法律英語證書LEC全國統(tǒng)一考試樣題試卷一

法律英語證書（LEC）全國統(tǒng)一考試樣題試卷一本題為單項選擇題，限時180分鐘。BillofRightsDomesticfederallegislation.Legalprotectionagainstinterferenceofrightsbyprivateindividuals.ApopularnamegiventothefirsttenamendmentstotheU.S.Constitution.Thefederalconstitutionalprovisionwhichgrantsrightstostategovernments.StandingAbbreviationof“notwithstanding”Theabilitytobringalawsuitbecauseofaparty,sactualinjuryforwhichthecourtcanprovidearemedy.Theripenessofacaseorcontroversy.Thestatusofaperson,group,ororganizationappearingasa“friendofthecourt.”ConsiderationProcessofjudicialdeliberationbeforerenderingadecisioninacontestedcase.Thelengthyrecitalsof“boilerplate”languageappearinginmanycontracts.Theinducementtoenteracontract,andanecessaryelementtoprovethevalidityofacontract.Thedetrimentalrelianceofanofferee.PromissoryEstoppelAfailuretoprosecuteacivilorcriminalaction.Powertomakeanoffertothepublicratherthanaspecificindividual.Equitabledoctrinerecognizedassubstituteforconsiderationinsomecases.Abilityofanagenttobindaprincipalinmattersbeyondthescopepfagency.PunitiveDamagesDamagestocompensateforinjury.Civildamagesmeanttopunishthewrongdoerforcausinginjury.“Nominal”orminimaldamages.Non-monetarydamages,suchasaninjunction(injunctiverelief)or”specificinjunction(injunctiverelief)or“specificperformance”ofacontractobligation.Whenairplanesflyoveryourhome,areyourpropertyrightsviolated?No,never.Normally,no,unlesstheflightsarelowandfrequent.Yes,becauseyouownalltheairaboveyourhome,intoouterspace.Normally,no,basedonyourrighttoquietuseandenjoymentoftheproperty.VenueThestreetoravenuewhereacourthousecanoftenbefound.Diversityofcitizenship.Thedatesofatrial.Thelocationofatrial.DepositionAtoolofdiscoveryusedbeforetrial.Statementsmadebyawitnessonthewitnessstandduringtrial(alsoknownas“trialtestimony”).Thepositionadefendantisplacedinwhilewaitingforatrial.Thecourt,sresolutionofacase.Generallyspeaking,alimitedpartnershipmaybedissolvedbywhichofthefollowingeventsoroccurrences?Bythefilingofacertificateoflimitedpartnership.Byarelocationofthepartnership.Bythemarriageofalimitedpartner.Bythebankruptcyofageneralpartner.Acorporationisalegalentity:createdbythelocalgovernment.createdandrecognizedbyanentrepreneurialagency.managedinternallybythefederalgovernment.createdandrecognizedbystatelawinmostcases.JurisdictionAgeographicarea,usedprimarilyfordeterminingeligibilitytovote.Thepresenceofadefendantinastatewhereheorshecanbeservedwithasummonsorasubpoena.Thepoweroftheexecutivebranchtoenforcethejudgmentsofthecourts.Thepowerandauthorityofacourtorotherbodytorenderjudgmentinacase.Asecondarysourceoflaw.Alawyer,sassistant.Onewhoholdsanadvancedlawdegree.Alawstudent.KirbyConstructionCo.inpreparingitsbidfortheconstructionanewhospitalreceivedaquotationof$120,000fromKat,sInteriorsInc.whoofferedtodothekitchenworkinthenewhospital.Thisbidwas$30,000lowerthanKirby,snextlowestbidforthekitchenwork.Asaresult,Kirbyloweredhisbidby$20,000beforesubmittingittothehospitalboard.AfterKirbywasawardedtheconstructionbid,andhadacceptedKat'soffer,Kat,spresidentdiscoveredthatinhispreparationofthequotationhehadoverlookedsomesubsidiarykitcheninstallmentsrequiredbytheplans.Immediatelythereafter,Kat,sInteriorsbringssuitforrescissionofthecontract.Theyshould(A)succeed,becauseoftheunilateralmistake(B)notsucceed,unlessKirbykneworshouldhaveknownofKat'serror(C)succeed,becausethemistakewasanessentialelementofthebargain(D)notsucceed,sincethecomputationmistakewasantecedenttoacceptanceofthebidIndisputesoverwhetherapartnershipexists,whichofthefollowingisNOTconsideredtobeanessentialelement?Anequalrightinthemanagementofthebusiness.Thesharingofprofitsorlosses.Theconsultationonbusinessstrategy.Jointownershipinthebusiness.Thisjurisdictionmakessuicideacrime.Jilly,adaytrader,isdespondentoverafailedmarriageandcatastrophicfinanciallossesduringtherecent2,000pointdropintheNasdaqstockexchange.Jillywentuptotheroofofherfourthstoryapartmentbuildinganddecidedtojumpoff.Shelandedontopoftwopedestrians,AlexandJeanPietro,whocushionedherfallandsavedherlife.Unfortunately,AlexandJeanPietrowereseriouslyinjuredwhenJillycrashedontopofthem.JillyisguiltyofbatteryattemptedmurderattemptedmanslaughterrecklessendangermentTheCommonwealthofDelmarvahaspassedalawthatprovidesthatonlyresidentsofDelmarvawhoarecitizensoftheUnitedStatescanownagriculturallandinthestate.Delp,acitizenoftheUnitedStateswhoresidesintheneighboringstateofAgoura,hascontractedwithBarerratopurchasethelatter,sfarmwhichislocatedinDelmarva.Barrera,whoisaresidentofDelmarva,hasbeeninformedbyhisattorneythathissalesagreementwithDelpisnullandvoidunderstatelaw.WhichofthefollowingisthebestconstitutionalargumenttocontestthevalidityoftheDelmarvastatute?TheContractClauseprohibitionagainstastatefromenactinganylawthatwillimpairtheobligationofcontracts.ThePrivilegesandImmunitiesClauseoftheFourteenthAmendment.ThePrivilegesandImmunitiesClauseunderArticleIV,Section2.ThenationalpropertypowerprovisionunderArticleIV,Section3.AliceissittingonherfrontporchwatchingherhusbandBruce,whoismowingthelawn.Carl,whohatesBrucebutisafriendofAlice,s,whosepresenceisknowntohim,drawsapistolandthreatenstokillBruce.Alice,whoispregnant,Sufferssevereemotionaldistressasaresultofthetraumaandsoonafterwardshasamiscarriage.InanactionbyAliceagainstCarlformentalanguishresultinginhermiscarriage,Alicewill(A)lose,becauseCarldidnotknowthatAlicewaspregnant(B)win,becauseitishighlyprobablethatCarl,sextremeandoutrageousconductwouldcauseemotionaldistresstoAlice(C)lose,becauseCarl'sactionsweredirectedagainstBruce,soonlyBrucemayrecoverforemotionaldistress(D)win,becausesheisBruce'swifeClydeCooch,aprominentjudge,livednextdoortoLesterBiggs.RecentlyJudgeCoochhadsentencedLesterBiggs'son,Dopey,tosixmonthsinprisononanarcoticscharge.OneafternoonwhilejudgeCoochwasmowinghislawn,Lesterdecidedtoavengehisson'sconviction.Lestersetuphiswatersprinklerbehindsomeshrubberyseparatingtheiradjoiningproperties.Asthejudgewasmowinghislawnandcamewithinreachofthewatersprinkler,Lesterturnedonthesprinklingdevice,anddousedthejudgewithwater.JudgeCoochwouldbeabletorecoveragainstLesterforwhichofthefollowingtort(s)：negligencebatteryassaultandbatterybatteryandtrespassCassieandherfour-year-oldson,Noah,wereChristmasshoppingatF.A.O.SchwartzToyStoreinmidtownManhattan.F.A.O.Schwartz,whichoperatesoneofNewYork'slargestretailtoystores,sellsacompletearrayoftoys,games,dolls,hobbiesandcrafts.Theiternsweredisplayedonavarietyoftablesandshelveswhichwereeasilyaccessibletothecustomers.WhileCassiewaswalkingdownoneoftheaisles,herattentionbecamefocusedona"HowdyDoody”dollthatwasprominentlyexhibitedonanoverheaddisplayshelf.WhenCassieapproachedthedolldisplay,shereacheduptograbthe"HowdyDoody"doll.Asshedidso,Cassiefailedtoseea“BuffaloBob”dolllyingonthefloor.Shetrippedoverthedollandfelldown,fracturingherhip．IfCassieassertsaclaimagainstF.A.O.Schwartzforherinjuries,willthedoctrineofresipsaloquibeiapplicableontheissueofthetoystore'sliability?(A)Yes,becauseCassiewasabusinessinviteeonthepremisesofthetoystore.(B)Yes,becauseF.A.O.Schwarfzwasincontrolofthepremisesatthetimeoftheaccident．(C)No,becausethe"BuffaloBob"dollmayhavebeendislodgedbyanothercustomer．(D)No,unlessthe“BuffaloBob”dollhadbeendisplayedontheedgeoftheshelfinanegligentmannerbyoneofF.A.O.Schwartz'semployees.AmosistheownerinfeesimpleofBlackacre.a7-acretract,onwhichhemaintainsadwellinghouseforhimselfandhisfamily．AdjoiningBlackacreisWhiteacre,a10-acretract,ownedbyAndy.Inordertogainaccesstothehighway,AmoshasaneasementtocrossoverWhiteacre．AmoshasrecentlypurchasedGreenacre,a12-acretract,whichabutsWhiteacrebutisnotappurtenanttoBlackacre.AmoshasbegunconstructingafarmhouseonGreenacreandisusingtheexistingeasement(acrossWhiteacre)togainaccesstothe12-acretract.AmoshasneverreceivedpermissionfromAndytousetheroadacrossWhiteacretogainaccesstoGreenacre．InanappropriateactionbyAndytoenjoinAmosfromusingtheexistingeasementtogainaccesstoGreenacre,theplaintiffwillmostlikely(A)succeed,becauseAmosismakinguseoftheservienttenementbeyondthescopeandextentoftheeasementasitwasoriginallycreated(B)succeed,becauseAmoshasnorighttousetheservienttenementinconnectionwithatractoflandwhichisnotpartofthedominanttenement(C)notsucceed,becauseAmoshasaneasementbynecessity(D)notsucceed,becauseAmoshasarighttousetheeasementinamannernotinconsistentwiththerightsoftheowneroftheservienttenement法律英語考查試題及答案、英譯漢.generaljurisdiction一般管轄.barexamination律師考試.ripeness案件成熟度.substantivelaw實體法5.nocontestpleas不辯護也不認罪的答辯二、漢譯英.巡回法院circuitcourts.模擬法庭mootcourt.案件決議度mootness.起訴書complaint.被上訴人appellee三、翻譯短文.Notwolegalsystems,then,areexactlyalike.Eachisspecifictoitscountryoritsjurisdiction.Thisdoesnotmean,ofcourse,thateverylegalsystemisentirelydifferentfromeveryotherlegalsystem.Notatall.Whentwocountriesaresimilarincultureandtradition,theirlegalsystemsarelikelytobesimilaraswell.NodoubtthelawofE1SalvadorisverymuchliketheLawofHonduras.ThelawsofAustraliaandNewZealandarenotthatfarapart.沒有兩個法系是恰好相似的。每一種法系對于它的國家和它的管轄范圍是特定的。當然，這并不意味著每一種法系是完全不同于其它任何一種法系。當兩個國家在文化和傳統(tǒng)上相似的時候，他們的法系也很可能相似。難怪薩爾瓦多的法律和洪都拉斯的法律異常相似。澳大利亞的法律和新西蘭的法律也不是相差甚遠。2.InmanyjurisdictionsintheUnitedStates,feloniesarecrimespunishablebydeathorimprisonmentinastateprisonorpenitentiaryandmisdemeanorsarethosepunishablebyfineofimprisonmentinalocaljail.(Thetermjurisdictionreferstotheauthorityofapoliticalentity,suchasastateoracounty,ortheterritoryoverwhichthatauthorityisexercised.)Inotherjurisdictions,crimespunishablebyfineorimprisonmentinalocaljail.(Thetermjurisdictionregerstotheauthorityofapoliticalentity,suchasastateoracounty,ortheterritoryoverwhichthatauthorityisexercised.)Inotherjurisdictions,crimespunishablebyimprisonmentforoneyeatormorearefolonies,andthosepunishablebyfineorimprisonmentforlessthanoneyeararemisdemeanors.Sinceeachjurisdictiondeterminesthepenaltiesforoffensesitdefines,amisdemeanorinonejurisdictionmayconstituteafelonyinanother.Somejurisdictionshaveanadditionalclassificationforpettyoffenses,alsocalledinfractions,whichareusyallypunishablebyasmallfine.在美國的許多地區(qū)，重罪是被處以死刑或者在州監(jiān)獄里終身監(jiān)禁的犯罪，而輕罪是被處以罰款或者是在當?shù)乇O(jiān)獄監(jiān)禁的犯罪。(這個管轄術(shù)語涉及政治性實體的權(quán)威，例如一個州或者一個國家，或者一個培訓權(quán)威的領(lǐng)地。)在其他地區(qū)，被處以監(jiān)禁一年或一年以上的是重罪，被處以罰款或監(jiān)禁少于一年的是輕罪。因為每個地區(qū)各自定義決定罪犯的刑罰，在一個地區(qū)的輕罪可能在別的地區(qū)是重罪。一些地區(qū)對輕微違法有另外的分類，稱作侵害，通常被處以數(shù)量不大的罰款。.ThesystemofcriminalprocedureintheUnitedStatesisbothadversarialandaccusatorial.Theadversatialaspectsareasfollows:thepartiesthemselvesdevelopandpresenttheevidencebeforeapassiveandimpartialdecisionmaker,withthejudgeactingonlyasnecessarytoassureoverallfairnessofthecontestbetweenthesides.Accusatorialprinciplesarenotthesameasadversarialprinciples,buttheycomplementeachother.Accusatorialprinciplesrequirethe“governmentinitscontestwiththeindividualtoshouldertheentireload,”whileadversarialprinciplesrequirethattheprosecutor,asthegovernment'srepresentative,presentthecaseagainstthedefendant.Thus,theprosecutormustbeartheentireburdenofprovingthedefendant'sguiltoneveryelementofthecrimewithoutthecompelledassistanceoftheaccused.TheU.S.systemallowsforexceptionstotheaccusatorialprinciple,justasitcontemplatesexceptionstotheasversatialprinciple,butitremainsprimarilyaccusatorialandadversarial.在美國，刑事訴訟體系包括對抗式（當事人主義）和控告式（職權(quán)主義）。當事人主義包括以下幾個方面：當事人自己在一個消極的公正的決策者之前收集和呈現(xiàn)證據(jù)，而法官僅扮演一個能夠保證爭議雙方公正的必要角色。職權(quán)主義原則與當事人原則不同，但雙方是互補的。職權(quán)主義原則要求政府在個別爭議中承擔全部責任。然而當事人主義原則要求政府代表的檢察官呈現(xiàn)針對被告的案件。因此，公訴人必須承擔證明被告有罪的全部責任，并且在每一個犯罪要素上排除被