新版新版高中英語語法歸納總結(jié)

高中英語語法之小茂解析第一章主謂一致主謂一致(Subject-VerbAgreement)，指”人稱”和”數(shù)方面一致關(guān)系.如:Heisgoingabroad.Theyareplayingfootball.可分為:語法一致,內(nèi)容一致,就近一致.(一)語法一致標準:即主語為單數(shù),謂語用單數(shù),主語為復(fù)數(shù),謂語也用復(fù)數(shù).以下為注意事項:1.單數(shù)主語即使后面帶有with,alongwith,togetherwith,like(象),but(除了),except,besides,aswellas,nolessthan,ratherthan(而不是),including,inadditionto引導(dǎo)短語,謂語動詞仍用單數(shù).如:Airaswellaswaterismatter.空氣和水都是物質(zhì).Nooneexcepttwoservantswaslateforthedinner.除了兩個仆人外,沒有一個人遲來用餐。2.用and連接并列主語,假如主語是同一個人,同一事,同一概念,謂語動詞用單數(shù),不然用復(fù)數(shù).如:Thepoetandwriterhascome.那位詩人兼作家來了.(一個人)Ahammerandasawareusefultools.錘子和鋸都是有用工具.(兩樣物)用and連接成對名詞習(xí)慣上被看成是一個整體,如:breadandbutter(黃油抹面包),knifeandfork(刀叉)等作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。3.不定式(短語),動名詞(短語),或從句作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù).如:Servingthepeopleismygreathappiness.為人民服務(wù)是我最大幸福.Whenwe’llgooutforanoutinghasbeendecided.我們什么時候出去郊游已決定了。4.用連接并列主語被each,every或no修飾時,謂語動詞用單數(shù).Everyboyandeverygirllikestogoswimming.每個男孩和每個女孩都喜歡去游泳.Noteacherandnostudentwasabsentfromthemeeting.沒有老師也沒有學(xué)生開會缺席.Eachmanand(each)womanisaskedtohelp.每個男人和每個女人都被請去幫忙。5.eachof+復(fù)數(shù)代詞,謂語動詞用單數(shù).復(fù)數(shù)代詞+each,謂語動詞用單數(shù).如:Eachofushassomethingtosay.我們每個人都有話要說。6.若主語中有morethanone或manya/an,盡管從意義上看是復(fù)數(shù),但它謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)。但more+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+thanone做主語時,謂語動詞仍用復(fù)數(shù).如:Manyaboylikesplayingbasketball.許多男生都喜歡打籃球.Morethanonestudentwaslate.不只一個學(xué)生遲到Morepersonsthanonecometohelpus.不止一個人來幫助我們。7.none做主語時,謂語動詞可用單數(shù),也可用復(fù)數(shù);但在代表不可數(shù)東西時總是看作單數(shù),因而謂語動詞要用單數(shù).如:Noneofusare(is)perfect.人無完人。Noneofthisworriesme.這事一點不使我著急。8.名詞如:trousers,scissors,clothes,goods,glasses等作主語時,謂語動詞必須用復(fù)數(shù).如:Hisclothesaregood.但這些名詞前若出現(xiàn)apairof,謂語通慣用單數(shù).如:Apairofglassesisonthedesk.桌上有一副眼鏡。9.形復(fù)意單名詞如:news;以ics結(jié)尾學(xué)科名稱如:physics,mathematics,economics;國名如:theUnitedStates;報紙名如:theNewTimes;書名如:ArabianNight<天方夜談>;以及TheUnitedNations<聯(lián)合國>等作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。10.“a+名詞+andahalf“,“oneandahalf+名詞”,“thenumberof+名詞”等作主語時,謂語動詞要用單數(shù).如:Onlyoneandahalfapplesisleftonthetable.注意:oneortwo+復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式,如:Oneortwoplaceshavebeenvisited.參觀了一兩個地點。(二)內(nèi)容一致標準:1.主語中有all,half,most,therest等,以及”分數(shù)或百分數(shù)+名詞”做主語時,謂語動詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于連用名詞.如:Therestofthebikesareonsaletoday.剩下自行車，今天出售。60%oftheapplewaseatenbylittleboy.這個蘋果60%都被這個小男孩吃了。Mostoftheappleswererotten.大部分蘋果都是爛。Mostoftheapplewaseatenbyarat.這個蘋果大部分被老鼠吃了。2.不定數(shù)量詞組,如:partof,alotof,lotsof,oneof,anumberof,plentyof等作主語時,謂語動詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于量詞后面名詞數(shù).如:Apartofthetextbookshavearrived.一小部分教科書已運到。Apartoftheapplehasbeeneatenupbythepig.這個蘋果一部分被豬吃光了。3.加減乘除用單數(shù).如:Fifteenminusfiveisten.15減去5等于10。4.表示時間,金錢,距離,度量等名詞做主語時,盡管是復(fù)數(shù)形式,它們做為一個單一概念時,其謂語動詞用單數(shù).如:Tenmilesisagooddistance.十英里是一個相當距離。5.(1)通常作復(fù)數(shù)集體名詞.包含police,people,cattle等,這些集體名詞通慣用作復(fù)數(shù).如:TheBritishpolicehaveonlyverylimitedpowers.(2)通常作不可數(shù)名詞集體名詞.包含equipment,furniture,clothing,luggage等.(3)可作單數(shù)也可作復(fù)數(shù)集體名詞.包含audience,committee,government,family,enemy,group,party,team,public等.如:Thecommitteehas/havedecidedtodismisshim.委員會決定辭退他。6.the+形容詞/過去分詞形式”表示一類人或事物,作主語時,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù).如:Theinjuredweresavedafterthefire.(三)就近標準1.由here,there,where等引導(dǎo)倒裝句中,(有時主語不止一個時)謂語動詞與靠近它主語在數(shù)上一致.如:Herecomesthebus公共汽車來了.Hereisapenandsomepiecesofpaperforyou.給你一支鋼筆和幾張紙。Whereisyourwifeandchildrentostaywhileyouareaway?你不在這兒時候,你愛人和孩子在哪兒呆呢？2.用連詞or,eitheror,neither….nor,notonly….butalso等連接并列主語,謂語動詞與靠近它主語在數(shù)上一致。如：Neitherthestudentsnortheteacherknowsanythingaboutit學(xué)生和老師都不知道這事.Heoryouhavetakenmypen.他或你拿了我鋼筆。注意:oneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+who/that/which引導(dǎo)定語從句中,定語從句動詞為復(fù)數(shù)。如：Maryisoneofthosepeoplewhokeeppets.瑪麗是喂養(yǎng)寵物者之一。Theonlyoneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+who/that./which引導(dǎo)定語從句中，定語從句動詞應(yīng)為單數(shù)。Maryistheonlyoneofthosepeoplewhokeepspets.瑪麗是唯一一個喂養(yǎng)寵物人。主謂一致練習(xí)1.About60percentofthestudents_____fromthesouth,therestofthem_____fromthenorthandforeigncountries.A.are/isB.are/areC.is/areD.are2.Halfoftheworkershere_____under30_____.A.is/yearsB.are/yearoldC.is/yearsoldD.are/yearsofage3.NowTomwithhisclassmates_____footballontheplayground.A.playB.areplayingC.playsD.isplaying4.Thenumberofpagesinthisdictionary_____abouttwothousand.A.areB.hasC.haveD.is5.Thirtydollars_____tooexpensive.A.areB.isC.wereD.be6.Theaudience_____solargethatnoseatwasleftunoccupiedinthegreathall.A.isB.areC.wasD.has7.Thesecretaryandprincipal_____atthemeetingnow.A.arespeakingB.isspeakingC.weremakingaspeechD.haveaspeech8."Ifanybody_____,pleaseputdown_____name,"saidtheteachertothemonitor.A.wantstobuythebook/hisB.wanttobuythebook/theirC.willbuythebook/one'sD.wantstohavethebookbought/her9.Nothingbutonedeskandsixchairs_____intheroom.A.areB.isstayedC.isD.areleft10.Havingarrivedatthestation,_____.A.itwasfoundthatthetrainhadleft&nb,sp;B.th,etrai,nhadleftC.thetrainwasfoundleftD.hefoundthatthetrainhadleft11.Betweenthetworoads_____aTVtowercalled"SkyscraperTower".A.standsB.standingC.whichstandsD.stand12.Eitherofyou_____goingtheretonight.A.willB.wasC.isD.are13.Youaswell_____right.A.IareB.IamC.asIamD.asIare14.AllbutDick_____inClassThreethisterm.A.areB.isC.wereD.was15.--ShallIwaithereforthreehours?--Yes.Threehours___,__t,,,,,owaitforsuchadoctor.A.arenotverylongforyouB.isnotlongenoughfo,,,,,ryouC.wasnotlongenoughforyouD.willbetoolongforyou16.Wheretogetthematerialsandhowtogetthem_____atthemeeting.A.havenotdiscussedB.havenotbeendiscussedC.hasnotdiscussedD.hasnotbeendiscussed17.ItookmathematicsandphysicsbecauseIthinkthat_____veryimportantformetomakefurtherresearchinthisfield.A.whatisB.theyareC.thisD.whichare18.Everystudentandeveryteacher_____.A.aregoingtoattendthemeetingB.haveattendedthemeetingC.hasattendedthemeetingD.isattendedthemeeting19.Threefourthsofthebread_____byBob,andtherestofthebread_____leftonthetable.A.waseaten/wereB.wereeaten/wasC.wereeaten/wereD.waseaten/was20.Thispairofshoes_____.A.isherB.ishersC.arehersD.areher21.There______nolifeonthemoon.A.issaidtohaveB.aresaidtohaveC.issaidtobeD.aresaidtobe22.Agroupof______areeating______and______atthefootofthehillA.sheep;grass;leavesB.sheepsgrassesleavesC.sheep;grassleafD.sheepsgrassleafs23.Myfamilyraisealotof_______,includingtwo______.A.cattlescowsB.cowscattleC.cattlecowsD.cow,cattles24.Whathesaysandwhathedoes_______.A.doesnotagreeB.donotagreeC.doesnotagreewithD.notagree25.Theboyandthegirleach______toys.A.havetheirownB.hastheirownC.haveherownD.hasherown26.Sheistheonlyoneamongthe______writerswho______storiesforchildren.A.woman,writesB.womenwriteC.womenwritesD.womanwrite27.Therailwaystationis______fromourschool.A.twohour`sdriveB.twohours`driveC.twohourdriveD.twohoursdrive28.MikeandJohn`s______.A.fatherisateacherB.fathersareteachersC.fatherareteachersD.fathersareteacher29.Agreatdealoftalkingandlisteningthat______undercasualcircumstancemayseemtobeaimless.A.isoccurredB.areoccurredC.occursD.occur30._______theclassroomneedstobecleaned.A.EithertheofficesorB.TheofficesandC.BoththeofficeandD.Theofficeand31.Three-fourthsofthehomework______today.A.hasfinishedB.hasbeenfinishedC.havefinishedD.havebeenfinished32.Morethan60percentoftheworld’sradioprogrammes______inEngland.A.isB.wasC.areD.be33.______workhasbeendonetoimprovethepeople`slivingstandardA.AgreatdealofB.AgreatmanyC.AlargenumberofD.Many34.Therestofthemagazines______withinhalfanhour.A.issoldoutB.aresoldoutC.wassoldoutD.weresoldout35.There______alotofsugarinthejar.A.hasB.haveC.isD.are36.“All______presentandall______goingonwell”,ourmonitorsaid.A.isisB.are,areC.areisD.isare37.YesterdaytheLeaguesecretaryandmonitor______askedtomakeaspeechatthemeeting.A.isB.wasC.areD.were.38.Maryaswellashersisters______ChineseinChina.A.arestudyingB.havestudiedC.studiesD.study39.Therich______notalwayshappy.A.areB.isC.willD.may40.______canbedone______done.A.All,havebeenB.Allthat,havebeenC.AllhasD.Allthat,hasbeen41.Eitheroftheplans______equallydangerous.A.areB.isC.hasD.have42.Thepolice______themurderereverywherewhenhesuddenlyappearedinatheatre.A.issearchingB.weresearchingforC.aresearchingD.wassearchingfor43.Yourtrousers______dirty,youmusthave______washed.A.isitB.areitC.arethemD.isthem44.TheOlympicgames______heldeveryfour______.A.isyearsB.areyearsC.isyearD.areyear45.Heistheolyoneofthestudentswho______elected.A.areB.haveC.hasD.is46.______agoodenoughpriceforthisbookA.TwoyuansareB.TwoyuanareC.TwoyuansisD.Twoyuanis47.Nobirdandnobeast______inthelonelyislandA.areseenB.isseenC.seeD.sees48.Everymeans______preventthewaterfrom______A.areusedtopollutingB.getusedtopollutingC.isusedto,pollutedD.isusedto,beingpolluted49.Eachofthe______intheship.A.passengerhashisownroomB.passengershavetheirownroomC.passengerhavetheirownroomD.sengershashisownroom50.Whatweneed______goodtextbooks.A.isB.areC.haveD.has51.Whatyousaidjustnow______todowiththematterwearediscussing.A.havesomethingB.hassomethingC.hadsomethingD.wassomething52.Eitheryourparentsoryourelderbrother______toattendthemeetingtomorrow.A.isB.areC.aregoingD.have53.Neitherofthenovelswhich______popularwithus______beentranslatedintoChinese.A.arehasB.arehaveC.ishaveD.ishas54.Everyboyandeverygirl______toattendtheeveningparty.A.wishB.wishesC.hopeD.arehoping55._______hasbeendone.A.nety—ninepercentsoftheworkB.HalfofwhathepromisedC.Two-fifthsofthearticlesD.Threequarterofthebusiness答案：1-5BDDDB6-10ABACD11-15ACDAB16-20DBCDB21-25CACBA26-30CBACA31-35CCADC36-40CBCAD41-45BBCBD46-50DBDDB51-55BAABB第三章：非謂語動詞不定式（infinitive）、分詞（participle）、動名詞（gerund）是非謂語動詞，在句子中不能作謂語。以下表格列出了他們各自在句中作用。（√表示能夠在句中擔任語法成份，×則表示不能夠。）作用種類主語賓語賓語補足語表語定語狀語不定式√√√√√√動名詞√√×√√×分詞××√√√√非謂語動詞在句中特點、性質(zhì)、使用方法、區(qū)分及使用注意事項分述以下：第一節(jié)、非謂語動詞作主語可作主語非謂語形式為：不定式和動名詞。其表示形式為：不定式：主動態(tài)todo;被動態(tài)tobedone;動名詞：主動態(tài)doing;被動態(tài)beingdone。例1：Toactlikethatisfoolish.例2：Itisimpossibleformetobuythecarwithcash.要我用現(xiàn)金買那輛車是不可能。例3：Walkingisagoodformofexerciseforbothyoungandold.例4：——Whatmadeyousolateforworktoday?——Drivingtotheofficewasveryslowthismorningbecauseofheavytraffic.因為交通擁擠，今早開車上班非常慢。通常說來，動名詞和不定式作主語，能夠交換，其意義沒有多大差異，但須注意以下兩點：1．表示詳細，尤其是未發(fā)生動作，傾向用不定式（如例2）。表示無時限泛指動作（如例3）或描述當初情況（如例4），傾向用動名詞。2．在以下句型用動名詞作主語Itisnogooddoing.（……沒有用）Thereisnodoing.（……不可能）Itisnogoodarguingwithhim.和他爭論沒有用。Thereisnoknowingwhatmayhappen.=Itisimpossibletoknowwhatmayhappen.練習(xí)：1．（改錯）Asisknown,learnaforeignlanguagewellrequiresgreatefforts.2．（改錯）Thoughflyingballoonsareeasy,balloonistsmustwatchtheweathercarefully.3．（選擇）_______tosunlightfortoomuchwilldoharmtoone’sskin.A.ExposedtoB.ExposingC.HavingexposedD.Beingexposed答案：1．learn→learning原形動詞不能作主語。2．a(chǎn)re→is單個動名詞作主語，謂語用單數(shù)。3.答案D。句義：遭太陽暴曬對皮膚有害。本題考查動名詞作主語。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，待選項在句中作主語，又因為人與expose為被動關(guān)系，所以選D。第二節(jié)、非謂語動詞作表語可作表語非謂語動詞為：不定式，動名詞。1．YourtaskthismorningistodeliverthemailtoProfessorSmith.你今天早晨任務(wù)是把這個郵件送給史密斯教授。（不定式解釋主語內(nèi)容）2．Myhobbyiscollectingstamps.（動名詞解釋主語內(nèi)容）1.Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier,____itmoredifficult.（99全國）A.notmakeB.nottomakeC.notmakingD.donotmake2.分析句子是否正確:Whatwedoisprepareourstudentstofacefiercecompetitionswhentheyentersociety.1、答案B。is后有兩個表語，二者必須在結(jié)構(gòu)上對稱。第一個表語為不定式tomakelifeeasier，則第二個表語也應(yīng)該為不定式，所以選B。2、正確。當主語部分有實義動詞do時，作表語不定式能夠省略to;若沒有實義動詞do,表語中to不能省略。第三節(jié)、非謂語動詞作賓語可作賓語非謂語動詞為：不定式和動名詞。1．不定式作賓語例1．Hedemandedtoknowthetruth.例2．Thecarfailedtostopattheredlight.那輛轎車看到紅燈沒有停。英語中有相當數(shù)量動詞，只能以不定式作賓語。如：agree（同意），decide,refuse,pretend（假裝），manage（設(shè)法），promise,seem,happen,hope,wish,offertodo（表示愿望）affordtodo（買得起，負擔得起），bothertodo（特意），choosetodo（愿意或決定）attempt/seektodo（試圖）learntodo（學(xué)習(xí)或?qū)W會）短語wouldlike（love）todo，wouldprefertodo（更愿意），beabouttodo（即將）,介詞but/excepttodo例1）Ihavenochoicebuttogiveuptheplan.2）Therewasnothingwecoulddoexceptwait.注：but/except前有實義動詞do,其后to必須省去請注意以下幾點：1）疑問代詞如what，which；疑問副詞如when,whether（why除外）引導(dǎo)不定式可作know,decide等賓語，在意義上相當與一個未曾發(fā)生賓語從句。例1．Wehaven’tdecidedwhatstepstotakenext.→Wehaven’tdecidedwhatstepsweshouldtakenext.2．Ireallydon’tknowwhethertowritetoherorgiveheraphonecall.→Ireallydon’tknowwhetherIshouldwritetoherorgiveheraphonecall.這種結(jié)構(gòu)也能夠作主語和表語例1．Whattodonextremainstobediscussed.下一步該怎么辦有待于討論。例2．Ourdifficultyiswheretogetenoughmoney.2）為了防止重復(fù)，不定式可省去與前邊重復(fù)動詞原形，而保留“to”。例：——Wouldyouliketogoforapicnicwithme?——I’dloveto,butIcan’tspareanytimeatpresent.（to后省略了goforapicnicwithyou）3）不定式時態(tài)與語態(tài)：主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)形式時間概念形式時間概念todo(通常時)1）未發(fā)生2）和謂語動作同時tobedone同左tobedoing(進行時)謂語動作發(fā)生時，正在進行tohavedone(完成時)發(fā)生在謂語動作之前tohavebeendone同左不定式進行時和完成時慣用在以下句型中：seem/appear（似乎）to1）S（人，物）happen（恰巧）topretendtobesaid（聽說）tobethought/supposed/considered/believed（據(jù)認為）to2）S（人，物）bereported（據(jù)報導(dǎo)）tobeknown（知道）to請注意：考查不定式時態(tài)和語態(tài)，主要集中在以上句型中，是高考重點和熱點。Ihappenedtobestandingnexttohimwhenhefelldown.Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspapertohavebeenrobbedinbroaddaylightyesterday.據(jù)當?shù)貓蠹堉笇?dǎo)，這家銀行昨天在光天化日之下遭到搶劫。Heisknowntohavebeenarrestedbythepolice.人們都知道他曾被警察逮捕過。4）was/weretohavedone；wouldliketohavedonewished（hoped/wanted/intended/meant）tohavedone表示當初想做，而實際不能做到Iwastohavepickedyouupattheairport,butIforgotaboutit.IintendedtohavehelpedyououtbutIhadnomoneythen.我當初真想幫助你擺脫困境，可是我那時身無分文。2．動名詞作動詞或介詞賓語Ican’timaginemarryingagirlofthatsort.我極難想象與那種女子結(jié)婚后情形。Inarrowlymissedbeingkilledinthecaraccident.在那次車禍中我死里逃生。Headmittedhavingstolenmybicycle.他認可偷了我自行車。Thereisnopointinarguinganyfurther.再爭議下去毫無意義。1）以下動詞必須帶動名詞結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語：understand（了解），admit（認可），keep（on）（繼續(xù)），practise（練習(xí)），finish（完成），imagine（想象），miss（錯過，防止），avoid（防止），escape（逃避），suggest（提議），dislike（討厭），enjoy（喜歡），delay（推遲），excuse（原諒），mind（介意），appreciate（感激），oppose（反對）。另外，有詞既可帶動名詞做賓語，亦可帶不定式做賓語補足語，請區(qū)分清楚。如：allowdoing（比較：allowsb.todo）advisedoing（比較：advisesb.todo）2）以下短語必須帶動名詞結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語：beworth（值得），payattentionto（注意），objectto（反對），can’thelp（情不自禁），devoteoneselfto（致力于），putoff（推遲），be/getusedto（習(xí)慣于），feellike（想要），lookforwardto（期望），getdownto（開始做，認真做某事），how/whatabout（……怎么樣），Thereisnopoint(in)doingsth(做某事毫無意義)3）以下動詞能夠用不定式作賓語，也能夠用動名詞作賓語，但有顯著語義差異。rememberdoing回顧起過去做過事remembertodo記住要做事forgetdoing忘記了曾做過事forgettodo忘記該做事regretdoing對已發(fā)生事表示后悔regrettodo對現(xiàn)在要發(fā)生事表示抱歉meandoing意味著，意思是meantodo打算，想要trydoing試一試某種方法trytodo設(shè)法去做一件事比較1．Idon’tmeantogiveuptheplan.我不打算放棄這個計劃。Abreakdownonourwaywouldmeanourwalkingforhours.汽車半路拋錨意味著我們要步行幾個小時。比較2．Ihavealwaysdeeplyregrettedselling（havingsold）thefarm.我一直為賣掉這個農(nóng)場而后悔不已。Weregrettotellyouthatyouowethebank&100.我們很遺憾地告訴你，你欠銀行100英鎊。第四節(jié)、非謂語動詞作狀語作狀語非謂語動詞為：分詞和不定式1．現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞區(qū)分1）現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動，譯為“令人……”；過去分詞表示被動，譯為“感到…”，這是二者最主要區(qū)分Theweatherofthissummerisdisappointing.MyparentswillbedisappointedwithmeifIfailtheexam.描述事物或事情性質(zhì)通慣用現(xiàn)在分詞。描述人情感通慣用過去分詞。Idon’tthinkitsurprisingforsuchabadmantohavebeenpunished.（it指“象這么壞人受到處罰”這件事）Therewasasurprisedexpressioninhereyes.她眼里流露出詫異神情。（人表情是情感詳細表現(xiàn)，故應(yīng)用過去分詞來修飾expression）2）現(xiàn)在分詞通常表示動作正在進行；過去分詞通常表示動作已完成。Powerstationsemployfallingwatertoproduceelectricity.Thegroundiscoveredwithfallenleaves.2．現(xiàn)在分詞時態(tài)與語態(tài)主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)形式時間概念形式時間概念doing1）正在進行2）與謂語動作同時beingdone動作正在進行havingdonehavingbeendone同左3．分詞表示時間、原因、條件、讓步、伴隨或補充說明等a）分詞做時間、原因、條件、讓步狀語表示形式以下：doingdonehavingdoneS（主語）+VhavingbeendoneS（主語）+V（主動關(guān)系）（被動關(guān)系）Notunderstandingitsmeaning,heaskedtheteachertoexplaintheword.（表原因：understanding與句子主語he之間是主動關(guān)系，同謂語動詞asked同時發(fā)生）Havingmadeadecision,theyimmediatelysetouttowork.（表時間：makeadecision與句子主語之間是主動關(guān)系且發(fā)生于謂語動詞setout之前）Havingbeenexperimentedmanytimes,thisnewproductwillbeputintomassproduction.因為這一新產(chǎn)品已試驗過數(shù)次，很快將投入批量生產(chǎn)。（表原因：experimented與主語product為被動關(guān)系，且先于謂語動詞put之前發(fā)生）詞作上述狀語時，它位置可置于主句之前，也可置于主語之后。例：They,havingmadeadecision,setouttowork.選擇：Theresearchissodesignedthatonce_____nothingcanbedonetochangeit.（02全國）A.beginsB.havingbegun C.beginning D.begun本題考查狀語從句省略，難度較大。若時間、原因、條件和讓步狀語從句主語與主句主語相同，且從句部分有be時，可省略從句主語及be。省略后形式以下：(1)when（while,until,once,as,if,though等）+doing從句謂語動詞與主語為主動關(guān)系(2)when（while,until,once,as,if,though等）+done從句謂語動詞與主語為被動關(guān)系表示“某一事件開始”，begin既可用主動態(tài)，也能夠用被動態(tài)。狀語從句表示形式：（1）Onceitbeings。這種形式，不具備省略條件。（2）Onceitisbegun。具備省略條件（有be）。省略后形式為：Oncebegun。所以本題選D。b）分詞作伴隨狀語時,其形式為：（1）doing（2）done。到底用現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞，取決于該動作與句子主語是主動還是被動關(guān)系“Wecan’tgoingoutinthisweather,”saidBob,lookingoutofthewindow.（04重慶）Theboysatinthedarkroom,frightenedandtrembling.男孩一個人做在黑洞洞房間里，嚇得滿身發(fā)抖。注意：作伴隨狀語分詞，與謂語動作同時。這是判斷一個動詞是否作伴隨狀語主要尺度。請注意以下固定短語在作狀語時表示形式：Generallyspeaking通常地說Strictlyspeaking從嚴格意義上說Judgingfrom/by…依照…判斷Given/Allowingfor考慮到Giventheirinexperience,theyhavedoneagoodjob.在缺乏經(jīng)驗情況下，他們工作算是做得不錯。4．不定式用作表目標，結(jié)果，方式和形容詞原因狀語1）目標Towinovertheundecidedvoters,theyareworkingtwiceashard.為了把還未拿定主意選民爭取過來，他們正在加倍努力工作。Hegotupearlynottomissthefirstbus.（notto也可用soasnotto或inordernotto這一強調(diào)形式）2）結(jié)果不定式作結(jié)果狀語，常見結(jié)構(gòu)有：tooadj/advtodo;tooadj+a+ntodosoadj/advastodo;such+nastodoTheboyistooyoungtodresshimself.Hewastooshrewd（精明）abusinessmantoacceptouroffer.他是個非常精明商人，不會接收我們開價。Willyoubesokindastoturndowntheradio?請把收音機開小一點。Hecan’thavedonesuchaterriblethingastokeepyouwaitingsolong.他不可能做出這么糟糕事，讓你等這么長時間。注意：表示一個事先沒有預(yù)料結(jié)果，用不定式。不定式前可用only來加強意想不到語氣。如：(04福建卷)Thenewsreportershurriedtotheairport,onlytobetoldthefilmstarshadleft.然而，要表示在事情發(fā)展過程中必定會產(chǎn)生結(jié)果，就要用分詞來表示。分詞前可加thus,加強必定語氣。Thenewmachinewillworktwiceasfast,thusgreatlyreducingcosts.新機器運轉(zhuǎn)速度提升一倍，因而大大降低了成本。3）方式狀語結(jié)構(gòu)：S（人，物）be+adjtodo特點（1）句子主語在邏輯關(guān)系上為不定式動作賓語（2）形容詞為：easy,hard,difficult,comfortable,dangerous等。1.Somebooksareinterestingtoread,butboringtolearn.有些書讀起來很有趣，但學(xué)起來很討厭。2.Thetelephonenumberiseasytoremember.他電話號碼極難記。3.Thatmanisdifficulttodealwith.那個人極難對付。4.Theriverisdangeroustoswimin.注意：以上句子，盡管句子主語和不定式動作為被動關(guān)系，但只能用主動形式；若不定式動詞為不及物，應(yīng)加上適當介詞，如例4。4）形容詞原因狀語。這類形容詞通常是表示情感或評價行為表現(xiàn)形容詞。Iamshockedtohearthenewsofhissuddendeath.Youweresillynottohavelockedyourcar.(04湖南)第五節(jié)、非謂語動詞作賓語補足語作賓語補足語非謂語動詞是不定式和分詞。英語中有相當一批動詞必須以不定式作賓語補充語。Myparentsdon’tallowmetostayoutlate.Shewaitedimpatientlyforhimtomakeuphismind.這些動詞和短語為：wish,want,ask,require/request（要求）；order,warn（警告）allow/permit,forbid（禁止）,expect,remind（提醒），encourage,inspire（激勵）callon（號召，要求），dependon,longforsb.todo（渴望）請尤其記住以下動詞賓補形式，表示意義及判斷依據(jù)。do賓語與賓補動作為主動關(guān)系。1．make（使）+O+Cdone賓語與賓補動作為被動關(guān)系。todo主語與不定式動作為主動關(guān)系。S+bemadedone主語與分詞動作為被動關(guān)系。注：句型“O”代表賓語，為名詞或代詞；“C”代表賓補。例：Thosewhowon’tworkshouldbemadetowork.那些不愿工作人應(yīng)強制他們?nèi)スぷ?。Hecouldn’tmakehimselfheard.他無法讓他人聽到他說話。2．Keep（leave）+O+Cdoing賓語與賓補動作為主動關(guān)系。（使……處于某種狀態(tài)）done賓語與賓補動作為被動關(guān)系。doing主語與分詞動作為主動關(guān)系。S+be+kept（left）done主語與分詞動作為被動關(guān)系。例：Nowstudentsarekeptburyingthemselvesinbooksallday.現(xiàn)在學(xué)生被迫整天埋頭讀書。Hisworkwasleftundone.他丟下工作不去干。3．doing賓語與賓補動作為主動關(guān)系。find（發(fā)覺）+O+Cdone賓語與賓補動作為被動關(guān)系。doing主語與分詞動作為主動關(guān)系。S+be+founddone主語與分詞動作為被動關(guān)系。例：（03全國）Acookwillbeimmediatelyfiredifheisfoundsmokinginthekitchen.4．doing賓語與賓補動作為主動關(guān)系with+O+Cdone賓語與賓補動作為被動關(guān)系todo（動作未發(fā)生）例：1.Helayonthegrasslandwithhisjacketcoveringhisstomach.他躺在草地上，把上衣蓋在肚子上。2.Withalotofdifficultproblemstosettle,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.（02上海春季）因為很多棘手問題要處理，那為新當選總統(tǒng)處境艱難。5．catchsb.doing;becaughtdoing該句型表示（偶然或突然）撞見、發(fā)覺。例：Helookedaroundandcaughtamanputtinghishandintothepocketofapassenger.（04北京春季）他向四面看，突然發(fā)覺一個人把手伸進一個旅客口袋6．do賓語與賓補動作為主動關(guān)系。讓某人做某事。have（使）+O+Cdoing賓語與賓補動作為主動關(guān)系。讓某一動作一直在進行。done賓語與賓補動作為被動關(guān)系。(表示：1)讓某事由他人做。2)表示主語遭遇。）例:1.Whomwouldyouliketohavehandlethecomplicationproblem?2.Paulhadhishandburnedseriouslywhilecookingdinner.保羅在做飯時，手被嚴重燙傷。7．todo賓語與賓補動作為主動關(guān)系。Getsbtodo=havesb.do。get（使）+O+Cdone賓語與賓補動作為被動關(guān)系。getsthdone=havesth.done。例：You’llnevergethertoagree.Whenaregoingtogetyourhaircut?8．感官動詞hear,listento,see,lookat,notice,watch,observe,feel等。do賓語與賓補動作是主動關(guān)系。該動作全過程已結(jié)束，或經(jīng)常性發(fā)生。hear+O+Cdoing賓語與賓補動作是主動關(guān)系。該動作正在進行。done賓語與賓補動作是被動關(guān)系。todo主語與不定式動作為主動關(guān)系。該動作全過程已結(jié)束或經(jīng)常發(fā)生S+be+hearddoing主語與分詞動作為主動關(guān)系。該動作正在進行。done主語與分詞動作為被動關(guān)系。例：Hehasneverheardhersingsowellbefore.Ididn’tnoticeyoucarryingapackwhenyoucamein.Neverbeforehadhefelthimselfsopowerfullyattractedtothescientificidea.改錯：1）NowmoretalentedyoungpeoplearehopedtogotoworkinWesternChina.ABCD2）Idemandyoualltotakeyourworkquiteseriously.ABCD3）Hisappearanceimmediatelymadeallthechildrenbecomingexcited.ABCD4）Thissonghasneverbeenheardtobesungsowell.ABCD5）Withmuchworkremainedtobedone,wehavetoputoffthetripuntilnextweek.ABCD答案：1）B錯arehoped→arewishedhopesb.todo經(jīng)典病句2）B錯totake→（should）takedemand句型：1）demandtodo2）demandthat(should)do3）C錯becoming→become現(xiàn)在分詞doing不能做make賓補。4）C錯tobesung→sung5）B錯remained→remaining。remain“剩下”是不及物動詞，只有主動形式。注意：以上動詞賓補形式考查是高考重點和難點。第六節(jié)、非謂語動詞作定語1．不定式作定語在三種情況下需用不定式作定語：1）動作未發(fā)生，被修飾名詞在邏輯關(guān)系上是不定式動作賓語。不定式用主動形式還是被動形式，由句子主語與不定式邏輯關(guān)系決定。ItseemstomethatIhavenothingtotakehometomychildren.在我看來今天我們沒有東西能夠帶給孩子了Shewilltelluswhyshefeelssostronglythateachofushasaroletoplayinmakingtheearthabetterplacetolive．（03上海春季）她會告訴我們?yōu)楹嗡龔娏业卣J為在使地球成為愈加好住處這一點上，我們每個人都有能夠發(fā)揮作用。若作定語不定式動詞為不及物動詞，需加適合介詞。如：NowIfeelverylonelybecauseIcan’tfindanyonetotalkwith.2）被修飾詞為抽象名詞，如need,way,reason,right等，不定式解釋其內(nèi)容。Thereisnoneedtoquarrelwithhim.Pleasegiveyourreasontorefusehim.3）被修飾詞，其前有序數(shù)詞first,second,last,only作定語。Heisalwaysthefirst（one）togettoschooleveryday.Shewastheonlyonetosurviveintheaircrash.她是這次空難中唯一幸存者。2．分詞作定語以下情況慣用分詞作定語：1）被修飾名詞與作定語動詞為主動關(guān)系，該動作正在進行，或與謂語動作同時進行，或是經(jīng)常性行為時，用現(xiàn)在分詞。WhenIgotbackhomeIsawamessagepinnedtothedoorreading“sorrytomissyou;willcalllater.”（99全國）現(xiàn)在分詞作定語在意義上相當于一個時態(tài)為進行時或通常時定語從句。reading“sorrytomissyou;willcalllater.”=whichread“sorrytomissyou;willcalllater.”2）若被修飾名詞與作定語動詞為被動關(guān)系，動詞采取以下三種形式：a）動作已發(fā)生或為經(jīng)常性行為，用done。b）若動作正在進行用beingdone。c）動作未發(fā)生，用tobedone。例1：Manythingsimpossibleinthepastarecommontoday.A．consideringB．toconsiderC．consideredD．beingconsidered2：Peoplearetalkingabouttheplayintwodaysatthetheatre.A．toperformB．beingperformedC．performedD．tobeperformed例1答案為C。例2答案為D。非謂語動詞練習(xí)一、高考經(jīng)典考題重現(xiàn)1.Youweresillynotyourcar.(04湖南卷)A.tolockB.tohavelockedC.lockingD.havinglocked2.Havingbeenillinbedfornearlyamonth,hehadahardtime________theexam.(04福建卷) A．pass B．topass C．passed D．passing3.I'veworkedwithchildrenbefore,soIknowwhat________inmynewjob.（全國）A．expectedB．toexpectC．tobeexpectingD．expects

4.Theoldman,_________abroadfortwentyyears,isonthewaybacktohismotherland.(04江蘇卷)A.toworkB.workingC.tohaveworkedD.havingworked5.______lateinthemorning,Bobturnedoffthealarm.(01北京春季) A．TosleepB．SleepingC．SleepD．Havingslept6.Thenewsreportershurriedtotheairport,only________thefilmstarshadleft.(04福建卷) A．totell B．tobetold C．telling D．told7.Theflowers____sweetinthebotanicgardenattractthevisitorstothebeautyofnature.（04上海卷） A.tosmell B.smelling C.smelt D.tobesmelt8.LindaworkedfortheMinnesotaManufactur