Chinese-and-Western-Cul教學(xué)講解課件

中西文化比較思維模式差異DifferenceinModeofThinkingzuobiao212@163.comDifferencesinModeofThinkingContrastbetweenWesternandChineseCulturesHowIs

TheModeofThinkingFormed?Modeofthinking思維模式

Humanthinkingmainlyconsistsofsuchelementsasknowledge,ideology,methodology,intelligence,emotion,willpower,languageandhabits.Theinter-relationshipandinteractionoftheseelementsformadynamiccomplexsystemknownasthemodeofthinking.

人類思維主要由知識、觀念、方法、智力、情感、意志、語言、習(xí)慣等八大要素組成。這些要素相互聯(lián)系，相互作用，形成思維模式這樣一個動態(tài)復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)。

Modeofthinking思維模式

Themodeofthinkingiscloselyrelatedtotheworldview.Itistheconcentratedembodimentofallculturalandpsychologicalpropertiesandisshapedinacertainhistorical,socialandgeographicalenvironment.

思維模式與世界觀密切相關(guān)，它是各種文化心理素質(zhì)的集中體現(xiàn)，它在一定的歷史、社會、地理環(huán)境中形成。

Conversely,aperson’sestablishedmodeofthinkingconditionsandevendetermineshis/herformationofjudgmentandpatternofbehaviorinacertainsituation.

反過來，一個人定型的思維模式制約、甚至決定他/她在一定場合所形成的判斷和行為。W-CDifferenceinModeofthinking

中西思維模式差異Thewesternmodeislinear,inclinedtodissectthingsintopartsandanalyzetheirrelationships,stressingabstractreasoningandcharacterizedmainlybyitsanalyticalnature.Linearanalysisandcircularsynthesis

線析環(huán)綜TheChinesemodeiscircular,andtendstosynthesizepartsandexaminethewholeandemphasizetheacquisitionofintuitiveinsightwithholisticthinkingasitsmainfeature.西方模式如同直線切劃，細(xì)分明析，注重抽象推理，以分析性思維為其主要特點(diǎn)。中國模式猶如圓環(huán)內(nèi)封，綜觀合察，尋求直覺頓悟，以綜合性思維為其主要特點(diǎn)。Plato(428-347B.C.)

柏拉圖gnosis/knowledge/知識noesis

/reason/理性dianoia/idea/觀念pistis/faith/信念eikasia

/imagination/想像Plato’sdividedlineofknowledgeAlineofabstraction

線型的抽象過程EightTrigrams

八卦圖‘大人’者與天地合其德，與日月合其明，與四時合其序，與鬼神合吉兇。

《周易·乾卦·文言》Agreatmanidentifieshimselfwithheavenandearthforvirtues,withthesunandthemoonforbrightness,withfourseasonsfororder,andwithgodsandspiritsforluck.《周易》：一陰一陽之謂道。

TaoconsistsinYinandYang.

TheBookofChanges(600BC)

ReferringtoWesternmodeofthinking,Qian

Xuesen(1986)said:“Abstractivethinkingseemstobelinearorbranch-like.

“抽象思維似乎是線型或枝型的?！? —錢學(xué)森

ReferringtoChinesemodeofthinking,Shen

Xiaolong(1990)said:“Thisisacirculardialecticmodeofthinkingwithastrongplastic,flexibleandstochasticnature.“這是一種有著極強(qiáng)可塑性、伸張性、隨機(jī)性的圓式辯證思維方式?！? —申小龍Modeofthinking

思維模式Analytical,abstract,logical分析性、抽象性、邏輯性

Holistic,imaginal,intuitive

整體性、形象性、直覺性Concept,judgment,inference概念、判斷、推理

Intuition,insight,imagination直覺、頓悟、想象

WesternModeofThinkingChineseModeofThinkingDr.Kaplan:Editor-in-ChiefoftheAnnualReviewofAppliedLinguistics

卡普蘭:《應(yīng)用語言學(xué)評論年刊》主編

MajorDifferences

ChineseModeofThinking中國思維模式

WesternModeofThinking西方思維模式

Holistic整體

Analytical分析1

Intuitive直覺

Logical邏輯2

Imaginal

形象

Abstract抽象3

Ethical倫理

Cognitive認(rèn)知4

Fuzzy模糊

Accurate精確5

Intentional意向

Objective對象6

Convergent求同

Divergent求異7

Past-focused后饋

Future-focused前瞻8

Inward內(nèi)向

Outward外向9

Inductive歸納

Deductive演繹10ChineseModeWesternModeHolistic整體性Analytical分析性Intuitive直覺性Logical邏輯性Imaginal

形象性Abstract抽象性Ethical倫理型Cognitive認(rèn)知型Fuzzy模糊性Accurate精確性Intentional意向性O(shè)bjective對象性Convergent求同性Divergent求異性Past-focused后饋性Future-focused前瞻性Inward內(nèi)向性O(shè)utward外向性Inductive歸納型Deductive演繹型ChineseModeWesternModeHolistic整體性Analytical分析性Intuitive直覺性Logical邏輯性Imaginal

形象性Abstract抽象性Ethical倫理型Cognitive認(rèn)知型Fuzzy模糊性Accurate精確性Intentional意向性O(shè)bjective對象性Convergent求同性Divergent求異性Past-focused后饋性Future-focused前瞻性Inward內(nèi)向性O(shè)utward外向性Inductive歸納型Deductive演繹型

Holistic整體

Analytical分析1Nisbett’sTestRichardE.NisbettWhathaveyouseeninthepicturebelow?Whathaveyouseeninthepicture?MostAmericanStudents:(88.5%,May27,2011)SixtigersfrolickingTigersplayingaroundTigersskippingaboutGambollingtigersTigersfightingTigersattackingeachotherTigershuntingforfoodMostChineseStudents:(90.2%,April17,2011)Sixtigers,Mountains,rocksWaterfalls,Astream,PinesandothertreesGrassAutographandseal

Holistic整體

Holisticthinkinginvolvesanorientationtothecontextorfieldasawhole,includingattentiontorelationshipsbetweenafocalobjectandthefield,andapreferenceforexplainingandpredictingeventsonthebasisofsuchrelationships.

Nisbett（2001）

整體思維傾向于把情境或場看作是一個整體，注重某一突出的物體及其場的關(guān)系，并憑借這種關(guān)系來解釋和預(yù)見事物的情狀。

Analytical分析Analyticalthinkinginvolvesdetachmentoftheobjectfromitscontext,atendencytofocusonattributesoftheobjectinordertoassignittocategories,andapreferenceforusingrulesaboutthecategoriestoexplainandpredicttheobject’sbehavior.

分析思維傾向于把物體從其情境中分離出來，關(guān)注該物體性質(zhì)以便于歸類，并注重運(yùn)用歸類的規(guī)則來解釋和預(yù)見事物的情狀。

Holistic整體

Analytical分析Westernerstendtobeanalyticalandpaymoreattentiontothekey,orfocalobjectsinascene—forexample,concentrationonthewomaninthe“MonaLisa”,asopposedtotherocksandskybehindher.

Chinese,bycontrast,tendtobeholistic.Theylookatthewholepictureandrelyoncontextualinformationwhenmakingdecisionsandjudgmentsaboutwhattheysee.

西方人傾向于分析思維，更多地關(guān)注某一場景中的主要或突出物體，例如在“蒙娜麗莎”這幅畫中，關(guān)注畫中的人而非她身后的巖石與天空。

中國人傾向整體思維，他們往往觀察整個畫面，并依靠在情景中所獲得的信息對所觀察事物作出決定和判斷。

WesternEncyclopediaarrangedbyclassificationAnimals,plants,objectsaredivided,sub-divided…

西方的百科全書層層切分，種類歸屬分明。ClassificationUnitsofPlantsandAnimals:kingdom,division,class,order,family,genus,species界、門、綱、目、科、屬、種

ChineseLeishuAcollectionofpolitical,socialandethicaldataarrangedcircularlyinanemperor-centeredfashion.

中國古代類書是以皇帝為中心的環(huán)式體例。唐代《藝文類聚》、宋代《太平御覽》、明代《永樂大典》、清代《古今圖書集成》

WesternArticles

Cleardivisionintheorganizationofarticlestitle,sub-title,chapters,sections, paragraphstopicsentences

西方文章，標(biāo)題、章、節(jié)、段細(xì)分明切，段中一般都有主題句，脈路清晰，一目了然。

ChineseArticles起承轉(zhuǎn)合:Introduction,elucidation,transitionandsumming-up著眼點(diǎn)：首尾呼應(yīng)，通篇的過渡自然及和諧一致。

Unity,harmony,transitionandcorrespondencearegivenmuchattention.

AnEnglishexpositoryparagraphusuallybeginswithatopicstatement,andthen,aseriesofsub-divisionsofthattopic,eachsupportedbyexamplesandillustrations,todevelopthatcentralideaandrelatethatideatootherideasinthewholeessay,andtoemploythatideatoprovesomething,orperhaps,toarguesomething.英語說明文的語段通常以主題句開始，后接分支部分，每部分都有例證和解釋，以闡發(fā)中心思想，并使這一語段中心思想與全文的其它思想相關(guān)聯(lián)，以此來論證某一觀點(diǎn)或提出某一觀點(diǎn)。RobertB.KaplanRobertB.Kaplan

Someorientalwritingismarkedbywhatmaybecalledanapproachbyindirection.Inthiskindofwriting,thedevelopmentoftheparagraphmaybesaidtobeturningandturninginawideninggyre.Thecirclesorgyresturnaroundthesubjectandshowitfromavarietyoftangentialviews,butthesubjectisneverlookedatdirectly.

東方人寫的文章具有間接入題的特點(diǎn)，可以說，這種文章語段的展開，就像一個不斷擴(kuò)展的環(huán)在圍繞著主題旋轉(zhuǎn)，通過外圍的觀點(diǎn)展示主題，卻從不直接入題?！班枥锱纠病贝巴?，小雨不斷如珍珠灑落下來，可是，我卻沐浴著永不停息的書雨。

《書，伴隨我成長》

Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.

OnStudies你是彩虹，認(rèn)為天空偉大，但因你的點(diǎn)綴，太空才如此絢麗。題記一只小老鼠羨慕太陽光芒萬丈的偉大，敬佩云朵遮住陽光的偉大，仰慕風(fēng)吹散云的偉大，卻忽視了自己鉆過墻，也是一種偉大。這只小老鼠缺少了自信。

《談自信》

Faithistheconfidentbeliefortrustinthetruthortrustworthinessofaperson,conceptorthing.

OnFaithTheEight-partEssay

Theeight-partessayisakindofstereotypedwriting,focusingontheformbutlackingincontent.Theeightpartsconsistof4pairsofparallelorantitheticalwritings,cyclingaroundthetopicandnotapproachingthecentralideadirectly.TheEight-partEssay

八股文分為破題、承題、起講、入手、起股、中股、后股、束股、落下等組成部分。在起股、中股、后股、束股4個部分，各有兩股互相對應(yīng)的文字，共有八股。八股也稱八比，比是對偶的意思。

Westernmedicine,examinepartsofthebodythroughtests,X-rays,NMR,etc.

西醫(yī)看病，先給病人胸透、胃透、驗(yàn)血、驗(yàn)?zāi)?、核磁共振，分而檢之，再作診斷。

Chinesemedicine,generalphysicalcondition,pulse,complexion,tonguecoating 中醫(yī)看病，望、聞、問、切，注意的是全身性的綜合癥狀。

Westerncuisine

strictly-followedrecipe,precisequantityofingredientsregular,establishedprocedure

西餐廚師烹飪，各種配料嚴(yán)格計(jì)量，操作程序步步分清。

Chinesecuisinecasualmixingofingredientsmoreattentiontothegeneraleffectofcolor,aromaandtaste

中餐廚師并不在意配料的嚴(yán)格計(jì)量，而是注重色、香、味的總體效果。

Westernpainting

accurateone-by-onelikenessinappearancewithemphasisondetails:lines,shadesofcolor,lightspectrum…

西方油畫注重一一對應(yīng)的精確形似，通過線條、色彩、光線等細(xì)節(jié)刻意仿真。

ChinesePainting

fuzzyresemblanceinspiritoressencewithemphasisongeneraleffectbyusingimagination,

exaggeration

…

中國畫追求總體模糊神似，運(yùn)用概括、夸張的手法及豐富的聯(lián)想表現(xiàn)物象的神韻。

Intuitive直覺

Logical邏輯2

Intuitive直覺

Logical邏輯

DebatewasprominentinancientGreece,andlogicwasinvented.Logicisappliedbystrippingawaythemeaningofstatementsandleavingonlytheirformalstructureintact.Thismakesiteasiertoseewhetheranargumentisvalidornot.

Intuitioncomesfromexperience,practiceandthe‘6thsense’.Itisexperiencetranslatedbywisdom.

Intuitivethinkingisnonlinear,likeasparkemerginginthemazeofillusions.

ItisthemajorwaybywhichancientChinesesaintsperceivedtheworld.

辯論風(fēng)行于古代希臘，于是邏輯學(xué)問世。運(yùn)用邏輯，就是剝?nèi)フf話的意義，而只留下完整的形式結(jié)構(gòu)，這樣就比較容易看清某一論點(diǎn)是否成立。

直覺來自經(jīng)驗(yàn)、實(shí)踐和‘第六感覺’，它是經(jīng)驗(yàn)的睿智闡述。直覺思維是非線性的，猶如幻覺迷宮里突然出現(xiàn)的火花，它是中國古代圣哲感知世界的主要方法。

WesternLogicSyllogism（三段論法）

A3-stepargument:1.Majorpremise（大前提）2.Minorpremise（小前提）3.Conclusion（結(jié)論）Aristotle–formallogicBacon–inductivemethodofscienceRussell–mathematicallogicHegel–dialecticallogic亞里士多德—形式邏輯培根—科學(xué)歸納法實(shí)證科學(xué)羅素—數(shù)理邏輯黑格爾—辯證邏輯ExamplesofSyllogism（三段論法舉例）Allwomenlikeshopping.Aliceisawoman.ThereforeAlicelikesshopping.WhateverisMisP;SisM; ThereforeSisP.Allfruitsgrowontrees.Theappleisafruit.Therefore,theapplegrowsontrees.EitherPorQ.NotP.Therefore,Q.EitherClassAorClassBwins.ClassAdoesnotwin.Therefore,ClassBwins.

LogicandAccuracy

Accuracy

resultsfromlogicalreasoningandtheeither/ormentality.

精確產(chǎn)生于邏輯推理與非此即彼的文化心態(tài)。

Theworldcouldbeunderstoodthroughlogicalapproachestotheirmeaning,withoutreferencetotheworldofthesenses.Ifthesensesseemedtocontradictconclusionsreachedfromfirstprinciplesandlogic,itwasthesensesthathadtobeignored. ——Plato

可以通過邏輯掌握意義，認(rèn)識世界，而無須借助感覺。如果感覺與第一原則和邏輯所得出的結(jié)論矛盾，就不必考慮感覺。 ——柏拉圖

LogicandAccuracy

Accuracy

resultsfromlogicalreasoningandtheeither/ormentality.

精確產(chǎn)生于邏輯推理與非此即彼的文化心態(tài)。

Ofcoursewehavetothinkaccurately!Beingtheanalytical,straightlineguythatIam,Ihavearealproblemwithfuzzythinking.Ialwayspreferthestraightlineapproach. ——LymanReed

當(dāng)然我們必須精確地思考！但作為一個分析型、直線型的人，我缺乏模糊思維能力，我總是喜歡直線的觀點(diǎn)。 ——萊曼·里德

ChineseIntuition

Knowledgecanbeacquiredwithoutreasoning.

無思無慮始知道 《莊子·知北游》

Creativitycomesfromrudeawakeningandspontaneousperceptiveness.創(chuàng)造來自于頓悟和靈感。

TaocannotbeexpressedbywordsandwhatcanbedonesoisnotTao.Taoismotionlessandshapeless.Itcanbehandeddownbutnottaughtandcanbeattainedbutnotdisplayed.

道不可言，言而非道，道無為無形，可傳而不可受，可得而不可見。

《莊子·大宗師》

ChineseIntuition“豁然貫通”，成語Understandthethoroughmeaningsuddenly.“恍然大悟”成語Besuddenlyenlightened.心凈自悟，頓悟成佛

。

禪宗《六祖壇經(jīng)》

ZenBuddhism

ApurifiedmindspontaneouslyattainsperceptivenessandthenaturalinsightenablesonetobecomeaBuddha.

IntuitionandFuzziness“道”、“氣”、“太極”Tao，Qi,TaiChi書不盡言，言不盡意。

《易經(jīng)》

Whatiswrittendoesnotexpressallthatonehastosay;Whatissaiddoesnotconveyallthatisonone’smind.道可道，非常道；名可名，非常名?！兜赖陆?jīng)》TheTaothatcanbeexplainedisnotaneternalTao;Thenamesthatcanbenamedarenoteternalnames.只可意會，不可言傳。成語Itcanbesensedbutnotexpressedinwords.

Logic（邏輯）

Intuition（直覺）rational理性

perceptual感性definite明晰

fuzzy模糊precise嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)

sagacious睿智deductive演繹inductive歸納

Imaginal

形象

Abstract抽象3awesterndiagramoflinesofabstraction線型抽象aChinesepictureofdouble-fishimages雙魚形象天有不測風(fēng)云，人有旦夕禍福。

Stormsgatherwithoutwarninginnature；

badluckbefallsmenovernight.

YangHsien-yi

Theweatherandhumanlifearebothunpredictable.

Hawkes人無千日好，花無百日紅。Mancannotbealwaysfortunate;flowersdonotlastforever.Nobodycanalwaysbehappy.

疾風(fēng)知勁草，患難見真情。Strongwindsteststurdygrass;calamitiesrevealtruefriendship.Incalamitiesoneseestruefriendship.

在天愿作比翼鳥，在地愿為連理枝。

Inthesky,wewillbetwolovebirdsflyingtogether;onearthwewillbetwinbranchesonatree.

Wewillloveandbeloyaltoeachotherforever.病來如山倒，病去如抽絲。Sicknesscomeslikealandslidebutgoeslikereelingsilk.

Sicknesscomessuddenlybutgoesslowly.

Abstractconceptsardentloyaltytotalexhaustionwithgreateagernessfeedonfancies athighspeeddisappearcompletelybustlingactivity赤膽忠心gall,heart筋疲力盡tendon,sinew如饑似渴hunger,thirst畫餅充饑drawncake風(fēng)馳電掣wind,lightening煙消云散smoke,cloud龍騰虎躍dragon,tiger

Figuresofspeech

Ethical倫理

Cognitive認(rèn)知4

Ethical倫理

Cognitive認(rèn)知Westernmodeofthinkingisexterior-oriented,givingmoreattentiontothecognitiveexplorationofNature(theobjectiveworld),withemphasisonscienceandtheories.

Chinesemodeofthinkingisinterior-oriented,focusingmoreonthemoralinquiryintohumannature(thesubjectiveworld)withemphasisonethicsandsocialpractice.

西方思維模式是外向的，關(guān)注對客觀世界（大自然）進(jìn)行認(rèn)知探索，重視科學(xué)與理論。

中國思維模式是內(nèi)向的，關(guān)注對主觀世界（人性）進(jìn)行道德探索，重視人倫與社會實(shí)踐。

Ethical倫理

Cognitive認(rèn)知Ontology Cosmology Epistemology Methodology仁義禮智信忠恕孝悌本體論宇宙論認(rèn)識論方法論benevolencerighteousnesscourtesywisdomreliabilityloyaltyforgivenessfilialpietyrespectforelders