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Discourseanalysis語言學第二小組
PragmaticsBasicconceptsTheoriescontextreferencedeixisanaphorapresuppositionspeechactspolitenessAskforhelpCanyoudomeafavor,handmethatcup.“XX,你能幫我遞一下杯子嗎?”Couldyoudomeafavor…Yeah?What?“XX,你現(xiàn)在有空嗎?”“有啊。怎么了?”“你能幫我寫個論文嗎?”“。。。?!盨mallfavor,smallpause.Bigfavor,bigpause.Whatisdiscourseanalysis?Whatisdiscourseanalysis?approachestostudylanguageLanguageassystemlanguageas
activitymeaningsoundingwordingreal-life
communication
and
social
interactionLanguageasactivityinsocialinteraction:discourseThelinguisticform(orrecord)ofdiscourseiscalledtext.Thesametextmayfunctionasdifferentdiscoursesindifferentsituations.E.g.“whataniceday”onasunnyspringdayandsayingsoonabitterlycoldwinterdayaredifferentdiscourses,yettheyhavethesametextWhatisdiscourse?
Languageabovethesentenceacontinuousstretchofspokenlanguagelargerthanasentence,oftenconstitutingacoherentunit.astretchoflanguageperceivedtobemeaningfulunifiedandpurposivethelargerunitsoflanguagesuchasparagraphs,conversations,andinterviews.Discourseanalysis
andpragmaticsDiscourseanalysisandpragmaticssharetheinterestinlanguageuse,yettheyhavedifferentconcerns.Pragmaticsstudies“intendedspeakermeaning”.whatis
pragmatics?A:Ihaveafourteen-year-oldson.B:Well,that’sallright.A:Ialsohaveadog.B:Oh,I’msorry.whatis
pragmatics?tenant:Ihaveafourteen-year-oldson.landlord:Well,that’sallright.tenant:Ialsohaveadog.landlord:Oh,I’msorry.whatis
pragmatics?A<tenant>makesarequest,whichB<landlord>accepts;thenAmakesanotherrequest,whichBdeclines.whatisdiscourseanalysis?Ifwechangetheconversationintothis:A:Ihaveafourteen-year-oldson.B:Niceday,isn’tit?A:Ialsohaveadog.B:I’mfine.InterpretingdiscourseSpeecheventsBackgroundknowledgeSummarywhatisdiscourseanalysisInterpretingDiscourseInterpretingDiscourseTRAINSCOLLIDE,TWODIENOPARKINGItmeansyoucan'tparkhere!Soourquestionmaybeformulatedlikethis:whenyoulistentoorparticipateinaconversation,orwhenyoureadsthwritten(beitaroadsign,astory,aletter,orapieceofnews,)howdoyou“makesenseof”whatyouhearorread,howdoyoutellicoherentdiscoursefromdisjointedgibberish(亂語)?toanswerquestionslikethis---athrivingbranchoflinguistics:discourseanalysis.whatisdiscourseanalysisHow
it
is
that
we,as
language-users,make
sense
of
what
we
read
in
texts,
understand
what
speakers
mean
despite
what
they
say
.recognize
concerned
as
opposed
to
jumbled
or
incoherent
discourse,and
successfully
take
part
in
that
complex
activity
called
conversation,what
is
known
as
discourse
analysis
definitionP139InterpretingDiscourse“沒吃飯中午我家”whatisdiscourseanalysiscohesionandcoherenceCohesion
Fromthechapteronsyntaxwelearnthatcomponentsthatmakeupasentencemustbeconnectedaccordingtosyntacticalrules.Similarly,therearecertainrulesthatgovernthewaysentencesareconnectedinatext.Theserulesarestudiedintermsofcohesion.CohesionCohesionconcernsthesurfacestructureofatext.Itcanbedefinedasthenetworkoflexical,grammaticalandotherrelationsthatlinkvariouspartsofatext.CohesionMyfatheronceboughtaLincolnconvertible.Hediditbysavingeverypennyhecould.Thatcarwouldbeworthafortunenowadays.However,hesoldittohelppayformycollegeeducation.SometimesIthinkI'dratherhavetheconvertible.CohesionMyfather
once
boughtaLincolnconvertible.Hediditbysavingeverypennyhecould.Thatcarwouldbeworthafortune
nowadays.However,hesoldittohelppay
formy
collegeeducation.Sometimes
I
thinkI'dratherhavetheconvertible.coherenceHer:Thatisthetelephone.Him:I’minthebath.Her:Ok.Shemakesarequestofhimtoperformaction.Hestatesreasonwhyhecannotcomplywithrequest.Sheundertakestoperformaction.
SpeechEvents
Definition:Aspeecheventisaparticularinstancewhenpeopleexchangespeechsuchasanexchangeofgreeting,aenquiry(詢問),aconversation.
SpeechEvents
Mom,whereismybook?Bottomdrawerinyourbedroom.Right,I’llhavealook.
SpeechEvents
Honey,Iloveyou.
SpeechEvents
Itistypicalforpeoplewhoengageinconversationtotaketurnsatspeaking.Usuallyonlyonepersonspeaksatatime;whenmorethanonepersonwantstotalkatthesame,oneofthemusuallystopsuntiltheotherperson(s)has/havefinished.ConversationalInteraction
SpeechEvents
Youarestupid.Goout!
SpeechEvents
Turn:inconversation,theunitoftalkbyonespeaker,endedbythebeginningofthenextspeaker’sunitoftalk.A:Didn’tyouknowwh-
B:Buthemust’vebeentherebytwoA:Yesbutyouknewwherehewasgoing
SpeechEvents
Completionpoint:inconversation,theendofaturn,usuallymarkedbya
pauseattheendofaphraseorsentence.2
SpeechEvents
.Turn-taking:thewayinwhicheachspeakertakesaturninconversationRudenessShyness3SpeechEvents$123Filledpause(有聲停頓/填補停頓):
abreakintheflowofspeech,usingsoundssuchasemander4
SpeechEvents
Filledpause(有聲停頓/填補停頓)
:
abreakintheflowofspeech,usingsoundssuchasemander
SpeechEvents
A:that’stheirfavoriterestaurantbecause
they…
enjoyFrenchfoodandwhenthey
were…
inFrenchtheycouldn'tbelieveit
that…
youknowthattheyhad…that
theyhadhadbettermealsbackhomeForexample:
SpeechEvents
.ForexampleX:wellthatfilmreallywas…wasn'twhathewasgoodat
Y:whendi-X:Imeanhisother…emhislaterfilmsweremuchmore…erreally
moreintheromanticstyleandthatwasmorewhatwhathewas…
youknow…embestatdoingY:sowhendidhemakethatoneTheco-operativeprinciplewasfirstsetoutbyGrice(1975),itisstatedinthefollowingway“Makeyourconversationalcontribution,suchasisrequired,atthestageatwhichitoccurs,bytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged”QuantityQualityRelationMannerThefourmaxims01020304
AsfarasIknow...,Now,correctmeifI'mwrong,but...QuantityMakeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequired,butnotmore,orless,thanisrequired.Well,
to
make
a
long
story
short
and
I
won't
bore
you
with
all
the
details.QualityDonotsaythatwhichyoubelievetobefalseorforwhichyoulackadequateevidenceRelationBeRelevantMannerBeclear,briefandorderlyBackgroundknowledge
Johnwasonthewaytoschool.Hewasreallywarriedaboutthemathlesson.Lastweek
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