫瑰的歷史記載非常有限,但在阿育吠陀醫(yī)學(xué)的典籍中卻不乏相關(guān)史料.這一醫(yī)學(xué)將玫瑰視為一種常用的藥物成分。然而,近三十年的考古發(fā)現(xiàn)表明,玫瑰在印度河谷文明早期就已被當(dāng)作一種制備芳香油的基本原料。米蘭植物衍生品研究所主任保羅·洛瓦斯蒂博士曾于1975年率科考隊(duì)前往巴基斯坦,對(duì)那里的早期印度河谷文明進(jìn)行了考察。巴基斯坦如今是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的國(guó)家,但在1947年以前還是印度的一部分。在考察過(guò)程中,洛瓦斯蒂博士在塔克西拉博物館發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)保存完好的、可追溯至約公元前三千年的陶制蒸餾裝置。同一時(shí)代的香水容器也在該博物館的展品之列,由此可見(jiàn),芳香油制作工藝早在印度河谷文明時(shí)代就已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了。[③]關(guān)于洛瓦斯蒂博士的考察情況,可參見(jiàn)TheIllustratedEncyclopediaofEssentialOilsbyJuliaLawless,18.[③[③]關(guān)于洛瓦斯蒂博士的考察情況,可參見(jiàn)TheIllustratedEncyclopediaofEssentialOilsbyJuliaLawless,18.[④]見(jiàn)TheColumbiaElectronicEncyclopedia,SixthEdition,ColumbiaUniversityPress,2003,s.v.‘Babur.’BaburwasadescendantofGenghisKhan,athirteenthcenturyrulerwhofoundedanempirethatincludedpartsofChina,CentralAsia,theMiddleEastandEurope.In1525,BaburestablishedhimselfassultanbymarchinghisarmyfromKabul,Afghanistan,toPunjab,aregionofthenorthwesternIndiansubcontinent,andconqueringallofIndia。FollowingBabur,theMughalEmpireproducedfiveothergreatemperors,Humayun,Akbar,Jahangir,ShahjahanandAurangjeb,whowerecollectivelyresponsibleforcreat(yī)ingamassiveempireinIndia.ItwasduringtheMughalperiodthatIndiasawagoldenageofarts,militaryadvancement,architectureandgardens.EmperorAkbar,andlaterhissonJahangir,arecreditedwithdevelopingtheMughalstyleofartinIndia。PortraiturebecameprevalentinthetimeofAkbar,andheimmortalizedtherosethroughaportraitofhimselfholdingtheflowerinhishand。MughalartdevelopedfurtherduringthetimeofJahangirandhisfascinationwithnaturalscienceresultedinpaintingsofbirds,flowersandanimals.Oneofthemostfamousliteraryandartworksthatfeaturesaroseis“Gulistan,Gardenof巴布爾是十三世紀(jì)橫跨中國(guó)、中亞、中東和歐洲的帝國(guó)的創(chuàng)立者和統(tǒng)治者——成吉思汗的后裔.1525年,巴布爾率軍從阿富汗的喀布爾攻入印度次大陸西北部的旁遮普邦,征服了整個(gè)印度,并自立為蘇丹王。巴布爾之后,莫臥兒帝國(guó)又先后出現(xiàn)了五位偉大的帝王——胡馬雍、阿克巴、賈汗季、沙賈汗和奧朗澤布,他們?cè)谟《裙餐瑒?chuàng)建了一個(gè)龐大的莫臥兒帝國(guó).也正是在這一時(shí)期,印度的藝術(shù)、軍事、建筑和園藝等各方面的發(fā)展步入黃金時(shí)代[⑤]SarinaSingh,India,10thed.(Oakland,CA:LonelyPlanet,2003),21-26.[⑤]。阿克巴皇帝以及后來(lái)他的兒子賈汗季都為印度莫臥兒時(shí)代的藝術(shù)發(fā)展做出了貢獻(xiàn)。阿克巴執(zhí)政時(shí)期,肖像畫(huà)法盛行,他自己手持玫瑰的一幅肖像畫(huà)留下了關(guān)于玫瑰的不朽記錄。賈汗季執(zhí)政時(shí)期,莫臥兒藝術(shù)得到進(jìn)一步發(fā)展,他對(duì)自然科學(xué)的癡迷催生了許多花、鳥(niǎo)及動(dòng)物的繪畫(huà)作品.[⑥]同上,53.[⑥]以玫瑰為主題的最著名的一部文學(xué)藝術(shù)作品,當(dāng)屬沙賈汗皇帝命人作的繪有玫瑰的詩(shī)作[⑤]SarinaSingh,India,10thed.(Oakland,CA:LonelyPlanet,2003),21-26.[⑥]同上,53.[⑦]《玫瑰園》:世界文學(xué)名著,伊斯蘭教勸諭性故事詩(shī)集,由波斯著名詩(shī)人薩迪(Sadi,1210~1292)創(chuàng)作,成書(shū)于1258年。書(shū)名Gulistan(TheRoseGarden)有多種中文譯法,音譯為“古力斯坦”或“古麗司湯”,國(guó)內(nèi)已出版的中文譯本將其意譯為《薔薇園》《玫瑰園》或《真境花園》?!g者注SubsequenttotheMughals,theEastIndiaCompanyiscreditedwithroductionofawidevarietyofrosesintoIndia。TheEastIndiaCompanywasacommercialtradingventurefoundedbytheBritishinthe1700s。EventuallyitwouldruleIndiaasitacquiredgovernmentalandmilitaryfunctions.RoyE。Sheperd,ahistorianandauthorof“HistoryoftheRose,”anarticleforScienceEducation,writesthatsomespeciesofroseshavebee(cuò)ncultivatedbytheEastIndiaCompanyinthebotanicalgardensofCalcutta.Today,rosesgracemanyofthegardensfoundthroughoutIndia.莫臥兒帝國(guó)之后,東印度公司又將許多玫瑰品種引入印度。東印度公司是英國(guó)在十八世紀(jì)開(kāi)辦的商貿(mào)機(jī)構(gòu),因獲取了政府和軍事職能,最終成為統(tǒng)治印度的工具。歷史學(xué)家羅伊·E·謝帕德(RoyE。Sheperd)曾在《科學(xué)教育》期刊發(fā)表《玫瑰的歷史》一文,文中指出,有些玫瑰品種是東印度公司在加爾各答的植物園培育而成的。[⑧]RoyE.Shepard,“HistoryoftheRose,”ScienceEducation[⑧]RoyE.Shepard,“HistoryoftheRose,”ScienceEducation,39(1954),182-183.FminentlyinShalimarGardenofSrinagar,thecapitalofKashmirinthenorthernmosttipofIndia,agardenofrosesisalegacyofMughalemperorShahjahan.Thissitedemonstratesbeautifulsitecontoursthroughthechannelingofastreamofwat(yī)erthatflowsdowntothenortheastcornerofthelakefromthehillsabove。Originally,thegardencouldonlybeaccessedbywater,butitisnowaccessiblebyaroadthatrunsaroundtheDalLake。ComingsouthfromKashmir,thereisZakirGulabBagh,afamousrosegardenintheareaofChandigarh。Dr.M。S。Randhawa,thefirstchiefministerofChandigarhandapatronofhorticulture,isthemastermindplannerofthisplot。Establishedin1967,thethirtyacregardenisnamedafter夏利瑪花園位于印度最北端的克什米爾邦首府斯利那加市,這一玫瑰園特色鮮明,是莫臥兒帝國(guó)皇帝沙賈汗留給后人的遺產(chǎn).玫瑰園依地形而建,景色秀美,一條小河自山頂蜿蜒而下,從東北角注入湖中。最初,只能由水路進(jìn)入花園,但現(xiàn)在可由環(huán)繞達(dá)爾湖的一條公路抵達(dá)。[⑨]AttilioPetruccioli,“ShalimarGardensinSrinagar,”availablefrom/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=8861;Internet;accessed19March2007.[⑨]由克什米爾向南,就到了昌迪加爾地區(qū)的著名玫瑰園——扎基爾花園(ZakirGulabBagh)。花園建于1967年,占地30英畝,由昌迪加爾地區(qū)的首任行政長(zhǎng)官、園藝支持者M(jìn)·S·蘭德哈瓦博士主持規(guī)劃建造,并以印度前總統(tǒng)扎基爾·侯賽因博士的名字命名。花園內(nèi),藥用樹(shù)種、噴泉和玫瑰花坪相映成趣;一片一片的玫瑰花大小不同、形態(tài)各異,可謂多姿多彩;草坪和花壇排列整齊、錯(cuò)落有致,1600個(gè)或天然或雜交品種的玫瑰遍布其中。每年二、三月份,會(huì)有成千上萬(wàn)的人來(lái)此觀賞一年一度的玫瑰節(jié)。[⑩]SuniSystems(P)Ltd,“Chandigarh,”available[⑨]AttilioPetruccioli,“ShalimarGardensinSrinagar,”availablefrom/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=8861;Internet;accessed19March2007.[⑩]SuniSystems(P)Ltd,“Chandigarh,”availablefrom/city/chandigarh/park.htm;Internet;accessed19March2007. FurthersouthinDelhi,thecapitalofIndia,aretheskillfullyplannedMughalGardenssurroundingRashtrapatiBhavan,theofficialpresidentialresidencewhichareopentothepublicFebruaryandMarchofeveryyear.Thegardensarelaidouton130acresandhave250differentvarietiesofroses.TheCircularGardenareahas128varietiesofrosessuchas‘Tajmahal,’and‘Arjun.’The‘Oklahoma’varietyhasbeendescribedbyafrequentvisitortothisrosegarden,as‘thedarkestmaroonrose’,nearlyblack.Thelandscapealsofeaturesbluerosescalled‘繼續(xù)向南,就到了印度首都德里.構(gòu)思巧妙的莫臥兒花園環(huán)繞在印度總統(tǒng)府(RashtrapatiBhavan)即總統(tǒng)官邸的周?chē)?每年二、三月份向公眾開(kāi)放.花園占地130英畝,250個(gè)不同品種的玫瑰遍布園中,其中圓形花園區(qū)就有包括“泰姬”(Tajmahal)、“阿瓊”(Arjun)在內(nèi)的128個(gè)品種。園中有一個(gè)品種叫“俄克拉荷馬",幾近黑色,曾被一位花園常客描述為“顏色最深的栗色玫瑰”.[11]EyewitnessaccountfromRajKumariSharma,theauthor’smother,14February2007.據(jù)目擊者、作者的母親RajKumariSharma2007年2月14日所述。[11]此外,這里還有被稱(chēng)為“天堂"和[11]EyewitnessaccountfromRajKumariSharma,theauthor’smother,14February2007.據(jù)目擊者、作者的母親RajKumariSharma2007年2月14日所述。Bangalore,acityinsouthIndia,servesasanindustrialandeducationalcenterforthecountry.Itisalsoknownasthe‘GardenCityofIndia,’inhonorofitsbeautifulgardens.IndianMuslimruler,HyderAli,andlat(yī)erhissonTipuSultan,commissionedalargebotanicalgardenintheeighteenthcentury.Alidecidedtocreatethisgarden,called‘Lalbagh,’asameansofrivalingtheMughalGardensthatweregainingpopularityatthattime.Lal,inHindi,thenationallanguageofIndia,standsforred,andBagh,standsforgarden。ItissaidthatMuslimemperor,TipuSultan,exclaimed,“位于印度南部的班加羅爾市是印度的工業(yè)和教育中心。該市擁有眾多景色怡人的花園,被稱(chēng)為“印度的花園城市”。在十八世紀(jì),印度的穆斯林統(tǒng)治者海德?tīng)枴ぐ⒗铮℉yderAli)及后來(lái)其子提普蘇丹(TipuSultan)曾命人在此建造了一座大型植物園,名為“拉爾巴格”。阿里決定建此花園的目的,是與當(dāng)時(shí)名氣日漸高漲的莫臥兒風(fēng)格的花園相較量?!袄瓲枴痹谟《鹊膰?guó)語(yǔ)印地語(yǔ)中意為紅色,而“巴格”意為花園。據(jù)說(shuō),當(dāng)穆斯林皇帝提普蘇丹見(jiàn)到花園中滿(mǎn)目的紅玫瑰以及設(shè)計(jì)得頗具美感的草坪、花壇、蓮池和噴泉后,驚嘆道:“拉爾巴格!”花園占地240英畝,玫瑰品種多達(dá)數(shù)百個(gè),一年一度的花展吸引著成千上萬(wàn)的游客前來(lái)觀賞。[12]LonelyPlanetPublications,“LalbaghBotanicalGardens,”availablefrom/worldguide/destinations/asia/india/bangalore?poi=1000151254;Internet;accessed14April2007.Singh,[12]LonelyPlanetPublications,“LalbaghBotanicalGardens,”availablefrom/worldguide/destinations/asia/india/bangalore?poi=1000151254;Internet;accessed14April2007.Singh,India,53.Theselavishoccasionsprovideagreatmarketforfreshflowers,especiallyroses。Theuseoftheflowersbeginswiththedecorat(yī)ionofthefloralarchwaythat(yī)leadstotheweddinghall.Thesearchesarecoveredwithflowerpetalsthatarearrangedtoformbeautifulpat(yī)terns,suchasthenamesofthebrideandgroom。Duringtheceremony,thebrideandgroomoftenexchangerosegarlands,andtheweddingmandap,aspeciallypreparedstageorenclosure,isoftendecoratedwithroses。Thisstructurecontainssupportbeamsfromwhichstringsofflowersandmangoleavesarehungtoformanelaboratecanopywheretheweddingceremonytakesplace.Afterthewedding,agrandreceptiontakesplacewherethee(cuò)ntirebackgroundofthestageforthebrideandgroomisdecoratedwithcountlessstringsofflowers。Theweddingnightalsomakesabundantuseoftherosesindecoratingthenuptialbed.Canopiedbedsarespeciallypreparedwithflowers;themostpreferredbeingroses,inordertocreat(yī)eacurtainfromallfourposts。Rosepetalsarestrewnonthemaritalbedtocreateaninvitingandmemorablesettingfortheyoungcoupleontheirfirstnighttogether.Alongwithweddingrituals,rosesarewidelyusedinreligiouspractices。這些奢華的場(chǎng)合為鮮花尤其是玫瑰提供了一個(gè)巨大的市場(chǎng)。鮮花的使用從通往婚禮大廳的鮮花拱門(mén)開(kāi)始。這些覆蓋著花瓣的拱門(mén)往往會(huì)布置出精美的圖案來(lái),比如用花瓣拼出新郎和新娘的名字。婚禮過(guò)程中,新郎和新娘通常要交換玫瑰花環(huán)?;槎Y的“曼黛"(mandap),即特別為婚禮布設(shè)的舞臺(tái)或天棚,也常用玫瑰裝點(diǎn)。這一建筑由四根桿子撐起,橫梁上掛滿(mǎn)一串一串的鮮花和芒果葉,形成精美的華蓋,而婚禮儀式就在華蓋下舉行。舞臺(tái)的整個(gè)背景也要用無(wú)數(shù)串鮮花來(lái)布設(shè)?;槎Y之后,盛大的婚宴會(huì)在這里舉辦。新婚之夜的婚床也同樣要用大量的玫瑰花,帶有罩蓋的床尤其適宜用鮮花裝點(diǎn),而首選的鮮花也是玫瑰。玫瑰花順著四根床柱垂下,形成漂亮的花幔。玫瑰花瓣會(huì)撒滿(mǎn)婚床,為新人的初夜?fàn)I造出一個(gè)溫馨、難忘的愛(ài)巢。與廣泛用于婚禮一樣,玫瑰花在宗教儀式中也會(huì)派上用場(chǎng).Inworshipceremonies,garlandsofrosesarefrequentlyofferedtodeities。SuchanofferingisthefavoriteoftheHinduGodKrishna.InhisbookSacredWaters,westernauthorStephenAlterrecountspersonalexperiencesofusingrosesinworship.OnapilgrimagetotheGangesRiver,themostsacredriverinIndia,apriestgavehimahandfulofflowerpetals,jasmine,roseandmarigold,inhiscuppedpalmsandtoldhimtoreleasethemintotheHolyGanges.Healsorecountsthathewasinstructedtosprinklerosepetalsonthestat(yī)ueofKrishna。DuringavisittoVrindavan,135kilometerssouthofDelhiinthestateofUttarPradesh,aplacerenownedforitstemplesofLordKrishna,aneyewitnesssawtheroadsleadingtothetemplesfilledwithvendorsonbothsides.Therosevendorswerereadywithbeautiful,fragrantrosesbeforedevoteesstartedpouringinformorningprayers。Thescentoftheroseswassointoxicating,thatitstayedwiththevisitoronthelongdrivebacktoDelhi.在祭神儀式上,信徒們通常會(huì)把玫瑰花環(huán)獻(xiàn)給神靈。這也是印度教的克利須那[13]克利須那(Krishna):又譯“吉栗瑟拏”、“奎師那”,亦稱(chēng)黑天,乃印度教毗濕奴神諸多化身中最得人緣的神祇?!g者注[13]神最喜愛(ài)的供品.西方作家斯蒂芬·奧爾特在其《圣水》(SacredWaters)一書(shū)中,記述了使用玫瑰來(lái)祭神的個(gè)人經(jīng)歷。在去印度最神圣的河--恒河[13]克利須那(Krishna):又譯“吉栗瑟拏”、“奎師那”,亦稱(chēng)黑天,乃印度教毗濕奴神諸多化身中最得人緣的神祇?!g者注[14]ThisriverissacredtoHindusandaccordingtopopularbelief,tobatheinthesacredwatersoftheriveristowashawayanindividual’ssins.Anotherbeliefstatesthatscatteringtheashesofthedeadintotheriverwillensurethatthesoulreachesheaven.Severaltempleshavebeenbuiltatstrategicpointsalongtheriverinordertoattractlargenumbersofpilgrimsyear-round.該河流是印度人的圣河。人們普遍相信,在此圣河中沐浴可洗去個(gè)人的罪孽。還有人相信,把死者的骨灰撒入此河,可確保其靈魂升入天堂。沿著河岸邊的關(guān)鍵位置建有一些寺廟,以吸引終年不斷的大批朝圣者。[15]EyewitnessaccountbytheauthoronavisittoIndia28March2004這是作者2004年3月28日訪問(wèn)印度時(shí)的親身經(jīng)歷。AccordingtotheBrahmaKumariWorldSpiritualorganization,whichoriginatedinIndia,rosesaresymbolicofsurrender。Thefallingofeachrosepetal,onebyone,iscomparedtothehumansurrendertoGodinallaspectsoflife。ShreeKripalujiMaharaj,founderofJagadguruKripaluParishatandspiritualmasterandapoet—saintofrecenttimes,hasinfluencedthousandsofdevoteesaroundtheworldintheBhaktiMarg,thepathofloveordevotiontoGod.Hecallstherose,“KingofFlowers,”foritsbeautyandfragrance.Alongwithreligiousceremonies,therosealsohasaplaceinIndianfolklore.發(fā)源于印度的“布拉馬庫(kù)馬里斯世界精神組織”(BrahmaKumarisWorldSpiritualorganization)認(rèn)為,玫瑰是臣服的象征。玫瑰花瓣一片片凋零,象征著人在生活的各個(gè)方面對(duì)神的臣服。賈戈德古魯·克里帕魯·帕里沙特(JagadguruKripaluParishat)組織的創(chuàng)始人、當(dāng)代精神大師和詩(shī)圣詩(shī)瑞·克利帕魯吉·瑪哈拉吉(ShreeKripalujiMaharaj),在奉?lèi)?ài)之途(BhaktiMarg)——向神奉獻(xiàn)愛(ài)或表達(dá)虔誠(chéng)的途徑-—中,影響了全世界成千上萬(wàn)的信徒。[16]HinduphilosophydescribesfourpathstoGodrealization.ThesepathsareBhaktiyoga,Karmayoga,RajayogaandHathayoga.Bhaktiyogaormarg(path)isthepathofloveordevotiontoGod.Karmayogaisthepathofservice.Rajayogaorroyal(path)isthepathofscientificmeditationandHathayogaisthepathofdiscipliningthebodytotranscendthebody’sconsciousness.印度哲學(xué)描述了四條通神途徑:善者瑜伽(Bhaktiyoga)、譯業(yè)瑜伽([16]HinduphilosophydescribesfourpathstoGodrealization.ThesepathsareBhaktiyoga,Karmayoga,RajayogaandHathayoga.Bhaktiyogaormarg(path)isthepathofloveordevotiontoGod.Karmayogaisthepathofservice.Rajayogaorroyal(path)isthepathofscientificmeditationandHathayogaisthepathofdiscipliningthebodytotranscendthebody’sconsciousness.印度哲學(xué)描述了四條通神途徑:善者瑜伽(Bhaktiyoga)、譯業(yè)瑜伽(Karmayoga)、皇者瑜伽(Rajayoga)和哈他瑜伽(Hathayoga)。善者瑜伽或瑪格(marg,意為途徑)是向神表達(dá)愛(ài)與虔誠(chéng)之路,譯業(yè)瑜伽是無(wú)私服務(wù)之路,皇者瑜伽是科學(xué)冥想之路,而哈他瑜伽則是自我調(diào)控身體從而超越身體意識(shí)之路。WhilethelotusfindsmentionintheearlyVedictextsofancientIndia,rosesarerarelyfeatured,withthee(cuò)xceptionofthelegendofPadmavati,datedmuchlat(yī)er.AccordingtoanancientHindulegend,thegoddessLakshmiissaidtohavebeencreatedfrom108largeand1008smallrosepetals。ThestoryrelatesthatbothGodBrahmaandGodVishnu,hadanargumentastowhichwasmorebeautiful,thelotusortherose?WhileVishnusaiditwastherose,Brahma,whohadneversee(cuò)narose,refusedtoacceptit.Finally,whenBrahmasawarose,hewassoenamoredwiththebeautyoftheflowerthathecreatedthegoddessLakshmioutitspetals。Asmentionedearlier,thetraditionalformofAyurvedicIndianhealingissteepedwiththetraditionoftherose.在古代印度的早期吠陀文獻(xiàn)中,可以見(jiàn)到對(duì)蓮花的記述,但除了很久以后才出現(xiàn)的帕德瑪瓦蒂(Padmavati)傳說(shuō)以外,玫瑰卻鮮有提及.根據(jù)古印度傳說(shuō),女神拉克希米(Lakshmi)是由108片大玫瑰花瓣和1008片小玫瑰花瓣生成的。故事中講道,梵天神和毗濕奴神對(duì)于蓮花和玫瑰哪個(gè)更漂亮,意見(jiàn)不一。[17]TheHindutrinityconsistsofBrahma,thecreator;Vishnu,thepreserver,andShiva,thedestroyer.印度教三大主神包括創(chuàng)造之神梵天、保護(hù)之神毗濕奴以及毀滅之神濕婆。[17]毗濕奴認(rèn)為玫瑰更美麗,但從未見(jiàn)過(guò)玫瑰的梵天拒絕接受這一觀點(diǎn)。最后當(dāng)梵天見(jiàn)到玫瑰時(shí),為其美麗所徹底傾倒,遂用玫瑰花瓣創(chuàng)造了拉克希米女神.[17]TheHindutrinityconsistsofBrahma,thecreator;Vishnu,thepreserver,andShiva,thedestroyer.印度教三大主神包括創(chuàng)造之神梵天、保護(hù)之神毗濕奴以及毀滅之神濕婆。[18]R,“ABriefHistoryofRoses,”availablefrom/history.php;Internet;accessed15March2007.ThelanguageofAyurvedaisSanskrit,oneoftheoldestwrittentongues。TherootsofthewordareAyusandVedas.Ayusmaybetranslatedas‘life’andVedasas‘knowledge。'Hence,Ayurvedaisthe‘KnowledgeofLife?!疉ccordingtoastronomicalrecordsintheancientVedas,themostauthoritativeHindusacredtexts,Ayurvedawasinpracticebefore4000B。C.Ayurvedateachesthatmanisamicrocosm,auniversewithinhimself.Heisachildofthecosmicforcesoftheexternalenvironment,themacrocosm.Hisindividualexistenceisindivisiblefromthetotalcosmicmanifestation。Ayurvedaviewshealthand“dis-ease"inholisticterms,takingintoconsiderationtheinherentrelationshipbetweentheindividualandthecosmicspirit,individualandcosmicconsciousness,andenergyandmatter.ThewisdomofAyurvedawasintuitivelyreceivedintheheartsofrishis,theseersoftruth.Theyperceivedthat(yī)consciousnesswasenergymanifestedintothefivebasicprinciples,orelements;Etherorspace,Air,Water,FireandEarth。ThisconceptofthefiveelementsistheheartofAyurvedicscience,whichstatesthatthefivebasicelementspresentinallmatteralsoexistwithineachindividualandmanifestthemselvesinthefunctioningofthefivesensesofhearing,touch,vision,tasteandsmell.Thephysiologyofthehumanbeingisgovernedbythree(cuò)mainforceswhmonlyknownasthethreedoshasorhumors,calledVata,PittaandKapha。Vat(yī)aismadeupofairandether,PittaismadeupoffireandwaterandKaphaismadeupofwaterandearth.Thesethreehumors,governallthebiological,psychologicalandphysiologicalfunctionsofthebody,mindandconsciousness.Iftheyareoutofbalance,theresultisdisease?!鞍⒂屯印保ˋyurveda)一詞為梵文——世界上最古老的書(shū)面語(yǔ)言之一.其字根為“阿育”(Ayus)和“吠陀”(Vedas),阿育可譯為“生命”,吠陀可譯為“知識(shí)”,因此“阿育吠陀"即為“生命的知識(shí)”。[19]MarcHalpern,PrinciplesofAyurvedicMedicine,Student’sTextbook,PartOne,6thed.(GrassValley,CA:CaliforniaCollegeofAyurveda,2004)1-3.[19]根據(jù)古老的、最權(quán)威的印度圣典《吠陀經(jīng)》中的天文學(xué)記錄,早在公元前四千年以前,阿育吠陀就已經(jīng)應(yīng)用于實(shí)踐之中。阿育吠陀教導(dǎo)人們,人是一個(gè)微觀世界,是宇宙在其體內(nèi)的縮影,是外部環(huán)境即宏觀世界的宇宙力量之產(chǎn)物。人類(lèi)個(gè)體的存在與整個(gè)宇宙現(xiàn)象不可分割。[20]Frawley,AyurvedicHealing:AComprehensiveGuide,6.[20]阿育吠陀把個(gè)體與宇宙精神、個(gè)體與宇宙意識(shí)以及能量與物質(zhì)之間的內(nèi)在關(guān)系納入自己的考慮范圍,把健康與疾病視為一個(gè)整體.[21]VasantLad,“Ayurveda,TheScienceofSelfHealing”(Delhi:MotilalBanarsidassPublishers,1984),18.[21][19]MarcHalpern,PrinciplesofAyurvedicMedicine,Student’sTextbook,PartOne,6thed.(GrassValley,CA:CaliforniaCollegeofAyurveda,2004)1-3.[20]Frawley,AyurvedicHealing:AComprehensiveGuide,6.[21]VasantLad,“Ayurveda,TheScienceofSelfHealing”(Delhi:MotilalBanarsidassPublishers,1984),18.[22]Frawley.同上。Ayurvedarecognizestheuniquephysicalandmentalconstitutionofanindividualanddetectsthecurrentstateofimbalancethroughvarioustechniques.Itthenoffersawiderangeofmodalitiestoenableindividualstotakecareoftheirhealth.Ayurvedaisnotasystemofhealinginwhicheveryoneenjoysthesamepracticesandrarelyaretwotreatmentplansalike.HealingthroughAyurvedainvolvesallfivesenses,andtheroseisusedinmanyofthesetreat(yī)ments。Thesenseoftasteisaddressedthrouperdietandherbs,androsesareoftencombinedwithherbswhicharethenadministeredasanintegralpartofthehealingprocess.Aromatherapyaddressesthesenseofsmell,ofwhichrosefragrancesareoftenpresent。Visionisaddressedthroughcolortherapy,androsescanbeutilizedforthispurpose。Musicandsoundenergiesapplytothesenseofhearing.Finally,thesenseoftouchisadministeredtothroughspeciallypreparedherbaloilmassages,ofwhichroseoilisoftenaningredient。阿育吠陀承認(rèn)每一個(gè)個(gè)體都具有獨(dú)特的身體和心理構(gòu)成,并通過(guò)各種方法診斷一個(gè)人當(dāng)前的失衡情況,然后提供多種療法使其自我調(diào)整、恢復(fù)健康.它不是那種人人共用同一療法的康復(fù)體系,因而兩個(gè)治療方案一模一樣的情況極為少見(jiàn)。阿育吠陀療法涉及到人的所有五種感官,而玫瑰在很多療法中都會(huì)派上用場(chǎng):針對(duì)味覺(jué)的療法通過(guò)合理的膳食和藥草來(lái)進(jìn)行,玫瑰常和其它藥草配在一起給病人服用,成為此種療法重要的組成部分;香薰療法針對(duì)的是人的嗅覺(jué),這一過(guò)程少不了玫瑰的芬芳;針對(duì)視覺(jué)的療法是顏色療法,玫瑰當(dāng)然可以用于其中;音樂(lè)和聲能(soundenergies)用于針對(duì)聽(tīng)覺(jué)的療法;最后,針對(duì)觸覺(jué)的療法是通過(guò)特別制備的植物精油按摩來(lái)進(jìn)行,而玫瑰精油通常是植物精油家族中不可或缺的一員。Thecoolingandsoothingqualitiesofrosesareusedinvarioustreatments。Rosepetals,withtheirsweettasteandcoolproperties,haveanexcellentpost-digestiveeffect。Rosesarealsousedinlaxativeanddigestiveformulasbecausetheyenhanceabsorption。Emotionally,roseshelpincreasefeelingsoflove,compassionanddevotion。Rosederivatives,likerosepetalpowder,massageoil,oraromat(yī)herapyoil,arealterative,antimicrobialandantipyretic。Theycleansetheeyesandnourishthefemalereproductivesystem。Coldpoulticeswithroseandsandalwoodpastesaresometimesprescribedtoalleviateanykindofburningsensations.Whenusedovertime,the“essenceofrose”pacifiesheatintheblood,thuskeepingimbalancesintheskinfromerupting。Thisisoftenusedinacnetreatmentsinordertoremoveanydullnessintheskin.Rosederivativesareunsurpassedbeautyoils.
Rose—basedoilsbenefiteveryskintypeandareoftenusedinlotionstotreat(yī)infected,dry,orsensitiveskin.Conjunctivitis,eyepain,irritationandvariousinflammationsoftheeyescanbetreatedwiththeuseofrosewat(yī)er.玫瑰因具有清涼和鎮(zhèn)定的特性而被用于各種療法.味甜性涼的玫瑰花瓣有極好的助消化作用。玫瑰可促進(jìn)吸收,因而也被用于通便和改善消化的處方中。玫瑰還有助于調(diào)節(jié)人的情緒,增進(jìn)愛(ài)心、同情和奉獻(xiàn)等情感。玫瑰的衍生品,比如玫瑰花瓣粉、按摩油或芳香油,則具有改善體質(zhì)、抗菌和退熱的功效,還可用于清洗眼睛和滋養(yǎng)女性生殖系統(tǒng)。[23]Halpern.同上.[23]Halpern.同上.10-17.Aromat(yī)herapyisanintegralpartofAyurveda。Unlikefoodsorherbs,aromasworkmoredirectlyonthemindandbodyandareoftenanimportantpartoftreatingpsychologicaldisorders.AccordingtoAyurvedictexts,rosesareconnectedwithphysiologicalfactorsernemotionsandtheireffectsontheheart.Roseextractsaresoothingtoboththeheartanditsemotions.Thefragranceofroseoilproducesagentlebuteffectiveantidepressanteffect.Itbringsjoytotheheart,promotesfeelingsoflove,reducesfear,drivesawaymelancholy,helpsrecoveryfromgriefandalsosettlestheheartbycombatingtheunwillingnesstoletgo.Asaperfume,rosefragrancesrepresenttheessenceofpurityandinnocence,yetcanalsoactasanaphrodisiac。Gulkand,anAyurvedicjammadeprimarilyofrosepetalsandrejuvenatingherbs,isusedasacoolingtonictocombat(yī)fatigueandheat(yī)-relatedconditions;itisalsonat(yī)urallyrichincalciumandhasantioxidantproperties.香薰療法是阿育吠陀醫(yī)學(xué)不可或缺的組成部分。與食物和藥草不同,香薰可以更直接地作用于身心,因而常常成為治療心理機(jī)能失調(diào)的重要療法。[24]同上.10-12.[24]根據(jù)阿育吠陀相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),玫瑰與控制情感及影響心臟的生理因素密切相關(guān).玫瑰精華對(duì)心臟和心情均具有舒緩作用。玫瑰油的芳香具有溫和卻有效的抗抑郁作用,它可以愉悅心情、增進(jìn)愛(ài)心、減輕恐懼感、驅(qū)除憂(yōu)郁,還有助于人們走出悲痛,戰(zhàn)勝不愿釋放的糾結(jié)心態(tài),從而達(dá)到心境平和。[25]Frawley.同上.327.[25]玫瑰的香氣作為一種香味兒,代表著純潔和清白的本質(zhì),但也可以用作春藥?!肮艩柨驳隆?gulkand)-—[24]同上.10-12.[25]Frawley.同上.327.[26]DavidCrow,“ThePharmacyofFlowers,”availablefrom/article.php?article=10;Internet;accessed17March2007.TheancientscienceofAyurvedaanditsrose—focusedprescriptionscontinuetobeusedeffectivelyinmoderndaysandcanbeappliedanywhereintheworld。OneexampleoccurredinFresno,如今,古老的阿育吠陀醫(yī)學(xué)及其以玫瑰為主要配方的療法依然被有效運(yùn)用著,在世界各地發(fā)揮著作用。有這樣一個(gè)案例:2007年1月18日在美國(guó)加利福尼亞州的弗雷斯諾市,一位87歲的肝癌晚期患者被告知只剩下兩周時(shí)間了?;颊呒覍儆谑钦?qǐng)來(lái)一位阿育吠陀醫(yī)師幫助病人走完此生的最后一程。醫(yī)師一邊把玫瑰水灑在病人周?chē)?,一邊輕聲吟誦舒緩的經(jīng)文。這種玫瑰療法使病人平靜下來(lái),安然入睡,甚至也讓他同屋的病友第一次徹夜而眠。護(hù)士們對(duì)此驚嘆不已,不過(guò)人們相信,是玫瑰水和誦經(jīng)的高頻效應(yīng)改變了病房的氛圍,并最終在病人身上產(chǎn)生了影響。[27][27]Eyewitnessaccountbytheauthor,18January2007.這是作者2007年1月18日親眼所見(jiàn)。Indianculturehasastrongemphasisonreligionandspiritualityandgivesmuchimportancetotherolethataromascanplayinevokingdivineinspiration.Itisbelievedthatthearomaofsandalwood,jasmineorrosecancarrythehumanspirittosublimelevels。Richaromasofplants,herbsandflowershavebeentappedandincorporatedaspureessences,ofteninoils,tocreateanatmosphereconducivetospirituality.Inaddition,thesefragrances,intheformofanointingliquids,whetheroilorwaterbased,areusedinpersonaladornment.PerhapsoneoftheoldesttextsthatrecordtheuseoffragrantoilsforthispurposeistheKamasutra,thecomprehensivetextonsexandsexualityattributedtothesageVatsyayanaintheearlyfourthcenturyA。D.Theuseofperfumedoilsislistedasoneofthesixty-fourartsofwhichwomenshouldpossessgreatknowledge。Vatsyayanaalsocounselsthatanidealmanwouldapplyalimitedquantityofointmentsandperfumestohisbody.Inanotherchapter,thesagetalksabouttheuseoffreshflowersandointmentsasameanstocreatetheatmosphereforsexualcongress。Referenceto“thepleasure-room,decoratedwithflowers,andfragrantwithperfumes”appearsinthevoluminoustreat(yī)iseonsexuality.印度文化強(qiáng)調(diào)宗教和靈性,特別重視芳香在喚起對(duì)神靈的感應(yīng)方面的作用。人們相信,檀香木、茉莉和玫瑰的芳香可以把人的精神帶入崇高境界。人們從植物、藥草和鮮花馥郁的芳香中萃取精華,制成精油,來(lái)營(yíng)造一種有助于靈修的氛圍。此外,這些芳香還以油狀或水狀乳液的形式,被用作個(gè)人修飾品.也許記載芳香油這一用途的最古老的文獻(xiàn)之一是《愛(ài)經(jīng)》(Kamasutra)?!稅?ài)經(jīng)》是公元四世紀(jì)初智者華希雅雅那(Vat(yī)syayana)編纂的一部關(guān)于性與性愛(ài)的綜合性典籍。在書(shū)中,芳香油的使用被視為女子應(yīng)該熟練掌握的六十四種技巧之一。華希雅雅那還建議,理想的男人也應(yīng)使用少量的油膏和香水.[28]RichardBurton,“OntheArtsandSciencestobeStudied,”inKamasutra[bookon-line],availablefrom/text/kama103.htm;Internet;accessed17March2007.[28]在另一章,他還探討了使用鮮花和油膏為性愛(ài)營(yíng)造氣氛的方法。[28]RichardBurton,“OntheArtsandSciencestobeStudied,”inKamasutra[bookon-line],availablefrom/text/kama103.htm;Internet;accessed17March2007.[29]RichardBurton,“OnHowtoBeginandHowtoEndCongress”inKamasutra[bookon-line],availablefrom/text/kama210.htm;Internet;accessed17March2007.AnIndianlegendattributesthediscoveryofroseoilstotheMughalemperorJahangirin1612.Accordingtothelegend,thepalacegardensoftheEmperorJahangirwereinterspersedwithcanalsandfountains.Rosepetalswerestrewnonthewat(yī)ertoformapicturesquespectacleforspecialoccasions.Thepoolsandpondsofhisestateweredecoratedwithrosepetalsinpreparationforhisweddingatwhichpointafilmofoilwassee(cuò)nfloatingonthewater.Oneversionofthelegendsaysthat(yī)itwasJahangirwhonoticedtheoilyfilm,andanotherversioncreditshisbetrothed.Theroyalpersonagesweresoenamoredwiththescentoftheoilthattheyorderedthattheoilbebottledforlateruse;thusbegantheuseofroseoilperfume。Howeverthediscoveryoftheancientdistillationapparatusmentionedearlierprovesthatroseoilwasusedmuchearlierthanthisseventeenthcenturylegend。根據(jù)印度傳說(shuō),莫臥兒皇帝賈汗季1612年發(fā)現(xiàn)了玫瑰油。據(jù)說(shuō)賈汗季皇帝的宮廷花園中渠道與噴泉遍布,每逢特殊場(chǎng)合,玫瑰花瓣會(huì)撒滿(mǎn)水面,形成一幅如畫(huà)美景。賈汗季大婚前,宮中的水池和池塘盡以玫瑰花瓣裝點(diǎn).婚禮進(jìn)行時(shí),人們看到水面上漂浮著薄薄的一層玫瑰油.有一個(gè)版本說(shuō)是賈汗季皇帝注意到了那層油,另一版本說(shuō)是他的未婚妻先發(fā)現(xiàn)的?;适胰藛T太迷戀那層油發(fā)出的香氣了,遂下令將油收集入瓶,以備日后使用.這便是傳說(shuō)中的玫瑰油的發(fā)端。然而,前文提到的有關(guān)古代蒸餾裝置的發(fā)現(xiàn)卻表明,玫瑰油的使用要遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)早于這個(gè)十七世紀(jì)的傳說(shuō)。Today,productionofhighqualityroseoilislaborintensive.Comparedtootherplantssuchaslavenderandrosemary,rosepetalssecreteaninfinitesimalamountofessentialoil.Ittakes3,500kilosofflowerstoproduceonekiloofoil。Thisamountsto1,400,000handpickedblossomsducethirtyfivekilosofoil,40,000blossomsforoneounceofoil,andsixty—sevenblossomstomakeonedropofoil.Harvestsmustbedoneintheearlymorninghoursbeforetheheatofthesunevaporatestheoil.Roses,
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