英語隱喻習(xí)語的漢譯策略-大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計

山東財經(jīng)大學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位論文摘要英語隱喻習(xí)語的漢譯策略XXX隱喻習(xí)語是習(xí)語的重要組成部分，在我們?nèi)粘５慕涣髦邪缪萘酥匾慕巧?正確的理解并使用隱喻習(xí)語可以提高英語學(xué)習(xí)能力和擴(kuò)展知識面。隱喻由文化體現(xiàn)出來，在語言翻譯中出現(xiàn)的頻率很高。隱喻的翻譯在文化交流中具有舉足輕重的地位。在隱喻翻譯的過程中，翻譯者應(yīng)該幫助目標(biāo)語讀者獲取和源語讀者同等的信息，并且保持原文的意象及其文化要素。本文通過對英語隱喻習(xí)語的漢譯進(jìn)行分析研究,以提高英語學(xué)習(xí)者的文化意識和跨文化交際能力,并向目標(biāo)語讀者傳達(dá)豐富的文化和語義。關(guān)鍵詞：隱喻習(xí)語；歸化；異化；直譯；意譯；類比翻譯

CONTENTSAcknowledgements……………………...iiAbstract………………….iiiIntroduction……………..1ChapterOneIdiomsandMetaphorIdiomsinEnglish……………….2I.EnglishIdioms…………………2II.MetaphorIdioms……………...2III.CharacteristicsofEnglishMetaphoricalIdioms……………..3ChapterTwoMetaphoricalIdiomsinEnglish-ChineseTranslation……4I.ImportanceofMetaphoricalIdiomsTranslation………………4II.SimilaritiesandDifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishMetaphoricalIdioms…………...4ChapterThreeEnglish-ChineseTranslationStrategiesforMetaphoricalIdioms……7I.LiteralTranslation…………...………………...8II.FreeTranslation………………9III.Foreignization……..…………11IV.Domestication……..…………12Conclusion………………15References……………….16 PAGE1IntroductionIdiomsplayaveryimportantroleinlanguageandculture.Theyareusuallyregardedastheessenceoflanguageswithsimplestructuresbutextraordinaryimplications.Theeffectofidiomsinexpressionis“1+1>>2”.Howtotranslateidiomsaccuratelyandsmoothlyisverycrucialforinterculturalcommunication.ThemaindifficultyinChinesetranslationofEnglishidiomsisthelargenumbersofmetaphorscontainedin.Therefore,thestudyofEnglishmetaphoricalidiomsisveryvaluable.IdiomsareconsideredastheessenceofEnglishlanguage,meanwhilemetaphoricalidiomsarethebasicoftheidioms.LearningEnglishinvolvesthestudyofmetaphorsofEnglishidioms;howtotranslateidiomsinacorrectandvividwayisthekeyissuesintranslation.Inlistening,speaking,reading,writingandtranslation,metaphorsplayarolethatcannotbeignored.However,theidiomscastabarrierinEnglishlearningandtranslating,becauseofthedifferentculturesattributetodifferencesonhistoricalbackground,religiousbeliefs,geographiclocation,customsandhabits.Mostofidiomscannotbetranslatedliteraturally,asthewholemeaningofidiomsisusuallymuchbroaderthanthesumofsinglemeaningofeachword.ThusitisespeciallysignificanttoknowthecharacteristicsandthesemanticsoftheEnglishlanguageandtoexploretranslationtricksandmethods.Therefore,thispaperwillanalyzetheconceptsandfeaturesofmetaphoricalidiomsfirstly.AndfromcognitiveandculturaldifferencebetweenEnglishandChinese,theauthorwillhaveafurtherdiscussiononthetranslationofidioms.ItwillbehelpfultothestudyofEnglishidiomsanditstranslationundoubtedly.

ChapterOneIdiomsandMetaphorIdiomsinEnglishI.EnglishIdioms“AnEnglishidiomisagroupofwordswithameaningofitsownthatisdifferentfromthemeaningsofeachseparatewordputtogether.”(CollinsEnglishChineseDictionary，2008).Thefigurativemeaningiscomprehendedinregardtoacommonuseoftheexpressionthatisseparatedfromthe\o"Literalandfigurativelanguage"literalmeaningor\o"Definition"definitionofthewords.Idiomsarenumerousandtheyoccurfrequentlyinalllanguages.Itisestimatedthatthereareatleast25,000idiomaticexpressionsin\o"Englishlanguage"Englishlanguage.IdiomsaretheessenceofEnglishlanguageandtheyhaveuniquesemanticstructureandculturalfeatures.Understandingidioms’featuresfromamulti-dimensionalperspectivecanhelpEnglishlearnerswellunderstandEnglishidiomsandtranslatethemintoChineseappropriately.II.MetaphorIdioms“Metaphorisanimaginativewayofdescribingsomethingbyreferringtosomethingelsewhichisthesameinaparticularway.”(CollinsEnglishChineseDictionary,2008)Boththis“something”thatismetaphoricallydescribedand“somethingelse”thatisusedtotaketheplaceof“onething”havemanynames.Forexample,“tenor”and“vehicle”(Newmark,1982),“focus”and“frame”(MaxBlack,1962),“primarysubject”and“secondarysubject”(MaxBlack,1979),“object”and“image”(Newmark,1982),and“targetdomain”and“sourcedomain”(Newmark,2001:104)areusedinconnectionwithmetaphors.Thetwocomponentsofmetaphorcometogethertoreachapointofsimilarityorresemblance(simileandmetaphor),apointofrepresentation(metonymyandsynecdoche),apointofdeduction(models),orapointofallusion,whichillustratesthedeepstructureofhumanthinkinglinkingonethingwithanother.Thecreationofmetaphorisbaseduponthepsychologicalactivityofassociationofonethingwithanother,andthoseformsmightbesimilarity,resemblanceorcomparison,etc.Itisnotonlyalinguisticphenomenonbutalsoapsychologicalprocess.“Metaphorisinfactbasedonascientificobservableprocedure.Theperceptionofaresemblancebetweenphenomenon,i.e.objectorprocesses.”(Bassnett&Levefere,1990:104)III.CharacteristicsofEnglishMetaphoricalIdiomsi.RetainingSpecificImageryThemeaningofmetaphoricalidiomsisexpressedthroughaspecificimagery,like“dogeatdog”.Itusesdogastheimagerytorepresent“ruthlesscompetition(殘酷無情的競爭；自相殘殺)”.Soweusethespecificimagerytovisualizetheidiomsthustobewellacceptedbyreaders.ii.AchievingSemanticCoherenceAnotherimportantcharacteristicofmetaphoricalidiomsisthesemanticcoherence.Themeaningofmetaphoricalidiomsisnotthesumofindividualwordsthatmakeuptheidiom,butanewone.Forexample,“catburglar”,whichmeansburglarwhoentershousesbyclimbingupwalls,drain-pipes,etc.

ChapterTwoMetaphoricalIdiomsinEnglish-ChineseTranslationI.ImportanceofMetaphoricalIdiomsTranslationTranslationisthefirststepforthecommunicationbetweendifferentlanguages,whichactuallytakesonthecommunicationbetweendifferentcultures.Themetaphoricalidiomsindifferentlanguagesdemonstratetheunique/similarculturecharacters.Generally,totransmittheinformationhidinginthosecharactersofdifferentculturesisthemostpracticaltaskofthetranslation.Also,itisthecriteriontomeasuretheleveloftranslation.Ignoringthosecharactersintranslationwilllosttheaestheticperceptionofalanguageandleadtothemisunderstandingincommunication.Themetaphoricalidiomswerefiguredbydifferentgeographicallocations,differenthistoricaltraditions,differenteconomicconditions,etc.Thoseresourcesincreasethedifficultyofthetranslationofmetaphoricalidiomsindifferentlanguages.Asamatterofafact,anystrategyortrickscannotbeusedindividuallytoexpressthewholemeaningofidiomscompletely.Howtotranslatemetaphoricalidiomsentirely,correctlyandgraceful,isthekeyissueintranslation,practicallyandtheoretically.II.SimilaritiesandDifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishMetaphoricalIdiomsSimilaritiesFromthesamehumannaturenotonlyinwesternbutalsoinestern,theusageoflanguageissimilarbetweenChineseandEnglish.Focusonmetaphoricalidioms,therearesomehomologouscharactersbothinEnglishandChinese,asthehumanlifeandtheprocessofsocialdevelopment,thinkingpatternandcognitivestyleinChinaandEnglishspeakingcountriesaresimilartoacertaindegree.Besidestheretainingspecificimageryandachievingsemanticcoherencejustmentionedabove,themetaphorlogicofbothlanguagesissameinmanyexpressions.Forexample,expressingahelpintime,“雪中送炭”isatraditionalexpressioninChinese,atthesametime“offerfuelinsnowyweather”alsoexpressthesamemeaning.Thereasonmaybethatatimelyhelpcouldwarmone’sheartalways.Andthatcomesfromthehumanity.DuetothesimilaritiesbetweenChineseandEnglishmetaphoricalidioms,someidiomscouldbetranslatedliterallyintoChinese.ItisthesimpletrickinEnglish-Chinesetranslation,whichwillbementionedinthenextChapter.ii.DifferencesTostudythetranslationofEnglishidiomsintoChinese,weneedtounderstandthedifferencesofculturalconnotationbetweenChineseidiomsandEnglishidioms.“Cultureisacomplexwholewhichincludesknowledge,belief,art,morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.”(Wikipedia)Ingeneral,idiomsarecloselylinkedtoaspecificculturelikehistoricalbackground,religion,geographicallocation,customs,andsoon.Alloftheseelementswillgreatlyinfluenceontheformsandmeaningsofidiomsintheparticularenvironment.DifferentfromtheEnglishspeakingcountries,China,anancientnationwith3,000yearsoffeudalhistory,hasneverexperiencedacapitalistsociety.BecauseoftheinfluenceofthefeudalmentalityonChinesepeopleinthelast3,000years,Chineseidiomsarefullofethniccolorandhaveadistinctculturalidentity.Forexample,“三綱五?！眂omesfromthefeudalethics,inwhichthe“ThreeBasicRules”demandthatakingshouldruleoverhisministers,afathershouldruleoverhissonandahusbandshouldruleoverhiswife.Ingeneral,theyrefertobenevolence,righteousness,propriety,wisdomandfidelity(連淑能,2006:334).ThatiswhattheancientChinesepeoplemustobeyinancienttime.Chinaisapolytheisticcountry,andthetraditionalChinesephilosophywasamixtureinfluencedbyBuddhism,ConfucianismandTaoism,whichisdifferentfromtheChristiancultureandWesternphilosophyofEnglishspeakingcountries.Take“三生有幸”asanexample.“AccordingtoBuddhism,therearethreelivesforaperson,thelifebeforebirth,thepresentlifeandthelifeafterdeath,tobefortunateinthethreelives.”(程同春,2005:336-337)Hence,thisidiommeans“tobeexceedinglyfortunate”or“raregoodluck”.Therearealsootherexamples,suchas“借花獻(xiàn)佛”,“閑時不燒香,臨時抱佛腳”,“立地成佛”andsoon.BesidesBuddhism,wecanalsofindsomeidiomsrelatedtoConfucianismandTaoism.Forexample,theidiom“三教九流”intheancienttimearethreereligionsofConfucianism,BuddhismandTaoismandNineSchoolsofThoughtwhichweretheprimaryschoolsduringthe\o"HundredSchoolsofThought"HundredSchoolsofThoughtperiodofChinaduringthe\o"EasternZhoudynasty"EasternZhoudynasty.“Lateritcomestomeandifferentschoolsofreligionandlearningorvariousoccupations.Itisalsousedtodenotevariousgangsorshadycharactersatthebottomofsociety.”(程同春,2005:336)Theformationofcultureisinseparablefromgeographicalenvironment.Britainisanislandnation.ThemaritimeindustryandfisheriesinU.K.playedanimportantroleinitseconomy.Asaresult,theygeneratedalotofidiomswithnavigationandfishing-relatedindustry.Forexample,“spendmoneylikewater”meanswastemoney.However,Chinaisaland-basednationwithalonghistoryofagriculture.ForthousandsofyearsChinesepeoplemainlyliveonagriculture,andthelinkagebetweenpeopleandlandisindivisible.Therefore,theland-basedproductiveactivitiesandeconomicactivitiesarealsoreflectedinChineselanguage,producingmanyfarming-relatedidiomsandproverbs,like“五谷豐登”,whichmeansabumpergrainharvest.Customsandhabitsarereflectionsofaspecificculturalawareness.TheimageryofthesameanimalmaycausedifferentunderstandingbetweenChinesepeopleandWesterners,asthefeelingstowardsthesameanimalimagerymaynotbethesame.Forexample,theimageryofrabbitisasymbolofagilityintheeyesoftheChinesepeople.Wesay,“靜如處子，動如脫兔”.ButtoWesterners,therabbitisasymboloftimidity,sotheyhave“astimidasahare”.Instead,weChineseusetheimageryofmousetodescribeacoward,like“膽小如鼠”.

ChapterThreeEnglish-ChineseTranslationStrategiesforMetaphoricalIdiomsThestudyofmetaphorasafigureofspeechhasahistoryover2000yearsandcomprehensiveresearchworksspringuplikemushrooms.However,theframeworkofthemetaphorstranslationdependsontheseveralfundamentalresearchesreviewedquicklybyfollowingparagraphs.Astooverseasstudiesonmetaphor,itcanbesimplysummedupinseveralpublications.TheoverviewwrittenbyE.SteinhartandE.F.Kittaywasbrief,whichwasonthetheoryofmetaphor,metaphorsandresearchmethodsofmetaphoricaltranslation.Butitdidnotinvolvethestudyofliterarymetaphor(Ortony,1993：5).Abouttheentry“metaphor”inEncyclopediathatKirstenMalmkjor(1991)edited,heprovidedanoverviewoftwomainmethodsinthestudyofmetaphor,“constructionism”and“non-constructivism”,andalsointroducedthe“comparative”and“replace”.AndrewOrtony(1993)wrotean“Introduction”forTheMetaphorsandThinking,inwhichhemadeasummarypresentationofthepaperscollectedbythatbook.Itcanbedeemasasummaryinthestudyofmetaphor.F.R.Ankersmitetal(1993)thought“cognitivetruth”wasthemainmeasureofevaluationeachtheorytraditionally.Inotherwords,onjudgingwhether“cognitivetruth”exists,varioustheoriescouldbedistinguishedinAnkersmitetal’sopinion.StudiesonthetranslationofEnglishidiomshaveundergonealongway.ManyresearchersengagedthemselvesinthetranslationofEnglishidiomsfromdifferentperspectives.BothLiuHuan(2010)andDingYi(2010)studiedonthetranslationofidiomsfromtheperspectiveofrelevancetheoryintheirpaper.WangHong(2008)studiedEnglishidiomstranslationwithanothertheoryinherthesisOnTranslationofEnglishIdiomintoChinesefromthePerspectiveofSchemaTheory.Manyscholarsholdtheideathatidiomshaveaninescapablerelationshipwithmetaphor.Lotsofthesisandessayshavebeenpublishedonthisissue,suchasMetaphoricalFeaturesofIdiomsbyZhangBin(2005),TheAnalysisofMetaphorsinEnglishIdiomsbyJiaoHaihong(2008),TheInterpretationofUnderstandingMetaphoricalMeaningofChineseIdiomswithConceptBlendingTheorybyWUZhong-bo(2007),etc.Concludedfromthosearticles,Englishmetaphoricalidiomswidelyexistandthetranslationofmostofthemisstillthekeyissueintheair.Also,ZhouJin(2010)studiedontheEnglishmetaphoricalidiomstranslationinhisthesisACorpus-BasedStudyofCorrespondencesinImagesandMeaningsbetweenEnglishMetaphoricalIdiomsandtheirChineseTranslations.HanFei(2006)didherresearchonthetranslationofEnglishmetaphoricalidiomsintermsofthecognitivemechanismandculturalcharacteristics.AsformetaphortranslationintoChinese,theresearchfindingsareevidencedbyafewofpertinentbooks,especiallyinChinese,andsomepapersinChinesemajorcorejournalsofforeignlanguageresearch.Wecandividetheseresearchfindingsintotwoperspectives:arhetoricalapproachtometaphortranslationandacognitiveapproachtometaphortranslation.Bothofthemaredemonstratedindifferenttranslationstrategiesandmethods.Basically,translationisanart,asitsprocessingisdecision-makingsubjectively.Therearevariousconditioningfactorsconstrainingthedecisions.However,thedecisionsandchoicesatranslatormakesduringthetranslationprocessarenotcompletelyrandom.Itisconditionedandthedegreeofconditioningvariesconsiderablyanddependsoncircumstances,whichmeansstillwecanfindtherationalefromthetranslation.Weshouldbearitinmind,whenweexaminethestrategiesadoptedbyatranslator.Frequently,thefollowingfourstrategiesareusuallyutilizedinEnglish-Chinesetranslationofmetaphoricalidioms.Itshouldbenoticedthatthebrillianttranslationnormallyisthecomplexoffollowingstrategies,aseachstrategyisnotisolatedfromothers.I.LiteralTranslation“Literaltranslationstrivestoreproducebothideologicalcontentandthestyleofentireliterarywork.Itretainsasmuchaspossiblethefiguresofspeechandthemainsentencestructuresorpatterns(趙艷芳,1993：59).Duetosimilaritiesinhumanlifeandtheprocessofsocialdevelopment,thinkingpatternandcognitivestyleinChinaandEnglishspeakingcountriesaresimilartoacertaindegree.Inthiscase,wecanadoptliteraltranslation.Literaltranslationcanalsorefertoatranslationthatrepresentstheprecisemeaningoftheoriginaltextandattemptstoconveyitsstyleandbeauty,suchas，“sourgrapes”,whichwasoriginatedfromAesop’sFables,meanssomebodyassumesthatwhathecannothaveisoflittleornovalueorimportance.InChinesewecansay“吃不到葡萄說葡萄酸”.InEnglishandChineseculturesourgrapeshavethesamecognitivecharacteristics.Inthiscase,translatorscanresorttoliteraltranslation.Chinesereadersareabletounderstandthemeaningofthisidiom.Inthefollowingmetaphoricalidioms,translatorscanalsochooseliteraltranslation.Originaltext:“Andbecauseofthetranscendenceoftherevelations,inorderthatImightnotbeexceedinglyliftedup,therewasgiventomeathornintheflesh,amessengerofSatan,thathemightbuffetme,inorderthatImightnotbeexceedinglyliftedup.”Translation:“又恐怕我因所得啟示的超越,就過于高抬自己,所以有肉中刺,就是撒旦的使者,加在我的肉體上,為要攻擊我,免得我過于高抬自己。”O(jiān)riginaltext:“Didtheoldmandemandingcommendationafterrescuingtrytofishforfameandcomplimentsorpropagateintegrity?”Translation:老人救人后“求表揚(yáng)”,是沽名釣譽(yù),還是弘揚(yáng)正氣？”O(jiān)riginaltext:“Hehasgivenyousuchagoodoffer,pleasestrikewhiletheironishotandtakethisgoodopportunity.”Translation:“他主動給你這樣好的條件,你要趁熱打鐵,好好珍惜這個機(jī)會。”Similarmetaphoricalidiomsareasfollows:thekissofdeath(死亡之吻),addfueltotheflame(火上澆油),slicethroughaknotwithasharpknife(快刀斬亂麻),truegolddoesnotfearfire(真金不怕火煉),hastemakeswaste(欲速則不達(dá)),adropintheocean(滄海一粟),fishintroubledwaters(渾水摸魚),andsoon.II.FreeTranslation“Freetranslationisanalternativeapproachgenerallyusedtoconveythemeaningandspiritoftheoriginalwithouttryingtocopingitssentencepatternsorfiguresofspeech.”(Lakoff,George,&MarkJohnson.1980：225).DuetoculturaldifferencesinEnglishandChinese,Translationisakindofcognitiveandcreativeactivity.Consequently,whenthemetaphoricalimageinEnglishidiomsisunabletoberetainedandreplaced,wecangiveuptheimageandchangetheoriginaltextintoexpatiation,orinterpretation.ButtranslatorscantrytheirbesttofullytaketheadvantagesofthecharacteristicsofChineselanguage,andminimizethelossoftheoriginalinformationandaestheticvalue.Thereareexamplesinthefollowingpart:OriginalText:“Everyfamilyissaidtohaveatleastoneskeletoninthecupboard.”Translation:“據(jù)說家家戶戶多多少少都有不可告人之事?！盜fthissentenceisliterallytranslatedinto“據(jù)說每戶人家的柜子里至少都有一具骷髏”,mostChinesereaderswon’tunderstand,anditwillcausereaderstoassociatewithbadthings.Therefore,there’snoneedtoretainitsvehicleimage,anditshouldbesemantictranslated.Theidiomsinthefollowingsentencesuseasimilartranslationmethod:Originaltext:“Wedecidedtoletsleepingdogslieandnottakethemtocourt.”Translation:“我們決定不起訴他們,免得惹是生非。”O(jiān)riginaltext:“Hewassuchawetblanketatthepartythattheyneverinvitedhimagain.”Translation:“他在聚會上異常掃興,人們不會再邀請他了?！盜nfreetranslation,metonymytranslationisafrequentlyusedmethod.MetonymyTranslationisthereplacementoftextualmaterialinonelanguage(SL)byequivalenttextualmaterialinanotherlanguage(TL)(Ankersmit,F.R.&J.J.A.Wooij,1993).BecauseofdifferentculturesbetweenEnglishandChinese,asacarrierofculture,languagealsoreflectsculturesoftheEastandtheWest.WeoftenfindthatEnglishmetaphoricalidiomsarethesameasChineseinconceptions,butformsaredifferent.Thefollowingsentencesshowthemetonymytranslation:Originaltext:“Heexplainedthebeautyofthemusictoherbutitwasjustcastingpearlsbeforeswine.“Translation:“他跟她講解那音樂的美妙之處,但這只不過是對牛彈琴而已?！盨imilarmetaphoricalidiomsareasfollows:tolaughoffone’shead(笑掉大牙),tomakethemoneyfly(花錢如流水),tobreakabutterflyonthewheel(殺雞用宰牛刀,),tolookforneedleinahaystack(海底撈針),theappleofone’seye(掌上明珠),adowncat(落湯雞),andsoon.Ifwechoosethismethod,wemustpayattentionthatsomeEnglishandChinesemetaphoricalidiomsaresimilarinexpressionbutdifferentinmeaning.IfChineseidiomsaresubstitutedforthesekindsofEnglishmetaphoricalidioms,thetranslationmaybespecious,evencompletelymistaken.Forexample“awalkingskeleton”cannotbetranslatedinto“行尸走肉”,infact,itmeansapersonwhoisskinny,inChinesewesay“骨瘦如柴,顏色枯槁”.“Tolockthestabledoorafterthehorsehasbeenstolen”cannotbetranslatedinto“亡羊補(bǔ)牢”,butthephrasemeans“totrytopreventoravoidloss,damage,etc.Whenwetranslatesuchmetaphoricalidioms,carefulanalysisisquitenecessary.Therearemanyexamplesinthistranslationmethod,forinstance:swansong(封山之作),smellarat(心懷疑慮),thedevilmakesworkforidlehands(閑則生非),thethinendofthewedge(預(yù)兆),toleadadog`slife(生活貧寒)andtospillthebeans(泄露機(jī)密).III.ForeignizationForeignizationservesbettertotheconveyanceofforeigncultures.“Foreignizingtranslationisatranslationstrategywhichdeliberatelybreaksthetargetlanguageconventionsbyretainingtheforeignnessoftheoriginal.ItisSL(sourcelanguage)culture-original.”(張培基,1980:42).Withthedevelopmentofsociety,interestsandexpectationsofreadersarechanging.Peoplebecomeeagertolearnforeignculturesandenjoytheexoticflavorofliteraryworks.Andaforeignizingtranslationaimsprimarilytotransferthe“foreignelements”intheoriginal.Inordertoincreasethecommunicationbetweencultures,foreignizationshouldbeputintowideruseintranslationpractice.Foreignizationisappliedtoidomtranslationinthefollowingoccasions:(1)Idiomswithculturalimageswhoseimplicationisforeigntotargetlanguagereadersbutenjoypopularcomprehensionintargetlanguagecommunity.(2)Idiomswithculturalimageswhichreflectanation’spreferencetocertainexpressionhabitsbutposelittleornodifficultytothecomprehensionofthetargetlanguagereceptors.(3)Idiomswithreligioustermsinthesourcelanguageculturewhosecorrespondingtermsarenotavailableinthetargetlanguageculture.(4)IdiomswithculturalimageswhichmayimplyaneutralmeaningintheSTbutmaybecomederogatoryinmeaningifdomesticatedintotheTLculturalimagesorviseversa.(5)Idiomswhichindicateuniquecustoms,beliefs,valuesandaestheticperspectivesofthecultureinsourcelanguage.Oneoftheaimoftranslationismoretokeeptheculturaldifferencesbetweenlanguagesthantoseekthecommonground.Thevalueofatranslationisdeterminedbyitsdisplayoftheculturaldifferencesandemphasisonsuchdifferences.Therefore,thetranslatorshouldkeeptheculturaldifferencesasmuchaspossible.LawrenceVenutihasbeenoneofthemajorfiguresincontemporaryU.S.translationtheory.Inhiswork,TheTranslator’sInvisibility,hewrote,“Foreignizingtranslationsignifiesthedifferenceoftheforeigntext,yetonlybydisruptingtheculturalcodesthatprevailinthetargetlanguage.Initsefforttodorightabroad,thistranslationmethodmustdowrongathome,deviatingenoughfromnativenormstostageanalienreadingexperience.”(Moon,1998：337)Hesuggeststhatforeignizingtranslationis“highlydesirabletoday”.Moonisawell-knownrepresentativeofforeignization,whoavoidsthetraditionalfluentstrategywhichseeksanillusionoftransparenttranslationprevailinginwesterntranslation..Headvocatesforeignizedtranslationinordertodevelopatheoryandpracticeoftranslationthatresistsdominanttarget-languageculturalvalues.“Foreignizingtranslationcanbeaformofresistanceagainstethnocentrismandracism,culturalnarcissismandimperialism.”(馮慶華,1997：37)Thissentencemeansheregardsthedomesticationasculturalnarcissismandimperialismandthatthepurposeofforeignizationistoresistagainsttheethnocentrismandracism.“Theultimateaimofthisbook,”hesays,“istoforcetranslatorsandtheirreaderstowriteandreadtranslatedtextsinwaysthatseektorecognizethelinguisticandculturaldifferenceofforeigntexts.”(束定芳,1996：57)Aslinguisticsymbols,idiomsusuallyreflectalmosteverypartofthecultureofanation.Thesepeculiaritiescanusuallyshowtheculturalfeaturesofanation.Translatingidiomsfromonelanguagetoanother,therefore,needstoachievetheeffectsofconveyingtheforeignflavorsofthesourcelanguageculture.Foreignizationservesbettertotheconveyanceofforeignculturesintranslatingidioms.IV.DomesticationDanielShawpointsoutthattargetreaderstendtounderstandtheinformationinlinewiththeirownexperience,ratherthanthesourceculture.Headvocatesdomesticatingculturalfactorsintranslation.Hethinksthatoneofthetasksfortranslatorsistoavoidculturalconflicts,whichshouldbepredictedbythetranslator.（Shaw,1991:128）.Consequently,thetranslatorneedstotakesufficienttimeandenergytosettlethepotentialculturalconflicts.Inthisway,thetargetreadercanunderstandwhatthesourcetextmeans.Suchkindoftarget-culture-orientedtranslationreliesonthetranslator’sknowledgeofboththetargetcultureandthesourceculture.AninfluentialrepresentativeofdomesticationisDr.EugeneNida.Heputforwardtheconceptofdynamicequivalence,whichwaslatermodifiedasfunctionalequivalence.AccordingtoNida,inthelightoffunctionalequivalence,notonlytheformofthetranslationshouldbeinaccordancewiththenormsofthetargetlanguage,butalsotheculturalfactorsshouldbedealtwithinlinewiththecanonsofthetargetculture（Nida，1964:225）.Andheclassifiestheequivalenceintotwolevelsthatareminimallevelofequivalenceandmaximallevelofequivalence.Heregardsmaximallevelofequivalenceidealandthushardtoachieveandminimallevelofequivalencefundamentalandbasicrequirementoftranslation.（Nida,1964：226）.Atranslation,whichcannotreachtheminimallevelofequivalence,isinadequate.Theminimallevelisdefinedas“oneinwhichreceptorsofthetranslatedtextwouldbeabletounderstandandappreciateittothepointofbeingabletocomprehendh