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中文4010字本科畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))外文翻譯題目政府審計(jì)公告制度的現(xiàn)狀分析及其對(duì)策專業(yè)會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)外文題目GovernmentauditinginChina:Problemsandreform外文出處《GovernmentauditinginChina:Problemsandreform》[N].incorporatingAdvancesinInternationalAccounting2008,(24):119-127外文作者楊壽昌,賈森澤忠孝,莫里斯彭德?tīng)柌颬AGE13原文:GovernmentauditinginChina:Problemsandreform1.IntroductionFor30yearsafteritsfoundationin1949,thePeople'sRepublicofChinawentthroughaseriesofmajormasspoliticalmovementswhichleftitextremelyisolatedfromtherestoftheworld,especiallycapitalistcountries.Atthebrinkofatotaleconomiccollapse,Chinashifteditsfocustoeconomicdevelopment,beganmarket-orientedeconomicreforms,andadoptedanopen-doorpolicyin1978.3Thesechangesrevivedbothgovernmentauditingandindependentauditing,whichhadbeenreplacedbyothermonitoringmechanismsinthe1950s.Asrequiredbythe1982ConstitutionofthePeople'sRepublicofChina(PRC,1982),theNationalAuditOffice(NAO)wassetupin1983asadepartmentoftheStateCouncil.Inaddition,regionalauditofficeswerealsosetupasdepartmentsofprovincial,municipalandcountygovernments.Aregionalgovernmentauditofficeisundertheleadershipofboththegovernmentauditofficeatahigherlevelanditssupervisingregionalgovernment.Forexample,theauditofficeofaprovincialgovernmentissubjecttothejointleadershipoftheNAOandtheprovincialgovernment.Underthedualleadershipsystem,foraprovincialgovernmentauditoffice,theNAOprovidesauditingandregulatoryguidanceandmonitoringwhiletheprovincialgovernmentprovidesresourcesandexercisespersonnelcontrol.Inaddition,theNAOoperatesanetworkofbranchofficesincentralgovernmentministriesandverylargemunicipalitiestoauditvariousgovernmentdepartments,agencies,stateownedenterprisesunderthecontrolofthecentralgovernment,andtheirassociatedinstitutions.ThesebranchauditofficeslocatedinministriesandverylargemunicipalitiesareunderthedirectleadershipoftheNAO.AlthoughthisgovernmentauditsystemhasmadesignificantcontributionstowardChina'seconomicreformandopeninguptotheworldinthepast20years(ChineseAuditingSystemResearchGroup,1999),italsosuffersfromthelackofauditindependence.Theexistingproblemsofgovernmentauditingmainlystemfromitbeingunderthedirectcontroloftheexecutivebody(theStateCouncil).Underthissystem,variousgovernmentdepartmentsandofficialscan,boththeoreticallyandpractically,interferewithgovernmentauditing,thusweakeningtheobjectivityandfairnessoftheaudit.However,thepeople'scongressesatvariouslevelshavebeguntoattachsignificantimportanceto,andmakeincreasinguseof,theauditreport.Atthesametime,moreandmoretaxpayershavebeguntopayattentiontohowtheirmoneyisusedbythegovernment.WhiletheNAO'slackofindependencehasalwaysbeenaproblemeversinceitsestablishment,thisproblemiscreatingincreasingtensionsinthecurrentpoliticalsettingbecauseoftheaccountabilityneedsofthelegislatureandtaxpayers.Theaccountabilityrelationshipbetweenthegovernmentandthelegislatureiscompromisedbythefactthattheauditorisnotindependentofthegovernment.Notwithstandingtheseproblems,theNAOhassteppedupthelevelofpublicdisclosureofauditfindingsinrecentyears.In2003,theNAOforthefirsttimedisclosedtothepublicthatseriousfinancialproblemsexistedinfourministriesofthecentralgovernment.Thisdisclosureandtheproblemsexposedattractedmuchmediaattentionandthephrase“AuditStorm”wasusedtorefertothedisclosureandtheissuesraised.This“AuditStorm”continuedin2004and2005whentheNAOinitsannualreportdisclosedtheseriousillegalactsinotherministriesofthecentralgovernment.However,althoughthisstormhasbeenusefulindrawingattentiontosomeoftheproblemsthathadoccurred,thelevelofauditindependencemeansthatonlyasmallpercentageofthetotalwereexposed.Also,evenwhereproblemsareexposed,thisdoesnotensurethatthesameproblemswillnotrecur.Thus,the“AuditStorm”hasheightenedtheawarenessoftheneedforgovernmentauditingreform.2.PerceivedproblemsofthecurrentgovernmentauditingsystemMostintervieweesbelievedthatthecurrentproblemsofgovernmentauditinghavetheiroriginsinitsrelationtothegovernment,i.e.,theNAOisineffectaninternalauditingdepartmentunderthegovernment'sdirectcontrol.Thefollowingparagraphselaboratethemainproblemsidentifiedintheinterviews.2.1.LackofauditindependenceThemajorityofourintervieweesacknowledgedsomedirectorindirectinterventionbypeopleororganisationsfromoutsidetheNAO.Thesehaveastrongnegativeimpactonauditplanning,thetrainingandappointmentofauditingpersonnel,thedeterminationofaudittasks,thedealingwithproblemsidentifiedintheaudit,andthedisclosureofauditresults.Asaresult,theNAOcanhardlyperformanyindependentauditing.Adirector-generalofaprovincialgovernmentauditofficecommented:Theproblemsidentifiedintheauditshouldbedealtwithinaccordancewithlaw,butiftheproblemsinvolvethegovernment,theauditofficewillexperienceinterferencefromthegovernmentalofficialinchargeorfromotherauthorities.Someintervieweesacknowledgedthelackofindependenceofgovernmentauditing,butatthesametimetheydidnotwanttoexaggeratetheproblem.Beingadepartmentdirectedbythegovernment,howcantheauditofficeworkindependentlyfreefromtheinterferenceofthegovernmentorthechiefgovernmentofficers(CGO)?Istheresultofinterferenceinevitablydetrimental?Theintervieweesfoundithardtoanswerthesequestions.Besides,theauditofficeandthegovernmentareatdifferentadministrativelevelsandmaynotalwayshaveconsistentperceptionsonauditing.Underthiscircumstance,aswasrevealedintheinterviews,theauditoffice,beingatthelowerlevel,wouldnormallyfollowthegovernment'swill—andthisisunderstandable.Wearguethatifauditingissupposedtosatisfymerelytheneedsofthegovernment,orifgovernmentauditissupposedtoplayasupportingroletogovernmentalwork,thentheproblemoflimitedauditindependenceisrelativelypartial,becausegovernmentauditingstillachievesitsmainobjective.Butifthepeople'scongressandtaxpayersoutsidethegovernmentarealsoauditclients,andentrustthegovernmentauditofficetoinvestigatehowthegovernmentimplementedfiscalbudgetsapprovedbythepeople'scongress,thenthecontrolrelationshipbetweentheauditofficeandthegovernmentbecomesasevereproblem.Animmediateconsequenceofthelackofauditindependenceisthattheauditreportmaynolongerpossessobjectivityandfairnessanditisthereforelesslikelytogainthetrustandacceptancebythepeople'scongressandthepublic.2.2.RestricteddisclosureofauditresultsTheintervieweesgenerallyfeltthatthedisclosureofauditresultsmightberestricted.AdeputyCGO(adeputymayor)ofamunicipalgovernmentcommentedintheinterview:Theauditreportfollowsgovernmentalarrangements,butthisdoesnotnecessarilyindicatethatthegovernmentwillpreventthedisclosureofauditissues.WhoeveractsastheCGOfacesexternalpressureandthuss/hewilldisclosesomething,explainittothepeople'scongress,andalsosavethefaceoftheauditoffice.ButwilltheCGOdisclosealltheissuesorimportantissuesthen?Willtheissuesconcerninghis/herannualreportbedisclosedastheyreallyare?Onecannevertell.Adirector-generalfromtheNAOadmitted:Infact,somegovernmentofficialsinterferewiththeauditofficeinreportingauditresultstothePeople'sCongress.Theyevendirectlydemandtheauditofficetoremovebigissuesthatviolateregulationsfromtheauditreport.AnofficialfromtheNAOalsoadmittedintheinterviewthatsomelocalgovernmentsandrelatedauthoritiesinterferewiththedisclosureofauditfindingsandtheresolutionofauditresultsinordertoshirkresponsibilitiesandavoidexcessivedisclosurethatmightovershadowtheirpoliticalcareer.Theinterviewdatathussuggeststhattheauditofficeisnotonlyconstrainedbythegovernmentintermsofauditplanningandthedeterminationofaudittasks,butalsothedisclosureofauditresults.Thatis,theauditofficecannotmakeitsowndecisionsonwhattodisclose,howtodisclose,andwhentodisclose.Consequently,thereisnoassuranceontheauthorityandtransparencyofauditreports.Withthesubmissionofauditreportstothepeople'scongress,thisproblemofalackofindependenceandtransparencyhasarousedincreasedconcerns.SincetheConstitution(PRC,1982)andtheAuditLaw(PRC,1994a)lackclearandrigidrulesonthedisclosureofauditresults,thecontentanddegreeofdisclosureinthecurrentauditingsystemaredeterminedandcensoredbythegovernment'sdiscretionarydisclosurepoliciesongovernmentaffairsandarealsoheavilyaffectedbytheattitudesofCGOs.2.3.AuditinggapsMostintervieweesmentionedthesameproblem;theauditisonlyappliedtogovernmentunitsatalowerlevelofthehierarchy.Thatis,theauditrarelyexaminestheresponsibilityandperformanceofthegovernmentitselforitsCGO,andhencethedepth,level,andscopeofauditingareratherrestricted.Thefollowingcommentmadebyanintervieweewhoisadirector-generalattheNAOisrepresentativeoftheviews.Fromalegalpointofview,therewillnotbeanyconstraintontheauditofdecisionsmadebyhigher-levelofficials,butinpracticeyoucannotreallyquestionthem.Ifintheauditprocesswediscoverproblemsormistakendecisionsmadebyhigh-levelofficials,wewouldrathernotdisclosethem.Wewouldassumethatthegovernmentalwaysdoestherightthing.Thatistosay,iftheproblemsarosefromdecisionsmadebythegovernment,wewillnotbotheraboutthemanymore.Howcanwesuperviseoursuperiors?Weareonlyadepartmentofthegovernment.Someofourintervieweesalsomentionedthatinbudgetauditing,sincetheauditdoesnotactuallyinvolvethefinancialresponsibilityandperformanceofthegovernmentanditsCGO,itisunavoidablethatmanybigissuesareoverlookedorneglected,especiallythoserelatedtothegovernmentorCGOsthemselves.Giventhatmanyproblemsresultfromgovernmentalactivity,theauditofficecandonothingandtheproblemscanappearoverandoveragain.Thiskindofauditingexhibitsaseriousproblemofpowercentralisation.2.4.BudgetauditasamereformalitySomeintervieweesquestionedwhetherauditresultswouldbereportedaccuratelytothepeople'scongresseveniftheauditofficecarriedoutbudgetauditingatthegovernmentlevel.Ifthegovernmentdeterminesthecontentoftheauditreport,budgetauditingisineffectthegovernment's“self-inspection”.TheConstitution(PRC,1982)empowerstheCGOwithrespecttobothauditingandfinancialmatters.However,inmanylocalgovernments,theCGOholdsthefinancialdecision-makingpowerswhilethedeputyCGOisdelegatedtotakechargeofauditing.ThissituationmightmakeitmoredifficultfortheauditofficetomonitorfiscalandfinancialactivitiesofthegovernmentanditsCGOsimplybecausethedeputy'sunwillingnesstoexposeaCGO.Thisisreflectedintheremarksmadebyoneinterviewee,adeputydirector-generalataprovincialgovernmentauditoffice:Thedifficultythattheauditofficefacesinperformingbudgetauditingistrulyenormous,becausefiscalandfinancialpowersrestinthehandsoftheCGO.ImportantfiscalandfinancialissuesandtheannualfiscalandfinancialbudgetmustbedecidedbytheCGO.Oncethebudgetisset,anybudgetadjustmentmustalsobeapprovedbythegovernmentanditsCGO.Undersuchconditions,auditingfiscalandfinancialbudgetswouldbeequivalenttotheauditofthegovernmentandit'sCGO.Thus,auditorsfacenotonlythefinancedepartmentbutalsotheCGO.Intheauditingprocess,ifthefinancedepartmenttellstheauditorthattheCGOdoesnotgivepermissionforsomethingtobeaudited,thentheauditorwillnothavethenecessaryaccess.Moreover,astherelationshipbetweenthepeople'scongressandthegovernmentisthatofsupervisorandsupervisee,itisdifficult,ifnotimpossible,forthegovernmentauditofficetoservetwo“masters”.Insuchaconflictingsituation,thegovernmentauditofficecanonlyputthegovernment'sinterestsandrequirementsfirst,sincethegovernmentisitsdirect“boss”.Toservethegovernmentinessenceandthepeople'scongressinappearanceisaninevitablechoiceofthegovernmentauditofficeunderthecurrentsystem.Thelegislaturethereforecannotdirectlyexerciseauditsupervisionandcanonlyindirectlymonitorthefiscalbudgetthroughauditing.Thelegislaturealsolacksotherpracticalapproachesandtoolsformonitoringtheimplementationoffiscalbudgetsandthislimitsitsabilitytoobtainaninsightintotheworkingsoffinancialsystemsandbudgetimplementation.Thelegislaturecanthereforeplayaverylimitedroleinmonitoringfinancialsystemsandfiscalbudgets.3.ReformingandConclusionWecarriedoutinterviewsin2002inordertocomprehendandevaluatethecurrentgovernmentauditingsysteminChinaandidentifyarationalandfeasibleapproachtoreformingthesystem.Wealsoexaminedtheimpactoftherecent“AuditStorm”onthegovernmentauditingsystem.TheresultsofourinvestigationshowthatthecurrentgovernmentauditingsysteminChinalacksindependenceandtransparency.Thelackofindependenceaffectstheobjectivityandreliabilityofauditingwhichisparticularlyimportantwhenauditingtheimplementation,useandcontrolofbudgetedfundsbycentralandregionalgovernments.Itisthisaspectofgovernmentauditingthathasthegreatestneedforauditindependence.Ouranalysisofthe“AuditStorm”showsthatithasincreasedauditingtransparencyandattractedmuchattentionfromthepublic,theNPCofficials,academics,andgovernmentofficialstotheseriousproblemsinmanagingpublicfinance.Ithasalsoshownthatgovernmentauditinghasanimportantroletoplayinprotectingpublicinterests.However,merelydrawingattentiontotheproblemscannotpreventthemfromrecurring.Also,governmentcensorshipmeansthatmanyproblemsarenotdisclosedandithasproveddifficulttoextendthe“AuditStorm”tolocalauditbureaus.Alltheseweaknessesarerootedinthelackofindependenceinthecurrentgovernmentauditingsystem.The“LegislatureApproach”hasbeenwidelydiscussedamongChineseacademics.Althoughitemphasisesauditindependence,itneglectsthecentralisednatureofthegovernmentstructure,thepoliticaltensionbetweenthegovernmentandthelegislature,andtheproblemsthatthelegislatureitselffaces.Therefore,implementingthisapproachinthecurrentpoliticalclimatemayweakenthegovernment'seconomiccontrolandrequireamajorrestructuringofthegovernmentandthelegislature,thuslackingpracticalityandfeasibility.Tosmooththisproposedtransition,weputforwarda“Dual-TrackSystem”asaninterimsteptowardafully-fledgedlegislature-ledstateauditsystem.Ourproposalsuggeststhatthelegislatureandthegovernmentshouldsetupseparateauditorganisationstoexercisedifferentauditresponsibilities.The“Dual-TrackSystem”takesintoaccountboththeneedtoimproveauditindependenceandthefeasibilityofreform.ThisapproachsatisfiestheincreasingwilloftheChineselegislaturetostrengthenbudgetauditingwhileatthesametimemeetingtheneedofthegovernmenttomaintainstrongeconomiccontrol.Source:SuchangYang,JasonZezhongXiao,MauricePendlebury.GovernmentauditinginChina:Problemsandreform[N].AdvancesinAccounting,incorporatingAdvancesinInternationalAccounting,2008,(24):119-127.譯文:中國(guó)政府審計(jì):?jiǎn)栴}和改革1、簡(jiǎn)介1949年后的30年,中華人民共和國(guó)經(jīng)歷了一系列重要大眾政治運(yùn)動(dòng),使它在世界各地極其孤立,特別是資本主義國(guó)家。在一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)全面崩潰的邊緣,中國(guó)將重點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移到經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,開(kāi)始了以市場(chǎng)為導(dǎo)向的經(jīng)濟(jì)改革,并通過(guò)了1978年3月的門戶開(kāi)放政策,同時(shí)恢復(fù)政府審計(jì)與獨(dú)立審計(jì)并取代了20世紀(jì)50年代所實(shí)行的監(jiān)測(cè)機(jī)制。按照中華人民共和國(guó)1982年憲法規(guī)定,國(guó)家審計(jì)署(NAO)作為國(guó)務(wù)院的部門成立于1983年。此外,區(qū)域?qū)徲?jì)辦公室還成立了省,市,縣政府部門。一個(gè)地區(qū)的政府審計(jì)辦公室是根據(jù)雙方的政府審計(jì)辦公室在更高水平上監(jiān)督區(qū)政府的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。例如,一個(gè)省級(jí)政府審計(jì)辦公室是受審計(jì)署和省級(jí)政府共同領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。在雙重領(lǐng)導(dǎo)體制下,為省政府審計(jì)署,審計(jì)署的審計(jì)和監(jiān)管提供指導(dǎo)和監(jiān)督,而省政府提供資源和演習(xí)人員控制。此外,審計(jì)署經(jīng)營(yíng)在中央部委和分支機(jī)構(gòu)網(wǎng)絡(luò)非常大的直轄市審計(jì)根據(jù)中央的政府來(lái)管制各政府部門,機(jī)構(gòu),國(guó)有企業(yè),其他關(guān)聯(lián)機(jī)構(gòu)。這些分支審計(jì)機(jī)關(guān)各部委由超大型城市設(shè)下的國(guó)家審計(jì)署直接領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。雖然在過(guò)去的20年,這個(gè)政府審計(jì)制度已給中國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)改革開(kāi)放做出了重大貢獻(xiàn)(中國(guó)審計(jì)制度的研究小組,1999年),但是在面向世界時(shí)也遭受了缺乏審計(jì)獨(dú)立性的質(zhì)疑。政府審計(jì)中存在的問(wèn)題主要源于其下的行政機(jī)構(gòu)(國(guó)務(wù)院)的直接控制之下。在這個(gè)制度下,各政府部門和官員可以在理論和實(shí)踐中干擾政府審計(jì),從而削弱了審計(jì)的客觀性和公正性。然而,隨著審計(jì)報(bào)告越來(lái)越多的使用,各級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)也開(kāi)始重視其重要意義。與此同時(shí),越來(lái)越多的納稅人開(kāi)始注意他們的錢是如何由政府使用。雖然審計(jì)署的缺乏獨(dú)立性一直是公司成立以來(lái)的問(wèn)題,這個(gè)問(wèn)題正在創(chuàng)造出越來(lái)越多的創(chuàng)造了電流,因?yàn)閱?wèn)責(zé)的政治環(huán)境日益引起了立法機(jī)關(guān)和納稅人的關(guān)注。政府與立法機(jī)關(guān)之間的關(guān)系受到損害責(zé)任的事實(shí)是審計(jì)人員不獨(dú)立于政府的重大原因。由于存在這些問(wèn)題,審計(jì)署已加緊在近幾年的審計(jì)結(jié)果公開(kāi)披露的水平。2003年,審計(jì)署首次向公眾披露了四個(gè)中央部委存在的嚴(yán)重財(cái)政問(wèn)題。此披露和曝光的問(wèn)題備受媒體的關(guān)注,“審計(jì)風(fēng)暴”一次也由此而來(lái)。在2004年和2005年,在其年度報(bào)告中披露了審計(jì)署對(duì)中央其他部委的嚴(yán)重違法行為。然而,盡管這場(chǎng)風(fēng)暴已在提請(qǐng)人們注意所發(fā)生的問(wèn)題,但是審計(jì)獨(dú)立性的一些有用的手段,只有一小部分的總暴露。此外,即使問(wèn)題暴露出來(lái),這并不能確保不會(huì)再發(fā)生同樣的問(wèn)題。因此,“審計(jì)風(fēng)暴”已加深了對(duì)政府審計(jì)改革必要性的認(rèn)識(shí)。2、當(dāng)前政府審計(jì)制度審計(jì)改革已知的問(wèn)題大部分受訪者認(rèn)為當(dāng)前的政府審計(jì)的問(wèn)題是與政府密切相關(guān)的,這實(shí)際上是一種行為的內(nèi)部審計(jì)部門在政府的直接控制。以下各段闡述的訪談中發(fā)現(xiàn)的主要問(wèn)題。(1)缺乏審計(jì)獨(dú)立性我們的大多數(shù)受訪者承認(rèn),審計(jì)署的一些人或組織從外面直接或間接干預(yù)。在審計(jì)發(fā)現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題時(shí),與審計(jì)結(jié)果公開(kāi),這些審計(jì)規(guī)劃,培訓(xùn)和審計(jì)人員的任命,對(duì)審計(jì)任務(wù)的決心具有強(qiáng)大消極影響。因此,審計(jì)署也很難執(zhí)行任何獨(dú)立審計(jì)。一個(gè)審計(jì)局局長(zhǎng)說(shuō)道:在審計(jì)中發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題應(yīng)依法處理,但如果問(wèn)題涉及到政府,審計(jì)機(jī)關(guān)將將會(huì)干擾負(fù)責(zé)的政府官員或其他機(jī)關(guān)。一些受訪者承認(rèn)政府審計(jì)缺乏獨(dú)立性,但同時(shí)他們也不想夸大這個(gè)問(wèn)題。由政府指導(dǎo)的一個(gè)部門,審計(jì)機(jī)關(guān)如何能從政府或行政政府官員的干預(yù)中獨(dú)立工作?這是不可避免的結(jié)果。受訪者覺(jué)得難以回答這些問(wèn)題。此外,審計(jì)署和政府是在不同的行政級(jí)別,對(duì)審計(jì)可能并不總有一致的看法。在這種情況下,如在訪談中透露,審計(jì)署處在較低水平者,通常會(huì)按照政府的意志來(lái)執(zhí)行——這是可以理解的。我們認(rèn)為,如果審計(jì)僅僅滿足政府的需要,或者如果政府審計(jì)發(fā)揮作用,支持政府工作為政府審計(jì)實(shí)現(xiàn)其主要目標(biāo),那么,有限的審計(jì)獨(dú)立性問(wèn)題是比較片面的。但如果人民代表大會(huì)代表和政府以外的納稅人也是審計(jì)客戶,并委托政府審計(jì)辦公室,由人民代表大會(huì)通過(guò)研究如何將政府推行財(cái)政預(yù)算,那么審計(jì)辦公室和政府控制之間的關(guān)系將成為一個(gè)嚴(yán)重問(wèn)題。一個(gè)審計(jì)缺乏獨(dú)立性的直接后果是,審計(jì)報(bào)告可能不再具備客觀性和公正性,因此,不太可能獲得人民代表大會(huì)代表和公眾的信任和接受。(2)限制披露審計(jì)結(jié)果受訪者普遍認(rèn)為,審計(jì)結(jié)果的披露可能會(huì)受到限制。CGO政府的副市長(zhǎng)在接受采訪時(shí)評(píng)論說(shuō):審計(jì)報(bào)告按照政府的安排,但這并不一定表示政府將防止審計(jì)問(wèn)題披露。無(wú)論誰(shuí)擔(dān)任,政府總部面臨的外部壓力使得她/他會(huì)透露一些東西,解釋給人民代表大會(huì),同時(shí)也節(jié)省了審計(jì)署的時(shí)間。但是,政府總部將怎樣披露所有的問(wèn)題或重要的問(wèn)題呢?有關(guān)的問(wèn)題將會(huì)在他的年度報(bào)告中予以披露?這是一個(gè)永遠(yuǎn)無(wú)法知道的問(wèn)題。審計(jì)署的一位官員指出:事實(shí)上,一些政府官員干涉審計(jì)署審計(jì)結(jié)果報(bào)告給人大。他們甚至要求審計(jì)機(jī)關(guān)直接刪除違反規(guī)定的審計(jì)報(bào)告大問(wèn)題。在對(duì)審計(jì)署的官方采訪中也了解到,一些地方政府和相關(guān)部門的審計(jì)結(jié)果披露和審計(jì)結(jié)果決議,以推卸責(zé)任,避免過(guò)多的披露,可能掩蓋其政治生涯的干涉。這樣的訪談資料顯示,審計(jì)局是不僅在規(guī)劃方面,還在政府審計(jì)和審計(jì)任務(wù)的決心對(duì)審計(jì)結(jié)果披露進(jìn)行限制。也就是說(shuō),對(duì)審計(jì)機(jī)關(guān)透露什么,如何披露,以及何時(shí)公開(kāi)自己的決定進(jìn)行限制。因此,沒(méi)有對(duì)審計(jì)報(bào)告的權(quán)威性和透明度的保證。隨著審計(jì)報(bào)告提交給人大,這就說(shuō)明缺乏獨(dú)立性和透明度的問(wèn)題已引起日益關(guān)注。因?yàn)閼椃ǎㄖ腥A人民共和國(guó),1982年)和審計(jì)法(中華人民共和國(guó),1994年)缺乏明確和嚴(yán)格的審計(jì)結(jié)果,內(nèi)容和當(dāng)前審計(jì)系統(tǒng)信息披露程度的披露有分歧,以及政府的自由裁量對(duì)政府事務(wù)進(jìn)行披露政策截尾規(guī)則,也嚴(yán)重影響了CGOs的態(tài)度。(3)審計(jì)差距多數(shù)受訪者提到了同一問(wèn)題;審計(jì)是只適用于在一個(gè)較低的水平層次的政府單位。也就是說(shuō),審計(jì)能檢查的責(zé)任和政府本身或政府總部的性能很少,因此深度,水平和審計(jì)范圍是相當(dāng)有限。以下是由審計(jì)署總干事提出的代表性意見(jiàn)。從法律的角度來(lái)看,不會(huì)有任何更高級(jí)別的官員作出審計(jì)決定的約束,但實(shí)際上,你不能真正問(wèn)他們。如果我們?cè)趯徲?jì)過(guò)程中發(fā)現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題或由高級(jí)別官員作出錯(cuò)誤的決定,我們寧愿不予以披露。我們假設(shè)政府總是不正確的事情。這就是說(shuō),如果問(wèn)題是由政府作出的決定產(chǎn)生的,我們不會(huì)理會(huì)他們。這樣我們?nèi)绾文鼙O(jiān)督我們的上司?我們只是一個(gè)政府部門。我們的受訪者有些人還提到,在預(yù)算審查,因?yàn)閷?shí)際上并沒(méi)有涉及審計(jì)的財(cái)務(wù)責(zé)任和政府及其政府總部的性能,這是不可避免的,許多大問(wèn)題被忽略或忽視,特別是有關(guān)政府或CGOs自己??紤]到許多問(wèn)題,從政府活動(dòng)的結(jié)果上看,審計(jì)署可以什么也不做,可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題一遍又一遍。這種審計(jì)展覽中的一個(gè)嚴(yán)重問(wèn)題是中央集權(quán)力量。(4)預(yù)算審計(jì)作為一種走過(guò)場(chǎng)一些受訪者質(zhì)疑,審計(jì)結(jié)果將準(zhǔn)確地向人民代表大會(huì)報(bào)告即使審計(jì)局開(kāi)展了政府一級(jí)預(yù)算審計(jì)。如果政府決定了審計(jì)報(bào)告的內(nèi)容,預(yù)算審計(jì)是政府的“自我檢查”之功效。憲法(中華人民共和國(guó),1982年)兩方面授權(quán)審計(jì)和財(cái)務(wù)事項(xiàng)的政府總部。然而,在許多地方政府,政府總部舉行的財(cái)務(wù)決策而下一級(jí)采取委托負(fù)責(zé)審計(jì)的權(quán)力。這種情況審計(jì)機(jī)關(guān)在監(jiān)察財(cái)政和政府及其政府總部的金融活動(dòng)時(shí)可能會(huì)變得更加困難了,只是因?yàn)椴辉敢獗┞墩胁康谋锥?。這是由一個(gè)受訪者,一名副主任,省級(jí)政府審計(jì)辦公室干事的發(fā)言反映:困難在于審計(jì)機(jī)關(guān)在執(zhí)行財(cái)政預(yù)算審計(jì)面臨的真正的巨大的壓力,因?yàn)樨?cái)政和金融權(quán)力安息在中區(qū)政府合署手中。重要的財(cái)政和金融問(wèn)題和年度財(cái)政財(cái)務(wù)預(yù)算必須由政府總部決定。一旦預(yù)算設(shè)置,任何預(yù)算的調(diào)整也必須經(jīng)政府批準(zhǔn)和中區(qū)政府合署。在這種情況下,審計(jì)財(cái)政財(cái)務(wù)預(yù)算將等同于政府的審計(jì),它的中區(qū)政府合署。因此,審計(jì)人員面臨的不僅是財(cái)政部門,而是政府總部。在審計(jì)過(guò)程中,如果財(cái)政部門告訴審計(jì)人員說(shuō),中區(qū)政府合署不準(zhǔn)許被審計(jì)的東西,那么,審計(jì)人員將沒(méi)有訪問(wèn)的必要。此外,由于人大和政府之間的關(guān)系是監(jiān)督和監(jiān)管,這是困難的,因?yàn)檎畬徲?jì)辦公室為兩個(gè)“主人”。在這種沖突的情況下,政府審計(jì)機(jī)關(guān)只能把政府的利益和要求放在第一,因?yàn)檎闹苯印袄习濉笔撬?。為人民服?wù)在本質(zhì)上和人民代表大會(huì)的政府在外觀上是一種政府審計(jì)辦公室在現(xiàn)行制度下的必然選擇。因此,立法機(jī)關(guān)不能直接行使審計(jì)監(jiān)督和監(jiān)測(cè)只能間接地通過(guò)審計(jì)財(cái)政預(yù)算。立法機(jī)關(guān)也缺乏監(jiān)督財(cái)政預(yù)算執(zhí)行情況其他的實(shí)用方法和工具,這限制了它的能力,以獲得對(duì)財(cái)務(wù)制度和預(yù)算執(zhí)行的運(yùn)作的了解。因此,立法機(jī)關(guān)能夠在監(jiān)測(cè)金融體系和財(cái)政預(yù)算時(shí)起到十分有限的作用。3、改革和總結(jié)我們進(jìn)行了面談,以便在2002年理解和評(píng)估目前中國(guó)政府審計(jì)系統(tǒng),并確定一個(gè)合理的,可行的改革制度。我們還研究了近期的“審計(jì)風(fēng)暴”的政府審計(jì)制度的影響。我們的調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示,目前中國(guó)政府審計(jì)制度缺乏獨(dú)立性和透明度。缺乏獨(dú)立性會(huì)影響審計(jì)的客觀性和可靠性,這一點(diǎn)尤其重要,當(dāng)審計(jì)實(shí)施時(shí),使用和控制的預(yù)算資金由中央和地方政府支付。正是這種政府審計(jì)才會(huì)對(duì)審計(jì)獨(dú)立性產(chǎn)生最大的需要。我們對(duì)“審計(jì)風(fēng)暴”的分析表明,它的身體增加了審計(jì)的透明度,吸引公眾的關(guān)注全國(guó)人大的官員,學(xué)者和政府官員處理管理公共財(cái)政的嚴(yán)重問(wèn)題。它也表明,政府審計(jì)在保護(hù)公眾利益方面具有重要的作用。然而,僅僅提請(qǐng)注意的問(wèn)題,卻不能防止他們?cè)俅伟l(fā)生。此外,政府的審查意味著許多問(wèn)題沒(méi)有披露,它已被證明難以擴(kuò)展的“審計(jì)風(fēng)暴”到地方審計(jì)部門。所有這些弱點(diǎn)是植根于獨(dú)立在目前的政府審計(jì)制度的缺乏。中國(guó)學(xué)者在“立法法”中得到了廣泛的討論。雖然它強(qiáng)調(diào)審計(jì)的獨(dú)立性,但是它忽視了政府結(jié)構(gòu),政府與立法機(jī)關(guān)的政治主張,以及立法本身的問(wèn)題和面臨的集權(quán)性。因此,在目前的政治氣候下實(shí)施這一做法可能會(huì)削弱政府的經(jīng)濟(jì)管制和對(duì)政府和立法機(jī)關(guān)重大重組的要求,缺乏實(shí)用性和可行性。為了順利完成這一提議的過(guò)渡,我們提出了作為實(shí)現(xiàn)向一個(gè)完全成熟的立法主導(dǎo)國(guó)家審計(jì)體制的過(guò)渡措施是“雙軌制”。我們的提案建議,立法機(jī)關(guān)和政府應(yīng)設(shè)立采取不同的審計(jì)責(zé)任的獨(dú)立的審計(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)。在“雙軌制”下考慮到雙方的需要,提高審計(jì)獨(dú)立性和改革的可行性。這種方式能同時(shí)滿足政府需要和保持強(qiáng)勁的經(jīng)濟(jì)控制中國(guó)立法機(jī)關(guān)將越來(lái)越強(qiáng)化預(yù)算審計(jì)。出處:楊壽昌,賈森澤忠孝,莫里斯彭德?tīng)柌铮袊?guó)政府審計(jì):?jiǎn)栴}和改革[N].國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)進(jìn)展,2008,(24):119-127.基于C8051F單片機(jī)直流電動(dòng)機(jī)反饋控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)與研究基于單片機(jī)的嵌入式Web服務(wù)器的研究MOTOROLA單片機(jī)MC68HC(8)05PV8/A內(nèi)嵌EEPROM的工藝和制程方法及對(duì)良率的影響研究基于模糊控制的電阻釬焊單片機(jī)溫度控制系統(tǒng)的研制基于MCS-51系列單片機(jī)的通用控制模塊的研究基于單片機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)的供暖系統(tǒng)最佳啟停自校正(STR)調(diào)節(jié)器單片機(jī)控制的二級(jí)倒立擺系統(tǒng)的研究基于增強(qiáng)型51系列單片機(jī)的TCP/IP協(xié)議棧的實(shí)現(xiàn)基于單片機(jī)的蓄電池自動(dòng)監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)基于32位嵌入式單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)的圖像采集與處理技術(shù)的研究基于單片機(jī)的作物營(yíng)養(yǎng)診斷專家系統(tǒng)的研究基于單片機(jī)的交流伺服電機(jī)運(yùn)動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)研究與開(kāi)發(fā)基于單片機(jī)的泵管內(nèi)壁硬度測(cè)試儀的研制基于單片機(jī)的自動(dòng)找平控制系統(tǒng)研究基于C8051F040單片機(jī)的嵌入式系統(tǒng)開(kāi)發(fā)基于單片機(jī)的液壓動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)狀態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)儀開(kāi)發(fā)模糊Smith智能控制方法的研究及其單片機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)一種基于單片機(jī)的軸快流CO〈,2〉激光器的手持控制面板的研制基于雙單片機(jī)沖床數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的研究基于CYGNAL單片機(jī)的在線間歇式濁度儀的研制基于單片機(jī)的噴油泵試驗(yàn)臺(tái)控制器的研制基于單片機(jī)的軟起動(dòng)器的研究和設(shè)計(jì)基于單片機(jī)控制的高速快走絲電火花線切割機(jī)床短循環(huán)走絲方式研究基于單片機(jī)的機(jī)電產(chǎn)品控制系統(tǒng)開(kāi)發(fā)基于PIC單片機(jī)的智能手機(jī)充電器基于單片機(jī)的實(shí)時(shí)內(nèi)核設(shè)計(jì)及其應(yīng)用研究基于單片機(jī)的遠(yuǎn)程抄表系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)與研究基于單片機(jī)的煙氣二氧化硫濃度檢測(cè)儀的研制基于微型光譜儀的單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)軟件構(gòu)件開(kāi)發(fā)的技術(shù)研究基于單片機(jī)的液體點(diǎn)滴速度自動(dòng)檢測(cè)儀的研制基于單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)的多功能溫度測(cè)量?jī)x的研制基于PIC單片機(jī)的電能采集終端的設(shè)計(jì)和應(yīng)用基于單片機(jī)的光纖光柵解調(diào)儀的研制氣壓式線性摩擦焊機(jī)單片機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)的研制基于單片機(jī)的數(shù)字磁通門傳感器基于單片機(jī)的旋轉(zhuǎn)變壓器-數(shù)字轉(zhuǎn)換器的研究基于單片機(jī)的光纖Bragg光柵解調(diào)系統(tǒng)的研究單片機(jī)控制的便攜式多功能乳腺治療儀的研制基于C8051F020單片機(jī)的多生理信號(hào)檢測(cè)儀基于單片機(jī)的電機(jī)運(yùn)動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)Pico專用單片機(jī)核的可測(cè)性設(shè)計(jì)研究基于MCS-51單片機(jī)的熱量計(jì)基于雙單片機(jī)的智能遙測(cè)微型氣象站MCS-51單片機(jī)構(gòu)建機(jī)器人的實(shí)踐研究基于單片機(jī)的輪軌力檢測(cè)基于單片機(jī)的GPS定位儀的研究與實(shí)現(xiàn)基于單片機(jī)的電液伺服控制系統(tǒng)用于單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)的MMC卡文件系統(tǒng)研制基于單片機(jī)的時(shí)控和計(jì)數(shù)系統(tǒng)性能優(yōu)化的研究基于單片機(jī)和CPLD的粗光柵位移測(cè)量系統(tǒng)研究單片機(jī)控制的后備式方波UPS提升高職學(xué)生單片機(jī)應(yīng)用能力的探究基于單片機(jī)控制的自動(dòng)低頻減載裝置研究基于單片機(jī)控制的水下焊接電源的研究基于單片機(jī)的多通道數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)基于uPSD3234單片機(jī)的氚表面污染測(cè)量?jī)x的研制基于單片機(jī)的紅外測(cè)油儀的研究96系列單片機(jī)仿真器研究與設(shè)計(jì)基于單片機(jī)的單晶金剛石刀具刃磨設(shè)備的數(shù)控改造基于單片機(jī)的溫度智能控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)現(xiàn)基于MSP430單片機(jī)的電梯門機(jī)控制器的研制基于單片機(jī)的氣體測(cè)漏儀的研究基于三菱M16C/6N系列單片機(jī)的CAN/USB協(xié)議轉(zhuǎn)換器基于單片機(jī)和DSP的變壓器油色譜在線監(jiān)測(cè)技術(shù)研究基于單片機(jī)的膛壁溫度報(bào)警系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)基于AVR單片機(jī)的低壓無(wú)功補(bǔ)償控制器的設(shè)計(jì)基于單片機(jī)船舶電力推進(jìn)電機(jī)監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)基于單片機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的振動(dòng)信號(hào)的采集系統(tǒng)基于單片機(jī)的大容量數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)技術(shù)的應(yīng)用研究基于單片機(jī)的疊圖機(jī)研究與教學(xué)方法實(shí)踐基于單片機(jī)嵌入式Web服務(wù)器技術(shù)的研究及實(shí)現(xiàn)基于AT89S52單片機(jī)的通用數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)基于單片機(jī)的多道脈沖幅度分析儀研究機(jī)器人旋轉(zhuǎn)電弧傳感角焊縫跟蹤單片機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)HYPERLINK"/detail.htm

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