《卷煙包灰性能測(cè)試方法》標(biāo)準(zhǔn)技術(shù)報(bào)告

引言卷煙燃燒時(shí)卷煙紙的包灰狀態(tài)和卷煙紙與煙支燃燒時(shí)煙絲的匹配程度，是影響卷煙抽吸體驗(yàn)的關(guān)鍵參數(shù)。包灰效果差的卷煙，燃吸時(shí)燃燒后的卷煙紙容易開(kāi)裂脫落，容易造成煙灰掉落飛濺，卷煙紙與煙絲匹配差的卷煙，燃燒時(shí)卷煙紙先炭化后灰化，造成燃燒錐的碳化圈過(guò)寬過(guò)黑，導(dǎo)致燃燒錐掉落或者熄火，直接影響消費(fèi)者的抽吸體驗(yàn)。卷煙包灰質(zhì)量已經(jīng)引起行業(yè)的廣泛重視，行業(yè)內(nèi)部分中煙企業(yè)開(kāi)展了相關(guān)研究，提出了檢測(cè)方法，但是由于缺乏統(tǒng)一的測(cè)試標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，各企業(yè)的測(cè)試儀器設(shè)備、圖像獲取、圖像分析等軟硬件的參數(shù)各不相同，測(cè)試結(jié)果可比性較差，無(wú)法對(duì)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量進(jìn)行客觀科學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)。本項(xiàng)目的主要目的是提出包灰性能測(cè)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方法，為卷煙包灰性能的測(cè)定提供統(tǒng)一的技術(shù)依據(jù)，為考察和改善卷煙產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，提高消費(fèi)者抽吸體驗(yàn)提供評(píng)價(jià)依據(jù)和技術(shù)手段。研究背景與意義中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展第十四個(gè)五年規(guī)劃和2035年遠(yuǎn)景目標(biāo)綱要指出“十四五”時(shí)期經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展指導(dǎo)方針和主要目標(biāo)包括“以推動(dòng)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展為主題，以深化供給側(cè)結(jié)構(gòu)性改革為主線，以改革創(chuàng)新為根本動(dòng)力，以滿足人民日益增長(zhǎng)的美好生活需要為根本目的”ADDINZOTERO_ITEMCSL_CITATION{"citationID":"ap8pr7m0aj","properties":{"formattedCitation":"\\super[1]\\nosupersub{}","plainCitation":"[1]","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":866,"uris":["/users/8979560/items/XLKI4SAJ"],"itemData":{"id":866,"type":"report","page":"10-12","publisher":"中華人民共和國(guó)中央人民政府","title":"中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展第十四個(gè)五年規(guī)劃和2035年遠(yuǎn)景目標(biāo)綱要","URL":"/xinwen/2021-03/13/content_5592681.htm","author":[{"family":"中華人民共和國(guó)中央人民政府","given":""}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2022",9,8]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2021",3,13]]}}}],"schema":"/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[1]。卷煙產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量是煙草行業(yè)最為關(guān)注的主題之一，長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，煙草行業(yè)以“國(guó)家利益至上、消費(fèi)者利益至上”行業(yè)核心價(jià)值觀為指引，在保障卷煙產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的基礎(chǔ)上不斷提升消費(fèi)者消費(fèi)體驗(yàn)?，F(xiàn)行卷煙國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中卷煙產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量指標(biāo)主要包括卷煙包裝外觀質(zhì)量、卷煙卷制質(zhì)量、煙氣質(zhì)量和感官質(zhì)量，隨著國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的全面發(fā)展，消費(fèi)者對(duì)卷煙的包裝外觀、煙支類(lèi)型等有了更高的消費(fèi)需求，細(xì)支卷煙、中支卷煙、短支卷煙和爆珠卷煙等新興卷煙類(lèi)型不斷涌現(xiàn)，對(duì)于卷煙質(zhì)量，消費(fèi)者也有了更高的需求，從近年來(lái)的市場(chǎng)反饋情況看，隨著產(chǎn)品工藝質(zhì)量的逐步提升，圍繞卷煙工藝加工質(zhì)量的消費(fèi)者反饋和訴求逐年降低，而圍繞卷煙外觀、抽吸過(guò)程燃燒灰柱外觀、灰柱完整性、包灰、落頭等方面的訴求呈上升趨勢(shì)，對(duì)卷煙產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)和提升提出了更高的要求。質(zhì)量基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施是國(guó)家創(chuàng)新體系建設(shè)的重要組成部分，圍繞計(jì)量、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、認(rèn)可、檢驗(yàn)檢測(cè)、認(rèn)證5大要素構(gòu)建完整的質(zhì)量基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施是提升國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的重要手段ADDINZOTERO_ITEMCSL_CITATION{"citationID":"8CRMFGUj","properties":{"formattedCitation":"\\super[2\\uc0\\u8211{}7]\\nosupersub{}","plainCitation":"[2–7]","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":507,"uris":["/users/8979560/items/MFIT3FFN"],"itemData":{"id":507,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Nationalqualityinfrastructure(NQI)isthetechnicalfoundationofacountry’shigh-qualitydevelopmentandanimportantcomponentofthenationalinnovationsystem.ImprovingthetechnicalcapacityandmanagementleveloftheNQIisakeymeanstopromoteChina’sstrengthinscienceandtechnologyandproductquality.ConductingstrategicresearchonNQIiscriticalfortransformingChinafromacountryofquantitytoacountryofquality.ThisstudyanalyzesthestatusquoandexistingproblemsinthedevelopmentofqualityinfrastructureinChinaandabroadandproposestheoverallidea,objectives,andfuturedirectionoftheNQIdevelopmentstrategyforChina.Furthermore,weproposeseveralpoliciestoprovidesupportandreferenceforthescienti?cdevelopmentofChina’sNQI,includingclarifyingthestrategicpositioningofNQI,optimizingtheconstructionofNQI,consolidatingNQItechnicalfoundationsandsystemicservices,strengtheningdiversi?edresourceinvestment,andparticipatingintheinternationalexchangesofNQI.","container-title":"ChineseJournalofEngineeringScience","DOI":"10.15302/J-SSCAE-2021.03.015","ISSN":"1009-1742","issue":"3","journalAbbreviation":"ChineseJournalofEngineeringScience","language":"zh","page":"46-52","source":"DOI.org(Crossref)","title":"DevelopmentStrategyofNationalQualityInfrastructureinChina","volume":"23","author":[{"literal":"KenanGong"},{"literal":"LianchaoYu"},{"literal":"XuelinXu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]}}},{"id":442,"uris":["/users/8979560/items/H3MQCXAQ"],"itemData":{"id":442,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"ChineseJournalofEngineeringScience","DOI":"10.15302/J-SSCAE-2022.02.001","ISSN":"1009-1742","issue":"2","journalAbbreviation":"ChineseJournalofEngineeringScience","language":"en","page":"1-9","source":"DOI.org(Crossref)","title":"DevelopmentofTechnologySystemforHigh-QualityManufacturinginChina","volume":"24","author":[{"literal":"ZhongqinLin"},{"literal":"LifengXi"},{"literal":"TangbinXia"},{"literal":"YixiZhao"},{"literal":"ErshunPan"},{"literal":"YantingLi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2022"]]}}},{"id":483,"uris":["/users/8979560/items/9XNMISMJ"],"itemData":{"id":483,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Withtherapiddevelopmentofeconomicconstruction,NationalQualityInfrastructure(NQI)hasreceivedincreasingattentionfromcountriesandinternationalorganizations.NQIisacomprehensivesystemandcapacitybuilding,whichplaysakeyroleinpromotinghealthyandsustainableeconomicandsocialdevelopment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強(qiáng)氣泡輪廓,抑制其他缺陷輪廓;最后,根據(jù)氣泡的\"雙液環(huán)\"特性對(duì)提取出的輪廓進(jìn)行編碼,準(zhǔn)確識(shí)別出氣泡。采用3種不同規(guī)格、不同顏色的爆珠樣品對(duì)該方法進(jìn)行測(cè)試,結(jié)果表明:本文方法對(duì)氣泡缺陷的平均識(shí)別率為98.9%,平均誤檢率為0.21‰,與人工檢測(cè)對(duì)比偏差為±...","container-title":"煙草科技","ISSN":"1002-0861","issue":"10","language":"中文;","page":"96-102","source":"CNKI","title":"面向卷煙爆珠放行檢驗(yàn)的氣泡缺陷檢測(cè)方法","volume":"53","author":[{"literal":"徐龍泉"},{"literal":"王澍"},{"literal":"董浩"},{"literal":"彭黔榮"},{"literal":"周明珠"},{"literal":"張龍"},{"literal":"羅光杰"},{"literal":"余云流"},{"literal":"吳曉松"},{"literal":"李志剛"},{"literal":"劉勇"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]}}}],"schema":"/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[12–14]、煙葉分級(jí)ADDINZOTERO_ITEMCSL_CITATION{"citationID":"a2ec7t19p4f","properties":{"formattedCitation":"\\super[15\\uc0\\u8211{}17]\\nosupersub{}","plainCitation":"[15–17]","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":811,"uris":["/users/8979560/items/K82WJVH5"],"itemData":{"id":811,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"為解決傳統(tǒng)煙葉分級(jí)因人為主觀因素造成煙葉等級(jí)識(shí)別率低等問(wèn)題,基于不同等級(jí)煙葉高光譜數(shù)據(jù)集A和B,分析了多元散射校正(MSC)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)正態(tài)變量變換(SNV)和Savitzky-Golay卷積平滑(SG)3種預(yù)處理方法,以及隨機(jī)森林(RF)、極限學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)(ELM)、梯度提升決策樹(shù)(GBDT)和支持向量機(jī)(SVM)4種分類(lèi)模型對(duì)煙葉分類(lèi)正確率的影響,并進(jìn)一步探討了高光譜數(shù)據(jù)經(jīng)MSC預(yù)處理后,利用F-Score算法選取特征波段,在不同特征波段數(shù)量下分類(lèi)正確率的變化。結(jié)果表明:(1)基于全波段的MSC預(yù)處理結(jié)合ELM和SVM模型的識(shí)別效果較好,數(shù)據(jù)集A和B的分類(lèi)正確率分別達(dá)到84%、80%和96%、95%;(2)利用F-Score算法選取的特征波段數(shù)量占全波段的70%時(shí),基于MSC預(yù)處理的4種模型的分類(lèi)正確率已接近基于全波段的分類(lèi)正確率,在數(shù)據(jù)集B中SVM的分類(lèi)正確率達(dá)到96%。該研究結(jié)果可為提高煙葉等級(jí)識(shí)別正確率及煙葉分級(jí)的智能化水平提供支持。","container-title":"煙草科技","DOI":"10.16135/j.issn1002-0861.2021.0213","ISSN":"1002-0861","issue":"10","language":"中文;","note":"6citations(CNKI)[2022-11-7]<北大核心,CSCD>","page":"82-91","source":"CNKI","title":"基于高光譜信息的煙葉分級(jí)方法比較","volume":"54","author":[{"literal":"李士靜"},{"literal":"潘羲"},{"literal":"陳熙卓"},{"literal":"朱均燕"},{"literal":"吳碧致"},{"literal":"謝小芳"},{"literal":"溫永仙"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]}}},{"id":698,"uris":["/users/8979560/items/7JL4ES2E"],"itemData":{"id":698,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"針對(duì)烤煙煙葉在國(guó)民生產(chǎn)和經(jīng)濟(jì)中的重要地位,以及對(duì)煙葉進(jìn)行人工檢測(cè)和分級(jí)存在的各種缺陷,討論了應(yīng)用計(jì)算機(jī)圖像處理的知識(shí)對(duì)煙葉進(jìn)行顏色和形狀特征的提取,以及采用智能模式識(shí)別中模糊識(shí)別的技術(shù)知識(shí)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)煙葉分級(jí)的內(nèi)容。","container-title":"機(jī)械制造與自動(dòng)化","DOI":"10.19344/ki.issn1671-5276.2011.01.031","ISSN":"1671-5276","issue":"1","language":"中文;","note":"33citations(CNKI)[2022-11-7]","page":"90-93","source":"CNKI","title":"基于圖像處理和模糊識(shí)別的煙葉分級(jí)技術(shù)研究","volume":"40","author":[{"literal":"馬建元"},{"literal":"伍鐵軍"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}},{"id":769,"uris":["/users/8979560/items/J5CFZFSZ"],"itemData":{"id":769,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"為了進(jìn)一步尋求打葉復(fù)烤過(guò)程中配方均勻性的調(diào)控方法,在調(diào)控?zé)焿A的基礎(chǔ)上,引入了煙葉顏色定性值和光譜定性值2個(gè)新的調(diào)控因子,采用基于配方高架庫(kù)的單一或組合因子調(diào)控方法,分析了不同調(diào)控模式下打葉復(fù)烤的均質(zhì)化效果。結(jié)果表明:(1)各調(diào)控模式均可將配方模塊的成品片煙煙堿變異系數(shù)控制在3%以下;(2)不同調(diào)控模式對(duì)于成品片煙化學(xué)成分整體均勻性調(diào)控能力排序?yàn)?光譜調(diào)控>煙堿+顏色調(diào)控>顏色調(diào)控>煙堿調(diào)控>光譜+顏色調(diào)控,對(duì)于成品片煙近紅外光譜均勻性調(diào)控能力排序?yàn)?光譜調(diào)控≈煙堿+顏色調(diào)控>顏色調(diào)控>煙堿調(diào)控>光譜+顏色調(diào)控;(3)光譜離散度和光譜相似度與化學(xué)成分整體均勻性K值有較顯著的相關(guān)性,相關(guān)系數(shù)分別為0.85和0.96。","container-title":"煙草科技","DOI":"10.16135/j.issn1002-0861.2019.0284","ISSN":"1002-0861","issue":"5","language":"中文;","note":"10citations(CNKI)[2022-11-7]<北大核心,CSCD>","page":"71-76","source":"CNKI","title":"基于煙葉顏色、光譜特性表征的打葉復(fù)烤均質(zhì)化加工技術(shù)","volume":"53","author":[{"literal":"王戈"},{"literal":"徐瑋杰"},{"literal":"張?chǎng)?},{"literal":"徐其敏"},{"literal":"朱焱"},{"literal":"楊凱"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]}}}],"schema":"/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[15–17]、煙絲組分分類(lèi)識(shí)別ADDINZOTERO_ITEMCSL_CITATION{"citationID":"aha4271s4k","properties":{"formattedCitation":"\\super[18\\uc0\\u8211{}20]\\nosupersub{}","plainCitation":"[18–20]","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":222,"uris":["/users/8979560/items/C6AGLNZT"],"itemData":{"id":222,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"為了滿足混合煙絲物質(zhì)組成的檢測(cè)需求,針對(duì)葉絲、梗絲、膨脹葉絲、再造煙葉絲4種煙絲組成的結(jié)構(gòu)特征差異,采用深度學(xué)習(xí)的方法,建立基于卷積神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的煙絲組成識(shí)別模型,使用體現(xiàn)煙絲微觀結(jié)構(gòu)特征的局部特征圖片作為神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的輸入,分析識(shí)別出每個(gè)特征圖片對(duì)應(yīng)的輸出結(jié)果,通過(guò)統(tǒng)計(jì)方法得出煙絲的組成成分。結(jié)果表明:識(shí)別模型對(duì)煙絲訓(xùn)練樣本和測(cè)試樣本的識(shí)別正確率分別為100%和84.95%,模型中的卷積神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)合相應(yīng)的結(jié)果表示方法,可以更好地提高煙絲樣本成分的識(shí)別正確率。","container-title":"煙草科技","DOI":"10.16135/j.issn1002-0861.2016.0502","ISSN":"1002-0861","issue":"09","language":"中文;","page":"68-75","source":"CNKI","title":"基于卷積神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的煙絲物質(zhì)組成識(shí)別方法","volume":"50","author":[{"literal":"高震宇"},{"literal":"王安"},{"literal":"董浩"},{"literal":"劉勇"},{"literal":"王錦平"},{"literal":"周明珠"},{"literal":"夏營(yíng)威"},{"literal":"張龍"}]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ng)用研究。（3）開(kāi)展共同實(shí)驗(yàn)研究，評(píng)價(jià)方法的準(zhǔn)確性。圖STYLEREF1\s?1.SEQ圖\*ARABIC\s12研究?jī)?nèi)容框架第2章卷煙包灰質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)PAGE12卷煙包灰質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)卷煙是通過(guò)燃燒來(lái)完成消費(fèi)過(guò)程的消費(fèi)品，卷煙燃燒屬于固體可燃物的陰燃，產(chǎn)生煙霧并伴有溫度升高，但無(wú)可見(jiàn)火光。消費(fèi)者在卷煙燃燒的抽吸過(guò)程中主要通過(guò)味覺(jué)、嗅覺(jué)與視覺(jué)三種感官來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)卷煙質(zhì)量，味覺(jué)、嗅覺(jué)感知的是煙氣質(zhì)量，視覺(jué)感知的是煙支燃燒過(guò)程的外觀形貌，因此，卷煙燃燒過(guò)程的評(píng)價(jià)對(duì)于卷煙產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和消費(fèi)者體驗(yàn)具有重要意義ADDINZOTERO_ITEMCSL_CITATION{"citationID":"a3v17ag8lo","properties":{"formattedCitation":"\\super[26\\uc0\\u8211{}28]\\nosupersub{}","plainCitation":"[26–28]","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":515,"uris":["/users/8979560/items/DZHSL2X2"],"itemData":{"id":515,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"為探索消費(fèi)者感知的細(xì)支卷煙輕松感、滿足感關(guān)系,通過(guò)開(kāi)展不同品牌的消費(fèi)者自由品吸評(píng)價(jià)試驗(yàn)、主流煙氣檢測(cè)和專(zhuān)家模擬消費(fèi)者評(píng)吸,分析了吸煙過(guò)程的抽吸壓力形成原理,探討了消費(fèi)者抽吸行為特點(diǎn),歸納了與輕松感形成有關(guān)的重要因素,并提出以消費(fèi)者感知為導(dǎo)向的細(xì)支卷煙設(shè)計(jì)理念。結(jié)果表明:(1)消費(fèi)者感知的輕松感是與抽吸壓力、煙氣清爽和下咽順暢有關(guān)的綜合感受,與香氣量、濃度、勁頭等滿足感指標(biāo)存在負(fù)相關(guān),并以刺激、余味等舒適感指標(biāo)為基礎(chǔ)。(2)吸阻不能真實(shí)反映消費(fèi)者的抽吸壓力,主流煙氣的單口指標(biāo)值可一定程度上表征卷煙的滿足感。(3)在同等填充狀態(tài)下,消費(fèi)者感知的卷煙抽吸壓力與其抽吸流量有直接關(guān)系,受產(chǎn)品尺寸規(guī)格、通風(fēng)設(shè)計(jì)等因素制約。(4)以產(chǎn)品舒適感特征為基礎(chǔ),探索建立以低通風(fēng)、高滿足為方向的、消費(fèi)者可感知的細(xì)支卷煙輕松感設(shè)計(jì)理念,適合中國(guó)消費(fèi)者的細(xì)支卷煙吸食習(xí)慣。","container-title":"中國(guó)煙草學(xué)報(bào)","DOI":"10.16472/j.chinatobacco.2015.550","ISSN":"1004-5708","issue":"2","language":"中文;","note":"11citations(CNKI)[2022-11-7]<北大核心,CSCD>","page":"42-49","source":"CNKI","title":"基于消費(fèi)者感知的細(xì)支卷煙輕松感、滿足感設(shè)計(jì)思路","volume":"23","author":[{"literal":"孫東亮"},{"literal":"趙華民"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}},{"id":526,"uris":["/users/8979560/items/9M5WJU9Z"],"itemData":{"id":526,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"通過(guò)對(duì)廣東地區(qū)卷煙消費(fèi)者自然狀態(tài)下吸煙行為的街頭調(diào)查,分析其吸煙行為特點(diǎn)。結(jié)果顯示,廣東地區(qū)消費(fèi)者的吸煙行為具有以下規(guī)律性:(1)消費(fèi)者抽吸卷煙時(shí),極少出現(xiàn)濾嘴通風(fēng)孔被完全封閉的情形,而通風(fēng)孔50%封閉的情形也不足34%。(2)局促環(huán)境下廣東消費(fèi)者單支煙的吸入煙氣總量,會(huì)遠(yuǎn)高于其放松狀態(tài)下的煙氣吸入量。(3)街頭調(diào)查結(jié)果驗(yàn)證了訪談?wù){(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)可在一定程度上反映消費(fèi)者的吸煙行為。(4)廣東省內(nèi)卷煙消費(fèi)者的吸煙行為表現(xiàn)為\"快(高抽吸頻率)且淺(低抽吸容量)\",其單支煙吸入煙氣總量遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于歐美消費(fèi)者的。(5)馬薩諸塞方法設(shè)定的機(jī)器抽吸卷煙條件與廣東地區(qū)卷煙消費(fèi)者的習(xí)慣性吸煙行為最為接近,而WHO官方方法則顯著高估廣東消費(fèi)者煙氣吸入量的平均水平。","container-titl