怎樣區(qū)別一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

文檔文檔一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)區(qū)別專題與練習(xí)一、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是由助動(dòng)詞have（has）+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。助動(dòng)詞說(shuō)明該謂語(yǔ)是屬于現(xiàn)在時(shí)范圍。它和主語(yǔ)的人稱、數(shù)要保持一致。過(guò)去分詞是主要的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，說(shuō)明句子的意義?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的行為對(duì)主語(yǔ)目前產(chǎn)生的影響。Wearegoodfriends.（現(xiàn)在的情況）Iknewhimin1997.（過(guò)去的動(dòng)作）Wehaveknowneachothersince1997.（現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)把過(guò)去的動(dòng)作和現(xiàn)在聯(lián)系起來(lái)并著眼于現(xiàn)在）（1）表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去某個(gè)不確定的時(shí)間，但對(duì)現(xiàn)在留下了某種影響和結(jié)果。常被just、already、yet，twice,ever,never,threetime等副詞修飾。如：-Haveyouhadlunchyet?-Yes,Ihave.I'vejusthadit.IhavebeentoBeijingtwice.（2）表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。這個(gè)動(dòng)作可能剛停止可能仍然在進(jìn)行。常帶有for和since等表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)。如：Hehastaughtheresince1981他自1981年就在這兒教書(shū)。（可能還要繼續(xù)教）Ihaven'tseenherforfouryears.我有四年沒(méi)見(jiàn)到她了。提問(wèn)通常用howlongHowlonghaveyoulivedhere?注意：在表示某一行為狀態(tài)持續(xù)多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間時(shí)，根據(jù)終止時(shí)間的不同，時(shí)態(tài)使用是不一樣的。如：Ilivedhereforaweeklastsummer.去年夏天我在這里住了一周。Ihavelivedhereforaweekbynow.到現(xiàn)在為止，我已經(jīng)在這里住了一周。Iwilllivehereforaweeknextyear.明年我會(huì)在這里住一周。現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)屬于現(xiàn)在時(shí)范圍，故不能和過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：yesterday,lastSunday,in1990,threeyearsago等。但是，在強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作產(chǎn)生的后果和影響時(shí)，可以和一些表示不確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。用副詞already和yet。already—般用于肯定句中，yet—般用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句中。如：Wehavealreadyfinishedourhomework.我們已完成作業(yè)了。Theyhaven'tfinishedtheirhomeworkyet.他們還沒(méi)有完成作業(yè)。用表示到說(shuō)話為止的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如sofar,uptonow,inthepastfewyears等。例如：Hehasbeentherethreetimesinthelastfewdays.用包括"現(xiàn)在"在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如：now,today,thismorning(month,year,term)等。例如：-Haveyoumethimtoday?-No,Ihaven't.Howmanytimeshaveyoubeentherethisyear?(2)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以和帶有since或for等表示“一段時(shí)間”的狀語(yǔ)連用，表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。如：lhaven'tseenhimfortwoyears.但是，像come,arrive,buy等終止性動(dòng)詞不能與表示“一段時(shí)間”的狀語(yǔ)連用。要用，必須改為“be(在)”等延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞來(lái)表述?，F(xiàn)歸納總結(jié)一下由非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞到延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的轉(zhuǎn)換：arriveTbeherebegin(start)TbeondieTbedeadcomebackTbebackl1eaveTbeawayfall1ill(sick,asleep)Tbeill(sick,asleep)getupTbeupgooutTbeoutfinishTbeoverputonTwear或beonopenTbeopenjoinTbein或beamemberof…實(shí)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文案實(shí)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文案closeTbeclosedgotoschoolTbeastudentcloseTbeclosedborrowTkeepbuyThaveborrowTkeepbuyThavecatch(acold)Thave(acold)gettoknowTknowcatch(acold)Thave(acold)gettoknowTknowbegintostudyTstudycometoworkTworkbegintostudyTstudycometoworkTwork等如：Hehasbeeninthearmyforthreeyears.他參軍三年了。Hisfatherhasbeendeadfortwoyears.他父親去世二年了。Thefilmhasbeenonfortenminutes.電影已開(kāi)始十分鐘了。WehavestudiedEnglishforthreeyears.我們(開(kāi)始)學(xué)英語(yǔ)已三年了。幾點(diǎn)注意事項(xiàng)（1）終止性動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定式，已變成一種可以延續(xù)的狀態(tài)，因此可以和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。如：lhaven'tleftheresinee1997.自從1997年以來(lái)，我一直沒(méi)有離開(kāi)過(guò)這兒。（2）如單純表示一段時(shí)間，雖有sinee—詞，也不必用完成時(shí)。女口：Itistwoyearssincehisfatherdied.=Hisfatherhasbeendeadfortwoyears.他父親去世已有兩年了。havebeen(to)與havegone(to)的區(qū)別：havebeen(to)表示“去過(guò)某地(現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)回來(lái)了）”，可用于各人稱；havegone（to）表示“去某地了（說(shuō)話時(shí)某人不在當(dāng)?shù)兀?常用于第三人稱,前者可與once,never,severaltimes等連用,后者則不能。如：TheyhavebeentoBeijingtwice.他們?nèi)ミ^(guò)北京兩次。HehasgonetoBeijing.他去北京了。二、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與—般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),其結(jié)果的確和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系。動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過(guò)去,但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在；而—般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去的事實(shí),不表示和現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系。havejustbeentoLondon.Iwenttherelastmonth.過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過(guò)去的事情,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過(guò)文檔實(shí)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文案實(shí)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文案文檔文檔去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。過(guò)去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，或無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)?！氵^(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：yesterday,lastweek,…ago,in1980,inOctober,justnow,具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)共同的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：thismorning,tonight,thisApril,now,once，before,already,recently，lately現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)for,since,sofar,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,uptonow,inpastyears,always,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live,teach,learn,work,study,know.過(guò)去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come,go,leave,start,die,finish,become,getmarried等。舉例：Isawthisfilmyesterday.強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)了。）Isawthisfilmyesterday.強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)了。）Ihaveseenthisfilm.強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。）Whydidyougetupsoearly?強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過(guò)了。）Whohasn'thandedinhispaper?強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子，可能為不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。）ShehasreturnedfromParis.她已從巴黎回來(lái)了。Shereturnedyesterday.她是昨天回來(lái)了。Ihaveseenthisfilm.強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。）Whydidyougetupsoearly?強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過(guò)了。）Whohasn'thandedinhispaper?強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子，可能為不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。）ShehasreturnedfromParis.她已從巴黎回來(lái)了。Shereturnedyesterday.她是昨天回來(lái)了。（在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù)）HehasbeenintheLeagueforthreeyears.（在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù)）HehasbeenaLeaguememberforthreeyears.（是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù)）HejoinedtheLeaguethreeyearsago.（HejoinedtheLeaguethreeyearsago.（三年前入團(tuán)，joined為短暫行為。）Ihavefinishedmyhomeworknow.---WillsomebodygoandgetDr.White?

---He'salreadybeensentfor.句子中如有過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞(如yesterday,last,week,in1960)時(shí)，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，要用過(guò)去時(shí)。(錯(cuò))Tomhaswrittenalettertohisparentslastnight.(對(duì))Tomwrotealettertohisparentslastnight.三、練習(xí)題1.A.用already或yet1)Havetheytakendowntheoldpictures?No,theyhaven't2)Mostofushavefinishedourcompositions3)Hesaidhehadn'tvisitedtheexhibitionB.用sineefor1)Wehavelearnedfivelessons_thebeginningofthisterm.2)MrsLiaohasbeeninhospitallastweek.3)Ihavestayedatmyaunt'stwoweeks.C.用havegone或havebeen1)Wherearetheboystudents?Theytotheschoolfactory.2)Isyourfatherin?No,he2)Mostofushavefinishedourcompositions3)Hesaidhehadn'tvisitedtheexhibitionB.用sineefor1)Wehavelearnedfivelessons_thebeginningofthisterm.2)MrsLiaohasbeeninhospitallastweek.3)Ihavestayedatmyaunt'stwoweeks.C.用havegone或havebeen1)Wherearetheboystudents?Theytotheschoolfactory.2)Isyourfatherin?No,hetoShenzhen.heevertherebefore?Yes,hethereseveraltimes3)HeaskedmeifItoHangzhoubefore.3)HeaskedmeifItoHangzhoubefore.ItoldhimthatIwantedtogothereforavisitasnevertoItoldhimthatIwantedtogothereforavisitasnevertothatcitybefore.2.選擇填空1.Mothermeanewcoatyesterday.Iiton.Itfitsmewell.A.hadmade…h(huán)avetriedB.made…h(huán)avetriedC.hasmade…triedD.made…tried2“Hetodrawhorsesalready”."Whenhe?”“Lastyear“A.learned…h(huán)asB.learned…didC.haslearned…h(huán)asD.haslearned…did3.Tomupintothetree.Look,hehighupthere!A.hasgot…isB.hasclimbed…wasC.got???wasD.climbed…is4.youthetextyet?Yes,weittwohoursago.A.Did…copy…didB.Have…copied…h(huán)aveC.Have…copied…didD.Did■…copy…h(huán)ad5.Whysheangry?”“Becauseheatherjustnow.”A.did???get…shoutedB.has■…got■…shoutedC.did…get…h(huán)asshoutedD.has…got…h(huán)asshouted6.youthefilmbefore?Whereyouit?A.Have'"seen…did…seeB.Did■…see…did…watchC.Have"seen"have"seenD.Did"see"have"seen7.Youmewaitingfortwohours.foryousincefive.A.kept…waitedB.havekept…waitedC.kept…h(huán)avewaitedD.havekept'"havewaited8.WhereJohn?Tothelibrary.Hethereforanhour.A.has…been…h(huán)asgoneB.has…gone…h(huán)asbeenC.did…go…wentD.did…be…went9.thebabystill?No,itcrying.A.Has…cried…h(huán)asstoppedB.Is…crying…stoppedC.Did???cry…stoppedD.Is…crying…h(huán)asstopped10.theway.Ihereforquitemanyyears.A.knew…h(huán)avelivedB.knew…liveC.know…h(huán)avelivedD.know…live11.youeverAmerica?Yes,Ihave.A.Have…gonetoB.Have…goneinC.Have…beentoD.Have???beeninMybrothercollegeforoverthreeyears.A.hasgonetoB.hasbeentoC.hasbeeninD.hasbeenatHetheArmybytheendof1989.Heinthearmysincethen.A.joined…isB.hasjoined…h(huán)asbeenC.hadjoined…isD.hadjoined…?hasbeenBythetimeIbacktheyuptensatellites.A.came…h(huán)avesentB.came…h(huán)adsentC.come…h(huán)avesentD.hadcome■…sentJackoverfivelessonsbyseveno'clock.Thenhearest.A.went…tookB.went…h(huán)adtakenC.hadgone…tookD.hadgone…h(huán)adtakenWeoutbythattimethatheaspyforalongtime.A.hadfound…h(huán)adbeenB.hadfound…wasC.found…h(huán)adbeenD.found■…wasBeforethenewshim,hetoknowaboutit.A.reaches…h(huán)asgotB.reached…h(huán)adgotC.reached…gotD.hadreached…gotIhimasecondletterbeforeIfromhim.A.wrote…h(huán)eardB.wrote…h(huán)adheardC.hadwritten…h(huán)eardD.havewritten…h(huán)earPeoplethatthesoldiersfighting.A.say…h(huán)adstoppedB.said…h(huán)asstoppedC.say…stoppedD.said■…h(huán)adstoppedWeinagoodharvestbecauseweenoughrain.A.didn'tget…h(huán)adhadB.got…h(huán)a