Cultural-Differences-and-Strategies-of-Translation英語專業(yè)論文

PAGEPAGE17中國某某某某學(xué)校學(xué)生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)題目:CulturalDifferencesandStrategiesofTranslation姓名：000000班級、學(xué)號：00000000000000000系(部)：經(jīng)濟管理系專業(yè)：商務(wù)英語指導(dǎo)教師：0000000000開題時間：2009年4月10日完成時間：2009年10月29日2009年目錄畢業(yè)設(shè)計任務(wù)書…………………1畢業(yè)設(shè)計成績評定表……………2答辯申請書……………………3-4正文……………5-6答辯委員會表決意見……………7答辯過程記錄表…………………8課題CulturalDifferencesandStrategiesofTranslation課題(論文)提綱0.引言1.語言、文化和翻譯之間的關(guān)系2.中西方之間的文化差異3.翻譯時所遇到的困難4.語言學(xué)上對翻譯看法的差異5.翻譯整篇文章從翻譯單詞開始6.直譯7.意譯8.翻譯時應(yīng)注意部分和整體的銜接問題9.列舉一些翻譯的策略(1)怎樣理解和翻譯習(xí)語(2)翻譯專有名詞時應(yīng)該注意些什么(3)怎樣翻譯術(shù)語二、內(nèi)容摘要【摘要】語言是文化的載體,文化的形成離不開語言。因此,在翻譯中,譯者除忠于原文外,還應(yīng)更好地把握特定的異域文化,加深對語言文化的理解和領(lǐng)悟,才能準(zhǔn)確有效地傳詞達意。從中西文化差異入手,就對客觀世界的認(rèn)識、宗教信仰、文化表達等方面提出了翻譯中存在的問題,指出在翻譯中應(yīng)該采用一定的翻譯策略,進行合理得體的文化轉(zhuǎn)換,以提高源語的可譯度。參考文獻［1］李源.英漢文化差異與語言翻譯初探［J］.云南師范大學(xué)學(xué)報:哲學(xué)社會科學(xué)版，1998(2):78-82.［2］劉宓慶.當(dāng)代翻譯理論［M］.北京：中國對外翻譯出版公司，1999.［3］孫晶.直譯、意譯翻譯與歸化、異化［J］.齊齊哈爾醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)報，2007（3）:336-337.［4］Toury,Gideon.DescriptiveTranslationStudiesandBeyond［M］.Shanghai;ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress,2001,56.胡壯麟.語言教程［M］.北京：北京大學(xué)出版社，1988，362-363巴爾胡達羅夫。語言與翻譯（蔡毅等譯）。北京：中國對外翻譯出版公司，1985，140Newmark,Peter.Atextbookoftranslation［M］.PrenticeHallInternational(UK)Ltd,1988Nida,E.A.Language,Culture,Translation［J］.外國語，1988（3）CulturalDifferencesandStrategiesofTranslation000【摘要】Translationiscommunicationbetweendifferentcultures.ThispaperanalysestheimportanceofunderstandingtheculturaldifferencesbetweenEasternandWesterncountries.Bygivingsomeexamples,italsoexplainstheinfluenceofculturaldifferencesontheunderstandingofwordmeaningsandsemanticinformationintranslation.Finally,theauthorpresentstheconcretestrategiesinpracticingEnglish-ChinesetranslationKeywords：language;culturaldifferences;translation;strategies.Contents0.IntroductionTranslationisacross-culturalcommunicationevent.Itconcernsnotonlythetransferbetweenlanguages,butalsothetransferbetweencultures.ProfessorWangZuoliangoncesaid,"Translationinvolveslanguageaswellasculture."Thatmeanstranslationisnotmerelyalinguisticactivity,butessentiallyaculturalcommunication.Traditionaltranslationstudiespaylessattentiontotheculturalphenomenaintheprocessoftranslation.Infact,languageisauniquefeatureofhumansociety.Itservesnotonlyasameansofconveyingideasandfeelings,butalsoasasemioticsystemtostoreinformation.Therefore,initsdevelopment,languagehasbeendeeplyingrainedwithtracesofaparticularsociety,reflectinguniqueculturalheritage.Themajortaskoftranslationistoturntheculturalcontentinonelanguageintoanother."Translationcannotbutencounterstheproblemofcultureanditsrepresentation."Culturalfactorsreflecttheconfrontationofculturaldepositsintheprocessoftranslatingfromonelanguagetoanother,makingitdifficulttorecapturetherelationshipbetweenthesourcetextandthesourceculture.Languageispartofacultureaswellasitscarrier.Sincetranslationisrealizedthroughthetooloflanguage,culturaldifferencesandtheirinteractionsareboundtobereflectedinthelanguagesinvolved.Tothosewhoareinterestedintranslationanimportanttopicforstudyingistheculturalvalueoflanguage.1.Language,CultureandTranslationLanguageandCultureLanguageexpressesculturalreality.Languageembodiesculturalreality.Languagesymbolizesculturalreality.Languageistheheartwithinthebodyofculture,anditistheinteractionbetweenthetwothatresultsinthecontinuationoflife-energy.Inthesamewaythatthesurgeon,operatingontheheart,cannotneglectthebodythatsurroundsit,sothetranslatortreatsthetextinisolationfromthecultureathisperil.Cultureorcivilizationmixwholewhichincludesknowledge,belief,art,morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.TranslationTranslationconsistsinreproducingtheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesourcelanguageinthereceptorlanguage,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle.Translationisnotonlytranslationoflanguagebutalsotranslationofculture,anditisthelattercharacteristicthatplaysareallyimportantroleininterculturalcommunicationwhichpromotestheadvancementofthewholesociety.Translationisnotonlyanactivityoflanguagesandthoughts,butalsoasocialandculturalactivity.Alltheactivitiesintranslationsuchastheselectionoftext,thetransitionandtranslatingstrategyandtheissueoftranslationaremanipulatedandnormalizedbysuchouterelements.2.CulturalDifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishCultureisthegeneralconceptofart,belief,theoutlookofvalue,traditionandcustom,anditcansignificantlyreflectthecharacteristicsofsomesocieties,people,areas,orsomecountries.Amongthepartsofsomecertaincultures,theremustbealanguagebywhichpeopleexpressthemselvesandcommunicatewitheachother.Languageisalsoanimportantcarrierofculture,andthetwoareofgreatimportancetoeachother.Peoplefosteredbydifferentcultureswillshowtheircharacteristicwaysoflanguagespeakingandcommunicating，owingtotheirdifferentregimes,culturaltraditions,theoutlookofvalues,lifestyles,andwaysofthinking.Ifweneglectthedifferencesamongvariousculturesandspeaktowesternersinthewaysofourmothertongue,wemightcommitsomeinappropriatenessevenmisunderstandings,whichmaybringusunsuccessfulcommunication.Inotherwords,wewillnevermasterandhandlealanguageinwordanddeedunlessweunderstandthediscrepancies,thewaysanddisciplinesDuringtranslation,EnglishandChineseculturesoftenmeetvariousnegativefactorsoriginatedfromculturaldifferences.Itisthedifferencesthatcausethelimitationofinter-lingualtranslation.Similarly,translatingcannotbeseparatedfromculturalbackgroundknowledge.Intranslation,eventheverysimpleexpressionscannotbedealtwithwithoutanyconsiderationofspecificcontextandcustoms.3.ThedifficultyencounteredwhentranslatingAsweallknow,therearemanymeaningstowordsandexpressions.Howdoyouknowthewordsandexpressionsaresuitforthismeaning?Awordmaybethismeaninginthissentence,butititwillbeanothermeaninginothersentence.Therefore,thefirstdifficultywhatwewillencounteristhedifferentmeaningofwordsandexpressions.Thereareanothersituationthateveryonehassuffered.whileyouarelookingatasentence,youcanlookupthedictionarytomakedearnewwordsandgrammar.Howerer,it’snotenoughforustojustunderstandthese.Youstilldon’tunderstandhowtotranslatethissentence.Soit’stheseconddifficultywemayencounter.Sometimeswemaylackofsomegeneralknowledge.It’sbecomeabigproblemfortranslatingevenifwehaveskimedthroughthewholeessay.Inordertosolvethesedifficulties,weshouldcombinetranslationwithlanguage,culturalbackgroundandcontext.4.ThedifferenceoflinguisticsthesentenceinformationForsometimeCzechoslovakslinguistsdevotedattentiontotheproblemofanalyzingthesentencefromafunctionalpointofview.Theybelieveasentencecontainsapointofdepartureandagoalofdiscourse.Thepointofdepartureisequallypresenttothespeakerandtotheheater–itistheirrallyingpoint,thegroundonwhichtheymeet.ThisiscalledtheTHEME.Thegoalofdiscoursepresentstheveryinformationthatistobeimpartedtotheheater.ThisiscalledthePHEME.ItisbelievedthatthemovementfromtheThemetotheRhemerevealsthemovementoftheminditself.Languagesmayusedifferentsyntacticstructures,buttheorderofidealsremainsbasicallythesame.Basedontheseobservations,theyhavecreatedthenotionFUNCTIONALSENTENCEPERSECTIVEtodescribehowinformationisdistributedinsentences.FSPdealsparticularwiththeeffectofthedistributionofknowninformationandnewinformationindiscourse.TheKNOWNINFORMATIONreferstoinformationthatisnotnewtothereaderorhearer.TheNEWINFORMATIONiswhattobetransmittedtothereaderorhearer.5.ThebeginningoftranslationistotranslatewordsAllthesame,wedotranslatewords,becausethereisnothingelsetotranslate;thereareonlythewordsonthepages;thereisnothingelsethere.Wedonottranslateisolatedwords,wetranslatewordsallmoreorless(andsometimeslessratherthanmore,butnevernotatall)boundbytheirsyntactic,collocation,situational,culturalandindividualdialectalcontexts.Lexicographersareincreasinglycognizantofthefactthatthemeaningofawordisdependentonthesymptomatictermsthatformtheverbalcontextofusage.Infact,theprinciplethatinanysymbolicsystemtheroleofthecontextismaximizedandtheroleofthefocalelementisminimizedhasleadtotherecognitionthataworddoesnothavedozensofmeaningsthatarepointedtobythediversecontexts,butthatthefocaltermandthecontextformacrucialcognitiveunit…Themeaningofawordmustbedeterminedbythesymptomaticcontextsandtheculturalcontexts….Realmeaningisalwaystotalmeaning.6.LiteralTranslationTheSLgrammaticalconstructionsareconvertedtotheirnearestTLequivalentsbutthelexicalwordsareagaintranslatedsingly,outofcontext.Asapre_translationprocess,thisindicatestheproblemstobesolved.Freetranslationreproducesthematterwithoutthemanner,orthecontentwithouttheformoftheoriginal.Usuallyitisaparaphrasemuchlongerthantheoriginal,aso-called‘intralinguastranslation,’oftenprolixandpretention,andnottranslationatall.7.FreeTranslationTraditionally,thetwomajororientationsintranslatinghavebeenliteralandfree.Thiscontrasthasbeenprimarilyamatteroffocus.Sometranslatorshavebeenquitewillingtosacrificetheformalelementsofthetargetlanguageandeventheintelligibilityofthetargetlanguagetextforthesakeofpreservingwhattheyregardastheintegrityofthesourcetext.Suchanorientation(Literaltranslation)hasbeenparticularlypopularamongmanytranslatorsofclassicliterary,fortheyhavevaluedgreatlytheformofsuchtexts.Personsengagedinthetranslationofreligiousdocumentshavealsotentedtosacrificethetargetlanguageforthesakeofreflectingtheformofthesourcetext,sinceoftenreligiontendstopromotewordworship.Likewise,thosewhohavebeenassignedthetaskoftranslatingpoliticaldocumentsdefendtheirliteraltranslationsbecausetheydonotwanttobringintothetextanypossibleexcusefordivergentinterpretation.Thosewhofavorwhatisnormallycalled“freetranslation”haveusuallyoptedtosacrificetheformofthesourcelanguageforthesakeofeleganceandintelligibilityinthetargetlanguage.Ingeneralthesehavebeenthepersonsconcernedwithtranslatingtechnicaltexts,how-to-do-itmanuals,urgentnotices,popularnews.8.TheQuestionofthepartandthewholeLanguageishighlydialectical.Nothingisimmutableandisolated.Thechoiceofwordsinasentencesaswellasthesentenceitselfisaffectedbywhatgoesbeforeorcomesafter.InhisbookentitledBetterEnglishG.HVillainssaysthatwordscannotbetreatedinisolation.AndastheEnglishphilosopherWittgensteinputsit,Themeaningofawordisitsuseinthelanguage.Ithinktheyarequiteright.Takewordslike“Tableandchairforinstance”.Peoplewouldsaythemeaningofsuchwordsisquiteconcreteandfixed.Tablemeans桌子,andchairmeans椅子.Butevenwithwordsdenotingconcretethingsmuchdependonthecontextandontheiruseinthesentence.Whenwesaytableamotionorchairameeting,surelytablenolongermeanssomethingatwhichwehaveourmealsorchairsomethingwesiton.Ofcourseyoumayarguethattableandchairarenolongernounsbutverbs,andthatiswhythemeaningisdifferent.Well,howaboutthetableofcontentsandchairofphilosophyasinthesentence,SheholdsthechairofphilosophyatOxford.Andthenyouhavethetwelvetables(lawspromulgatedinRome451-450B.C.)themultiplicationtable,keepthetableamused,turnthetableonsomebodyandaboveorbelowthechair(ofaldermanwhohasorhasnotbeenmajor).Thewholeismadeofthepart.Themeaningofthepartisdeterminedbythatofthewhole.Naturally,thepartandthewholearerelativeterms.Sometimesaphraseorclauseorsentenceformsthewhole.Butatothertimestheyoftenformonlyapartofthewholeinawidercontext.9.StrategiesoftranslationTranslationisakindofactivitywhichinevitablyinvolvesatleasttwolanguageandculturaltraditions,i.e.,atleasttwosetsofnormsystemsoneachlevel.Thus,thevaluebehinditmaybedescribedasconstitutingoftwomajorelements:(1)Beingatextinacertainlanguage,andhenceoccupyingaposition,orfillinginaslot,intheappropriatecultural,orinacertainsectionthereof;(2)Constitutingareorientationinthatlanguage/culturalofanother,preexistingtextinsomeotherlanguage,belongingtosomeothercultureandoccupyingadefinitepositionwithinit.…(1)HowtounderstandanidiomNormally,idiomaticandfixedexpressionshaveindividualcollocationalpatterns.Theformcollocationswithotheritemsinthetextassingeunitsandenterintolexicalsetwhicharedifferentfromtheseoftheirindividualwords.Theunderstandingofidiomistounderstanditsrhetoricmeaning.Therearetwoobjectivesforpeopleusingidioms.Onepurposeistoexpressitsmeaning.Anotheristoexpressmorelivelyandimage.Therefore,moreattentionshouldbepaidtotranslateidioms.Ifyoutranslateidioms,whichcan’tpassonitsrhetoricmeaning,itwillbeafailtranslation.Therearefourmethodsfortranslatingidioms:Dissimilation1)word-for-wordtranslation2)literaltranslationandannotation.3)similarway4)borrowwayWhatshouldbetakennoteoftranslatingproperNoun.ProperNouncanbeindividual,country,geographicname,institutionandorganizationetc.SuchasAnderson,China,Rudenstine,HarvardUniversityWhenyouencounterProperNoun,youshouldlookdictionaryWebsterNewCollegiateanddependonmemoryfirstly.Don’tbeeagerintranslatingaccordingtoyourowncomprehension.Secondweoughttodistinguishsignificantandnon-significantofProperNoun.Forexample:theMediterraneanseaand“日月潭”isfullofsignificant,Panamacityand“昆侖山”ispartofsignificant.(3)HowtotranslatetechnicaltermsTechnicaltermsreferstowordsandexpressionsofspecialmeaningusedforafewactivity,professionandsubject.Whiletranslatingtechnicalterms,weshouldpayattentiontothreeproblems.Forsomefield,thoughthetechnicaltermsisalone,thespecializationdegreeofincommonusetechnicaltermsisdifferent.Youcan’ttakethewordstooliterally.Thereislittledifferenceforthesametechnicaltermstousespecializedsubject,youcan’tconfuseonethingwithanother.Whentranslatingtheidenticaltechnicalterms,youmustshownodifference.Andyoucan’tmakecontradictoryfrombeginningtoend.Conclusion:Translationisnotonlyanactivityoflanguagesandthoughts,butalsoasocialandculturalactivity.Duringtranslation,EnglishandChineseculturesoftenmeetvariousnegativefactorsoriginatedfromculturaldifferences.Thus,agoodmasteroftheculturebackgroundisessentiallyrequiredforaculturaltranslator.ThisthesismainlydiscussesabouttheculturaldifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglish,andalsoitsinfluencesontranslation.What’smore,atthelastpartofthethesis,theauthorpresentssomecommoncountermeasuresfortheculturaltranslation.參考文獻：［1］李源.英漢文化差異與語言翻譯初探［J］.云南師范大學(xué)學(xué)報:哲學(xué)社會科學(xué)版，1998(2):78-82.［2］劉宓慶.當(dāng)代翻譯理論［M］.北京：中國對外翻譯出版公司，1999.［3］孫晶.直譯、意譯翻譯與歸化、異化［J］.齊齊哈爾醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)報，2007（3）:336-337.［4］Toury,Gideon.DescriptiveTranslationStudiesandBeyond［M］.Shanghai;ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress,2001,56.胡壯麟.語言教程［M］.北京：北京大學(xué)出版社，1988，362-363巴爾胡達羅夫。語言與翻譯（蔡毅等譯）。北京：中國對外翻譯出版公司，1985，140Newmark,Peter.Atextbookoftranslation［M］.PrenticeHallInternational(UK)Ltd,1988Nida,E.A.Language,Culture,Translation［J］.外國語，1988（3）基于C8051F單片機直流電動機反饋控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計與研究基于單片機的嵌入式Web服務(wù)器的研究MOTOROLA單片機MC68HC（8）05PV8/A內(nèi)嵌EEPROM的工藝和制程方法及對良率的影響研究基于模糊控制的電阻釬焊單片機溫度控制系統(tǒng)的研制基于MCS-51系列單片機的通用控制模塊的研究基于單片機實現(xiàn)的供暖系統(tǒng)最佳啟停自校正（STR）調(diào)節(jié)器單片機控制的二級倒立擺系統(tǒng)的研究基于增強型51系列單片機的TCP/IP協(xié)議棧的實現(xiàn)基于單片機的蓄電池自動監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)基于32位嵌入式單片機系統(tǒng)的圖像采集與處理技術(shù)的研究基于單片機的作物營養(yǎng)診斷專家系統(tǒng)的研究基于單片機的交流伺服電機運動控制系統(tǒng)研究與開發(fā)基于單片機的泵管內(nèi)壁硬度測試儀的研制基于單片機的自動找平控制系統(tǒng)研究基于C8051F040單片機的嵌入式系統(tǒng)開發(fā)基于單片機的液壓動力系統(tǒng)狀態(tài)監(jiān)測儀開發(fā)模糊Smith智能控制方法的研究及其單片機實現(xiàn)一種基于單片機的軸快流CO〈,2〉激光器的手持控制面板的研制基于雙單片機沖床數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的研究基于CYGNAL單片機的在線間歇式濁度儀的研制基于單片機的噴油泵試驗臺控制器的研制基于單片機的軟起動器的研究和設(shè)計基于單片機控制的高速快走絲電火花線切割機床短循環(huán)走絲方式研究基于單片機的機電產(chǎn)品控制系統(tǒng)開發(fā)基于PIC單片機的智能手機充電器基于單片機的實時內(nèi)核設(shè)計及其應(yīng)用研究基于單片機的遠程抄表系統(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