美國文學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)

美國文學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)一、名詞解釋Terms1、 GothicNovelGothicnovelasonebranchoftheEnglishliteratureandthefatherofhorrormoviesoriginsfromTheCastleofOtranto(l764),Moreimportantly^itleadshabituallywithdarknessandhorror.Gothicelementsincludehorror,mystery,supernaturalplienomenon,misfortune,deatli,hauntedhouses,andfamilyrurses.theGothicnovelcouldbeseenasadescriptionofafallenworld.Weexperiencethisfallenworldthroughallaspectsofthenovel:plot,setting,characterization^andtheme.TheGothicnovelisaliberatingphenomenon^whichexpandstherangeofpossibilitiesfornovelistkexpression.2、 Irony:30.Irony:Acontrastoranincongruitybetweenwhatisstatedandwhatisreallymeant,orbetweenwhatisexpectedtohappenandwhatactuallyhappens*Threekindsofironyare(1)verbalirony,inwhichawriterorspeakersaysonethingandmeanssomethingentirelydifferent;(2)dramaticirony,inwhichareaderoranaudienceperceivessomethingthatacharacterinthestoryorplayduesnotknow;(3)ironyofsiiuation,inwhichthewritershowsadiscrepancybetweentheexpectedresultsofsomeactionorsituationanditsactualresults.3、 Defamiliarizationistheartistictechniqueofforcingtheaudiencetoseecommonthingsinanunfamiliarorstrangeway,inordertoenhancetheperceptionofthefamiliar.4、 Twotypesofcharacters：Roundcharacter(dynamic~):complexmultidimensionalcharacterswiththecapacitytogrowandchange.Flatcharacter(Static~):thosewhoembodyorrepresentasinglecharacteristicortrait.5、 IcebergTheory:TheIcebergTheoryisthewritingstyleofAmericanwriterErnestHemingway.

EmestHemingway^"icebergtheory”suggeststhatthewriterincludeinthetextonlyasmallportionofwhatheknows,leavingaboutninetypercentoflhecontentamysterythatgrowsbeneaththesurfaceofthewriting.Ifawriterofproseknowsenoughaboutwhaiheiswritingabouthemayomilthingsthatwinhaveafeelingofthosethingsasstronglyasthoughthewriterhadstatedthem.Thedignityofmovementofanicebergisduetoonlyone-eighthofitbeingabovewater.Agoodwriterdoesnolneedtorevealeverydetailofacharacteroraction.6、 Anticlimax：Itisdefinedas“asuddendropfromthedignifiedorimportantinthoughtorexpressiontothecommonplaceortrivial,sometimesforhumorouseffect”；“asuddenoftenfUnnychangefromsomethingnoble,serious,exciting,etc.,tosomethingfoolish,unimportant,oruninterestingesp.inaspeechorpieceofformalwriting”.Itisafigureofspeechthatinvolvesstatingone'sthoughtinadescendingorderofsignificanceorintensity,fromthesublimetotheridiculous,fromstrongtoweak,fromweightytolightorfrivolous.7、 Localcolor(鄉(xiāng)土作家)：auniquevariationofAmericanliteraryrealism.Generally,theworksbylocalcoloristsareconcernedwiththelifeofasmall,well-definedregionorprovince.Thiskindoffictiondepictsthecharactersfiomaspecificsettingorofanera,whicharcmarkedbyitscustoms^dialects,costumes,landscape,orotherpeculiaritiesthathaveescapedstandardizingculturalinlluencc.(representative,MarkTwain)二、AuthorsandWorks1.二、AuthorsandWorks1.EdgarEllanPoe《烏鴉及其他詩篇》《阿芒提拉多的酒桶》《烏鴉及其他詩篇》《阿芒提拉多的酒桶》《厄舍大廈的倒塌》《紅色死亡假面舞會》TheBlackCat 《黑貓》ThePurloinedLetter《被竊的信件》Twice-toldTales《故事重述》TheScarletLetter《紅字》TheHouseoftheSevenGablesTheBlithedaleRomanceTales《故事集》 Poems《詩集》TalesoftheGrotesqueandArabesque《述異集》TheRavenandOtherPoemsTheCaskofAmontilladoTheFulloftheHouseofUsherTheMasqueoftheRedDeathLigeia《莉蓋亞》TheGoldBug《金甲蟲》2.NathanielHawthorne2.MossesformanOldManse《古宅青苔》TheMarbleFaun《玉石雕像》（小說）《帶有七個尖角閣的房子》《福谷傳奇》3. HermanMelville赫爾曼?梅爾維爾Typee《泰比》 Omoo《歐穆》Mardi《瑪?shù)亍?Redburn《雷得本》WhiteJacket《白外衣》 MobyDick《白鯨》TheConfidenceMan《騙子的化裝表演》MarkTwainTheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty 《卡拉維拉縣馳名的跳蛙》TheInnocentsAbroad《傻瓜出國記》TheGildedAge《鍍金時代》TheAdventuresofTomSawyerTheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnLifeontheMississippi《密西西比河上》AConnecticutYankeeinKingArthursCourt《亞瑟王朝廷上的康涅狄格州美國佬》TheTragedyofPudd’nheadWilson《傻瓜威爾遜》TheManThatCorruptedHadleyburg《敗壞了哈德萊堡的人》F.ScottFitzgerald弗?斯科特?菲茨杰拉德ThisSideofParadise《人間天堂》TheBeautifulandtheDamned《漂亮的冤家》FlappersandPhilosophers《姑娘們和哲學(xué)家們》TalesoftheJazzAge《爵士樂時代的故事》TheGreatGatsby《了不起的蓋茨比》TenderistheNight《夜色溫柔》 TheCrack-Up《崩潰》WilliamFaulkner威廉?福克納TheMarbleFaun《大理石牧神》（詩集）Soldier’sPay《士兵的報酬》 Mosquitoes《蚊群》TheSoundandtheFury《喧囂與騷動》 AsILayDying《我彌留之際》LightinAugust《八月之光》AbsalomAbsalom《押沙龍，押沙龍！》ErnestHemingwayInOurTime《在我們的時代里》（短篇小說集）TheSunAlsoRises《太陽照樣升起》AFarewelltoArms《永別了，武器》ForWhomtheBellTolls《喪鐘為誰而鳴》TheOldManandtheSea《老人與?！稥ugeneGlastoneO’Neill尤金?格拉斯通?奧尼爾BoundEastforCardiff《東航加的夫》IntheZone《在這一帶》TheLongVoyageHome《漫長的返航》TheMoonoftheCaribees《加勒比的月亮》EmperorJones《瓊斯皇帝》 TheHairyApe《毛猿》TheGreatGodBrown《大神布朗》StrangeInterlude《奇異的插曲》DesireUndertheElms《榆樹下的欲望》MourningBecomesElectra《悲悼》TheIcemanCometh《送冰的人來了》ATouchofthePoet《詩人的氣質(zhì)》LongDay’sJourneyintoNight《長日終入夜》TheMoonfortheMisbegotten《月照不幸人》Hughie《休依》 MoreStatelyMansions《更莊嚴的大廈》RalphWaldoEllison拉爾夫?華爾多?埃利森InvisibleMan《看不見的人》（小說）ShadowandArt《影子與行動》（散文及評論）GoingtotheTerritory《走向領(lǐng)域》JosephHeller約瑟夫?海勒Catch-22《第二十二條軍規(guī)》（小說）WeBombedinNewHaven《我們轟炸了紐黑文》（劇本）SomethingHappened《出了毛病》（小說）GoodasGold《像高爾德那樣好》GodKnows《天曉得》ToniMorrison托尼?莫里森PlayingintheDark:WhitenessandtheLiteraryImagination《在黑暗中游戲：白色與文學(xué)想象》TheBluestEye《最藍的眼睛》Sula《秀拉》SongofSolomon《所羅門之歌》TarBaby《柏油孩子》Beloved《寵兒》Jazz《爵士樂》Paradise《天堂》Love《愛》AMercy《恩惠》三、Questions1.Q：EdgarEllanPoeTheCaskofAmontillado中為什么選擇狂歡節(jié)做背景？A：1)Thecarnivalrepresentsthelightwhilethecellarrepresentsthehorrorofdeath.Theauthorcomparestheexciting,noisy,festiveatmosphereinthecarnivalwiththedark,lonely,coldandpressingunderworldinthecellar,createsathrillingandhorriblefeelingandgivesreadersapsychologicalhint.2)ThecarnivalatmospheredilutesFortunato’svigilancewhichcanhelpMontresorscarryouthisplan.《阿芒提拉多的酒桶》人物性格Fortunato:arrogant,credulous(輕信的)，seeminglycruel,self-centered蒙特利瑟曾多次虛假地贊美、陰險地暗示和警告他，但是他始終渾然不覺傲慢、狂妄自大而又愚蠢天真Montresors:calculating,concealed,vicious,discreet,crafty,cruel,sophisticated陰險邪惡而老謀深算的人。他表面上不動聲色、假意逢迎，卻一手精心策劃并成功實施了他的惡毒的報復(fù)行動TheTriumphoftheEgg《雞蛋的勝利》中：雞蛋的象征意義：1)Intheboy’seye,theparasite,therobber,alwaystakebutseldomgive,robbedhisrighttobehappyInthefather’seye,hope,Tothemtheeggconveyshope,forthehencanbehatchedfromitandthehenwilllayeggsagain.BeautifulbutfragileAmericandream.rapideconomicdevelopment,emergingasanindustrialgiant,Materialpursuitbecamecrazywhilemoralcorruption,spiritualdegradationanddisillusionmentarouse.畸形小雞的象征意義：在美國夢的壓力下，有的人因無法承受挫折打擊，心里發(fā)生扭曲與變形，父親的狂熱，兒子悲觀消極，過于早熟，悲觀主義者AClean,Well-lightedPlace《一個干凈明亮的地方》中：“地方”的象征意義:“cafe”,refugeefromthedarkness這個干凈明亮的地方不僅在于它本身的干凈明亮，還在于它能夠給予老人和老侍者的內(nèi)心和靈魂深處一干凈和光明的地方，這個干凈而明亮的地方變成了逃離黑暗，逃離瑣事，逃離現(xiàn)實的避風(fēng)港，避難所。同時他也讓老人找到了自己的尊嚴。三個人各自的象征意義：Infact,theoldman,themiddleagedwaiterandtheyoungwaiterrepresenttheyouth,themiddleageandtheoldageinthedifferentstagesoflife.Ineachstage,peoplehavedifferentattitudestowardslifeandtheyleaddifferentwaysoflife.Oldman:Theoldman’scharacteriscomplex.Beingdepressedbutstillkeepingdignitywastheoldman’simagecreatedbyHemingway,whichfitstheimageof“HemingwayHero”.Forhim,Nothingnessmeanthopelessness,aimlessnessandmeaninglessnessofthelife.Moreover,theoldmanwasdeafandlonely,buthewasnotdefeatedspiritually.Middleagedwaiter:Themiddleagedwaiterwasmoresympathetic.Heknewtheimportanceofacleanandwell-lightedplaceforthosewhoneedarefugetoescapefromthereality.Heknewtheoldman"ssufferingandwassympathizedwithhim.Therefore,hedidnotthinkitwasbadfortheoldmantostayinthecafelateintothenight.3)Youngwaiter：Theyoungwaiterwasselfishandimpatient.Hehadawifewaitingforhimtogohome,sohewantedtheolddeafmantoleaveassoonaspossible.Therefore,hebecameangryandimpolite.Heintentionallypouredthebrandyoutofthecup.Hisbadserviceformedastrongcontrastwiththeoldman"scleanness.Hedidnotsensethedignitytheoldmanhadabouthim.Furthermore,theyoungwaiterwasignorantandblindlyconfident.Hewassoconcernedwiththedailyroutinesanddesiresthathedidnotcareabouttheothers.Hecouldnotunderstandtheoldman.Hedidnotrealizewhathehad,suchasjob,wifeandconfidence,wasunreliablebecausehewasyoung.Hethoughtthatmoneyshouldkeepapersonbehappy.Hemeantthattheoldmanhadnoreasontokillhimselfbecausehewasrich.Poverty,inhisopinion,wouldbetheonlyexcuseforsuicide.兩名侍者對Oldman態(tài)度不同，隱喻不同：TheScarletLetter《紅字》中：白蘭的性格：如何通過外貌描寫刻畫性格：但她的服裝充分顯示了她的人格力量，她身著一件絢麗奔放的長袍，胸前繡上字母A，這種打扮表明了她的無聲的抗議和憤怒，此時無聲勝有聲，也顯示了她倔強的性格。白蘭站在刑臺上，帶著一種自然的端莊高貴，面對圍觀的人群，她的嘴角露出輕蔑的微笑,使人想起無數(shù)杰出畫家爭相繪制的圣母像。所以，這與其說是示眾，不如說是向世俗的道德和宗教挑戰(zhàn)。這一描寫可謂匠心獨運向讀者昭示了紅字“A的復(fù)雜內(nèi)涵。在這里，我們似乎感覺到白蘭雖辱猶榮，同情心油然而生。Inthenovel,Hester,aseamstress,hasmadethescarletletterherself,borderingitwithgoldthreadandfashioningitwithsuchskillthatitisverilyaworkofart.Itwassoartisticallydone,andwithsomuchfertilityandgorgeousluxurianceoffancy,thatithadtheeffectofalastandfittingdecorationtotheapparel,butgreatlybeyondwhatwasallowedbythesumptuaryregulationsofhiscolony.Herhairisletdown,shiningand"soglossythatitthrewoffthesunshinewithagleam."Thishaircomplimentsanelegant,beautiful,lady-likewomanstandingtallandproud.Duringthistime,Hester'semotions,atfullintegrity,aremirroringherappearance.Andwhensheemergesfromtheprisondoortowalktothepillory,shecarriesherselfproudly,totheastonishmentofthecrowdgatheredtoobserveherordeal.FromitsdescriptionoftheappearancewecanseethatHawthornetreatsHesterPrynnewithsympathyandremorse.HedisplaystheabilityofthecommunitytoforgivetheactcommittedbyHester.InHawthorne'sview,Hesterisfarmorehumanandmoralthantheothersinthecommunitybecausesheacceptsherselfandherfrailty,becausesheacceptsresponsibilityforheractions,andbecausesheemergestriumphantasaresultofhersteadfastcharacterandhercapacityforloveandforgiveness.AsharmfulasthisPuritanmarkingofHesterasagravesinneristoher,shepossessesastrengthofcharacterwhichallowshertotranscendthesocialandmoraljudgmentagainsther.為何把紅字繡得如此精美： Hesterchosetofacethefactofhersindirectlyandshedidn’tconsideritisasasin.Hesterchosetofacethefactofhersocalledsindirectly,whichledhertransformedsuccessfullyinthenovel.Asamatteroffact“fOrthereminderofhernaturallife,[Hesterhasto]wearamarkofshameuponherbosom.”，Hesterdecoratedthescarletletterinsuchabeautifulway.Itiselaboratelymadeletter,“infineredcloth,surroundedwithanelaborateembroideryandfantasticflourishesofgoldthread,appearedtheletterA.”，Hesterdoesn’tconsiderherbehaviorasa“sin”，itisthesexualnature,itiswhoshereal