汽車與電氣自動(dòng)化

汽車與電氣自動(dòng)化第一頁，共十二頁，編輯于2023年，星期日

Benz奔馳HONDA本田AUDI奧迪第二頁，共十二頁，編輯于2023年，星期日蘭博基尼Theend第三頁，共十二頁，編輯于2023年，星期日

AutomotiveLighting

Theworld’sfirstpracticalautomobilewasinventedbyKarlBenzin1885.Withatopspeedoflessthan10milesperhour,onlyonemajorobstaclestoodinitsway—darkness.The“BenzPatentMotorwagen,”forallofitstechnologicalachievements,didn’thaveheadlights.Automotivelightingreferstotheilluminationsystemsoftheautomobile.Fromheadlightstotaillights,blinkerstosidemarkers,dashboardstovanitylights,modernautomotivelightinghascomealongwayfromKarlBenz’ssolution—thegaslantern.Let’slookatthedifferenttypesofbulbsthatcancurrentlybefoundinautomobiles:IncandescentHalogen(Halogen).Ahalogenlampalsousesa(tungsten)metalfilament,butitisencasedinsideamuchsmallerquartzbulb(theheatedfilamentissoclosetothewallsofthebulb,thatabulbmadeofglasswouldmelt).Thegasinsidethebulbishalogen,agasthatactuallyhelpsextendthelifeofthefilamentandbulbthrougharecyclingprocessthatallowsthebulbtolastmuchlongerthanthetungstencounterpart.Sincehalogenbulbsburnhotter,theyemitmorelight.Theirvisiblelightisalsomuchwhiter,allowingdriverstoseefurtherdowntheroad.Undernormaluse,halogenbulbswilllastapproximately60,000milesofdriving.

High-IntensityDischarge(HID).Thebluishtintyouseeonsomevehicleheadlightsiscreatedbyalighttechnologythatusesnofilament.High-IntensityDischarge(HID)bulbs,alsocommonlyreferredtoasxenonheadlights,createlightbyapplyingelectricitytohigh-pressuregas—xenoninthiscase.Thegasisheatedwhitehot,givingoffvisiblelightthatappearsnearlybluish-whiteincolor.Thecolorofthelightismuchclosertothecolorofsunlight,makingitcomfortableforthedriver.TheHIDbulbuseslesselectricity,andlastsmuchlongerthantheothertypesoffilamentbulbs.HIDbulblifeisapproximately200,000miles.第四頁，共十二頁，編輯于2023年，星期日

Whatbulbswill

IfindinmyvehicleWhatbulbswill?

In1898,thefirstelectricheadlightsappearedasanoptiononsomevehicles,buttheirapplicationwashardlywidespread.Cadillacintroducedthefirstelectricallightingandignitionsystemequippedwithshock-resistantincandescentheadlightbulbsin1912.Shortlythereafter,nearlyallvehicleswereexclusivelyusingincandescentbulbs,inheadlights,interiorlightsandfordashboardillumination.Replacingbulbswascommonplace,astheyburnedoutfrequently.Today’sheadlightsaretypicallyhalogenbulbs,withstandardorfocusedlenses,placedbehindplasticcovers(foraerodynamicsandbulbprotection).UpscalevehiclesareoftenequippedwithHIDheadlightswithanauto-levelingfeaturetoensurethatthelightisdirectedproperlyfordifferentvehicle-loadconditions.Adaptiveheadlights,whichwererecentlyintroduced,turnwiththevehicletoaidilluminationwhilecornering.Daytimerunninglightskeeptheheadlightsilluminatedduringthedayforincreasedvehiclevisibilityintraffic.ThefutureofautomotivelightingThoughHIDtechnologyseemsoptimalforheadlightuse,itisthelight-emittingdiode,orLED,thatwillbecommonplaceonnearlyallautomobilesinthefuture.Theirlowcost,smallsizeandextremereliabilitywillallowthemtobecomethe“l(fā)ightofchoice”forexteriorandinteriorautomotivelighting.AsLEDtechnologyisstillrelativelynew,advancementswillsoonincreaselightoutputbynearly30times—enoughtoevenmakeLEDheadlightsfeasible.Likethegaslanternhungonthefirstautomobile,itisjustamatteroftimebeforethetraditionalfilament-basedbulbburnsoutcompletely.

back第五頁，共十二頁，編輯于2023年，星期日Rain-SensingWipersWindshieldwipers,whichhavebeenstandardequipmentonmostvehiclessince1916,weredevelopedtoimprovevisibilityduringinclementweather.Fornearly100years,driversoperatedthewiperswithmanualcontrolsmountedonthedashboard.Today,technologyhasmadepossiblemotorizedwindshieldwipersthatautomaticallyrecognizeadevelopingvisibilityproblemandcleartheglassbeforethedrivercanreacttotheproblem.Theterm“rain-sensingwipers”iscommonlyusedforasystemdesignedtoclearthewindshieldofrain,snow,anddebriswithoutdriverintervention.Thesystemisprogrammedtoautomaticallyactivateandalterthespeedandrateofthewiperbladestokeepoutwardvisibilityunobstructedatalltimes.Arain-sensingwipersystemdoesnotcleanthewindshieldanybetterthanamanualsystem;itsimplymonitorsoutwardvisibilityandautomaticallyactivatesthewipers.第六頁，共十二頁，編輯于2023年，星期日Howdotheywork?

Thetechnologybehindrain-sensingwipersisnotcomplicated.Asmallareaofthefrontwindshieldglassismonitoredbyanopticalsensor.Thesensorisdesignedtoprojectharmlessinfraredlightatthewindshieldatanangleandthenreadtheamountoflightthatisreflectedback.Acleanwindshieldwillreflectnearlyallofthelightback,whileawetordirtywindshieldwillcausethelighttoscatter.Theopticalsensorcandeterminethenecessaryfrequencyandspeedofthewindshieldwipersbymonitoringtheamountoflightreflectedbackintothesensor.Whatarethebenefitsofrain-sensingwipers?Thebenefitsofarain-sensingwipersystemaremostobviousduringinconsistentrainorsnow,whenastandardwipersystemrequiresconstantattentionbythedrivertokeepthewindshieldclear.Undersuchconditions,therain-sensingsystemadaptstoperiodsofheavyrainorsnowandincreasesthespeedofthewipers.Duringdryperiods,whenthewindshieldisclear,thewiperscompletelystop.Ifothervehiclessplashorspraywaterordebrisonthewindshield,therain-sensingsystemautomaticallyintervenesbystartingthewiperstokeepvisibilityunobstructed.

廣告小插曲

back第七頁，共十二頁，編輯于2023年，星期日ElectronicStabilityControl

Intheearlydaysoftheautomotiveindustry,stabilitymeantkeepingthevehicleuprightandthepassengerscomfortable.Engineersspentdecadesworkingoutrideandhandlingcompromisestodevelopsuspensionsthateffectivelycontrolthousandsofpoundsofautomotivesteel,rubber,andglasswheninmotion.Asvehiclesuspensionsandroadshavebecomemuchmorerefined,theterm“automotivestability”hasevolvedtomeansomethingverydifferent.Today,stabilityreferstokeepingdriversincontrolandensuringthatthevehicleremainsontheroadthroughalltypesofmaneuvers,plannedorotherwise.EngineersdevelopedElectronicStabilityControl(ESC),atechnologydesignedtohelpkeepthevehiclestableandontheroad,regardlessofconditionsorsteeringinputsfromthedriver.

Technically,ESCisacomputerizedsystemthatregulateshydraulicandmechanicalcomponentsonthevehicletoassistdrivercontrol.Thesystemworksfulltime,requiresnodriverinteraction,andiscompletelytransparenttothedriver—untilitisneeded.Suddensteeringwheelinputsoniceorsnow,ondirtorgravelroads,orevenduringemergencyavoidancemaneuvers,canimmediatelyputyourvehicleinanunstableanunstablestate—aconditionwhereitisnearlyuncontrollable.Inthesecircumstances,withoutanESCsystemorexpertdrivertraining,yourvehiclewouldbenearlyimpossibletokeepontheroad.第八頁，共十二頁，編輯于2023年，星期日TechnologybuiltonABSandtractioncontrol

Followingthemoderndevelopmentofautomotiveanti-lockbrakes(ABS)inthe1980s,andtractioncontrolinthe1990s,thedevelopmentofstabilitycontrolwasthenextlogicalprogression.Allthreesharethesametechnology,andalloperateinconjunctionwithoneanotherinanautomotiveenvironment.Inatypicalelectronicstabilitycontrolsystem,theanti-lockbrakesystemmonitorswheelspinateachwheel.Thetractioncontrolsystemcontrolsanywheelspin.Asbothofthesesensorsmonitorthevehicle’slongitudinal(front-to-back)movements,athirdsensormonitorslateral(side-to-side)movements,determiningifthevehiclehasstrayedfromitsintendedcourse,asindicatedbythepositionofthesteeringwheel.DoyouneedElectronicStabilityControl?

Electronicstabilitycontrolisanactivesafetyfeature;ithelpsyouavoidanaccident.Inanemergency,eventhemostexperienceddriversmayfindthemselvesinasituationwheretheyaredrivingoutsidethenormallimitsoftheirvehicle,andalossofcontrolisimminent.AnESCsystemwillrecognizethisimpendingsituation,evenbeforethedrivercantakeevasiveaction,andtakecorrectiveactionbeforevehiclecontrolislost.back

第九頁，共十二頁，編輯于2023年，星期日附錄：[ABS]

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Anti-lock

Brake

System

制動(dòng)防抱系統(tǒng)

這是一項(xiàng)在80年代末才興起應(yīng)用的新技術(shù)，但發(fā)展得很快，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)成為許多轎車的必裝件了。

據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，汽車突然遇到情況發(fā)剎車時(shí)，百分之九十以上的駕駛者往往會(huì)一腳將剎車踏板踩到底來個(gè)急剎車，這時(shí)候的車子十分容易產(chǎn)生純粹性滑移并發(fā)生側(cè)滑，即人們俗稱的“甩尾”，這是一種非常容易造成車禍的現(xiàn)象。造成汽車側(cè)滑的原因很多，例如行駛速度，地面狀況，輪胎結(jié)構(gòu)等都會(huì)造成側(cè)滑，但最根本的原因是汽車在緊急制動(dòng)時(shí)車輪輪胎與地面的滾動(dòng)摩擦?xí)蝗蛔優(yōu)榛瑒?dòng)摩擦，輪胎的抓地力幾乎喪失，此時(shí)此刻駕駛者盡管扭動(dòng)方向盤也會(huì)無濟(jì)于事。針對(duì)這種產(chǎn)生側(cè)滑現(xiàn)象的根本原因，汽車專家早在60年代就研制出車用ABS這樣一套防滑制動(dòng)裝置。

ASR

驅(qū)動(dòng)防滑系統(tǒng)，又稱牽引力控制系統(tǒng)

ASR的作用是當(dāng)汽車加速時(shí)將滑動(dòng)率控制在一定的范圍內(nèi)，從而防止驅(qū)動(dòng)輪快速滑動(dòng)。它的功能一是提高牽引力；二是保持汽車的行駛穩(wěn)定。行駛在易滑的路面上，沒有ASR的汽車加速時(shí)驅(qū)動(dòng)輪容易打滑；如是后驅(qū)動(dòng)的車輛容易甩尾，如是前驅(qū)動(dòng)的車輛容易方向失控。有ASR時(shí)，汽車在加速時(shí)就不