聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約(英文)

聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約(英文)聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約(英文)

unitednationsconventiononcontractsfortheinternationalsaleofgoods--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

thestatespartiestothisconvention,bearinginmindthebroadobjectivesintheresolutionsadoptedbythesixthspecialsessionofthegeneralassemblyoftheunitednationsontheestablishmentofanewinternationaleconomicorder,consideringthatthedevelopmentofinternationaltradeonthebasisofequalityandmutualbenefitisanimportantelementinpromotingfriendlyrelationsamongstates,beingoftheopinionthattheadoptionofuniformruleswhichgoverncontractsfortheinternationalsaleofgoodsandtakeintoaccountthedifferentsocial,economicandlegalsystemswouldcontributetotheremovaloflegalbarriersininternationaltradeandpromotethedevelopmentofinternationaltrade,havedecreedasfollows:partisphereofapplicationandgeneralprovisionspartiiformationofthecontractpartiiisaleofgoodspartivfinalprovisions

partisphereofapplicationandgeneralprovisionschapterisphereofapplicationarticle1(1)thisconventionappliestocontractsofsaleofgoodsbetweenpartieswhoseplacesofbusinessareindifferentstates:(a)whenthestatesarecontractingstates;or(b)whentherulesofprivateinternationallawleadtotheapplicationofthelawofacontractingstate.(2)thefactthatthepartieshavetheirplacesofbusinessindifferentstatesistobedisregardedwheneverthisfactdoesnotappeareitherfromthecontractorfromanydealingsbetween,orfrominformationdisclosedby,thepartiesatanytimebeforeorattheconclusionofthecontract.(3)neitherthenationalityofthepartiesnorthecivilormercialcharacterofthepartiesorofthecontractistobetakenintoconsiderationindeterminingtheapplicationofthisconvention.article2thisconventiondoesnotapplytosales:(a)ofgoodsboughtforpersonal,familyorhouseholduse,unlesstheseller,atanytimebeforeorattheconclusionofthecontract,neitherknewnoroughttohaveknownthatthegoodswereboughtforanysuchuse;(b)byauction;(c)onexecutionorotherwisebyauthorityoflaw;(d)ofstocks,shares,investmentsecurities,negotiableinstrumentsormoney;(e)ofships,vessels,hovercraftoraircraft;(f)ofelectricity.article3(1)contractsforthesupplyofgoodstobemanufacturedorproducedaretobeconsideredsalesunlessthepartywhoordersthegoodsundertakestosupplyasubstantialpartofthematerialsnecessaryforsuchmanufactureorproduction.(2)thisconventiondoesnotapplytocontractsinwhichthepreponderantpartoftheobligationsofthepartywhofurnishesthegoodsconsistsinthesupplyoflabourorotherservices.article4thisconventiongovernsonlytheformationofthecontractofsaleandtherightsandobligationsofthesellerandthebuyerarisingfrom

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聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約(英文)

suchacontract.inparticular,exceptasotherwiseexpresslyprovidedinthisconvention,itisnotconcernedwith:(a)thevalidityofthecontractorofanyofitsprovisionsorofanyusage;(b)theeffectwhichthecontractmayhaveonthepropertyinthegoodssold.article5thisconventiondoesnotapplytotheliabilityofthesellerfordeathorpersonalinjurycausedbythegoodstoanyperson.article6thepartiesmayexcludetheapplicationofthisconventionor,subjecttoarticle12,derogatefromorvarytheeffectofanyofitsprovisions.chapteriigeneralprovisionsarticle7(1)intheinterpretationofthisconvention,regardistobehadtoitsinternationalcharacterandtotheneedtopromoteuniformityinitsapplicationandtheobservanceofgoodfaithininternationaltrade.(2)questionsconcerningmattersgovernedbythisconventionwhicharenotexpresslysettledinitaretobesettledinconformitywiththegeneralprinciplesonwhichitisbasedor,intheabsenceofsuchprinciples,inconformitywiththelawapplicablebyvirtueoftherulesofprivateinternationallaw.article8(1)forthepurposesofthisconventionstatementsmadebyandotherconductofapartyaretobeinterpretedaccordingtohisintentwheretheotherpartykneworcouldnothavebeenunawarewhatthatintentwas.(2)iftheprecedingparagraphisnotapplicable,statementsmadebyandotherconductofapartyaretobeinterpretedaccordingtotheunderstandingthatareasonablepersonofthesamekindastheotherpartywouldhavehadinthesamecircumstances.(3)indeterminingtheintentofapartyortheunderstandingareasonablepersonwouldhavehad,dueconsiderationistobegiventoallrelevantcircumstancesofthecaseincludingthenegotiations,anypracticeswhichthepartieshaveestablishedbetweenthemselves,usagesandanysubsequentconductoftheparties.article9(1)thepartiesareboundbyanyusagetowhichtheyhaveagreedandbyanypracticeswhichtheyhaveestablishedbetweenthemselves.(2)thepartiesareconsidered,unlessotherwiseagreed,tohaveimpliedlymadeapplicabletotheircontractoritsformationausageofwhichthepartieskneworoughttohaveknownandwhichininternationaltradeiswidelyknownto,andregularlyobservedby,partiestocontractsofthetypeinvolvedintheparticulartradeconcerned.article10forthepurposesofthisconvention:(a)ifapartyhasmorethanoneplaceofbusiness,theplaceofbusinessisthatwhichhastheclosestrelationshiptothecontractanditsperformance,havingregardtothecircumstancesknowntoorcontemplatedbythepartiesatanytimebeforeorattheconclusionofthecontract;(b)ifapartydoesnothaveaplaceofbusiness,referenceistobemadetohishabitualresidence.article11acontractofsaleneednotbeconcludedinorevidencedbywritingandisnotsubjecttoanyotherrequirementastoform.itmaybeprovedbyanymeans,includingwit

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聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約(英文)

nessesarticle12anyprovisionofarticle11,article29orpartiiofthisconventionthatallowsacontractofsaleoritsmodificationorterminationbyagreementoranyoffer,acceptanceorotherindicationofintentiontobemadeinanyformotherthaninwritingdoesnotapplywhereanypartyhashisplaceofbusinessinacontractingstatewhichhasmadeadeclarationunderarticle96ofthisconvention.thepartiesmaynotderogatefromorvarytheeffectorthisarticle.article13forthepurposesofthisconvention"writing"includestelegramandtelex.partiiformationofthecontractarticle14(1)aproposalforconcludingacontractaddressedtooneormorespecificpersonsconstitutesanofferifitissufficientlydefiniteandindicatestheintentionoftheofferortobeboundincaseofacceptance.aproposalissufficientlydefiniteifitindicatesthegoodsandexpresslyorimplicitlyfixesormakesprovisionfordeterminingthequantityandtheprice.(2)aproposalotherthanoneaddressedtooneormorespecificpersonsistobeconsideredmerelyasaninvitationtomakeoffers,unlessthecontraryisclearlyindicatedbythepersonmakingtheproposal.article15(1)nofferbeeseffectivewhenitreachestheofferee.(2)anoffer,evenifitisirrevocable,maybewithdrawnifthewithdrawalreachestheoffereebeforeoratthesametimeastheoffer.article16(1)untilacontractisconcludedanoffermayberevokediftherevocationreachestheoffereebeforehehasdispatchedanacceptance.(2)however,anoffercannotberevoked:(a)ifitindicates,whetherbystatingafixedtimeforacceptanceorotherwise,thatitisirrevocable;or(b)ifitwasreasonablefortheoffereetorelyontheofferasbeingirrevocableandtheoffereehasactedinrelianceontheoffer.article17anoffer,evenifitisirrevocable,isterminatedwhenarejectionreachestheofferor.article18(1)astatementmadebyorotherconductoftheoffereeindicatingassenttoanofferisanacceptance.silenceorinactivitydoesnotinitselfamounttoacceptance.(2)anacceptanceofanofferbeeseffectiveatthemomenttheindicationofassentreachestheofferor.anacceptanceisnoteffectiveiftheindicationofassentdoesnotreachtheofferorwithinthetimehehasfixedor,ifnotimeisfixed,withinareasonabletime,dueaccountbeingtakenofthecircumstancesofthetransaction,includingtherapidityofthemeansofmunicationemployedbytheofferor.anoraloffermustbeacceptedimmediatelyunlessthecircumstancesindicateotherwise.(3)however,if,byvirtueoftheofferorasaresultofpracticeswhichthepartieshaveestablishedbetweenthemselvesorofusage,theoffereemayindicateassentbyperforminganact,suchasonerelatingtothedispatchofthegoodsorpaymentoftheprice,withoutnoticetotheofferor,theacceptanceiseffectiveatthemomenttheactisperformed,providedthattheactisperformedwithi

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聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約(英文)

ntheperiodoftimelaiddownintheprecedingparagraph.article19(1)areplytoanofferwhichpurportstobeanacceptancebutcontainsadditions,limitationsorothermodificationsisarejectionoftheofferandconstitutesacounter-offer.(2)however,areplytoanofferwhichpurportstobeanacceptancebutcontainsadditionalordifferenttermswhichdonotmateriallyalterthetermsoftheofferconstitutesanacceptance,unlesstheofferor,withoutunduedelay,objectsorallytothediscrepancyordispatchesanoticetothateffect.ifhedoesnotsoobject,thetermsofthecontractarethetermsoftheofferwiththemodificationscontainedintheacceptance.(3)additionalordifferenttermsrelating,amongotherthings,totheprice,payment,qualityandquantityofthegoods,placeandtimeofdelivery,extentofoneparty'sliabilitytotheotherorthesettlementofdisputesareconsideredtoalterthetermsoftheoffermaterially.article20(1)aperiodoftimeforacceptancefixedbytheofferorinatelegramoraletterbeginstorunfromthemomentthetelegramishandedinfordispatchorfromthedateshownontheletteror,ifnosuchdateisshown,fromthedateshownontheenvelope.aperiodoftimeforacceptancefixedbytheofferorbytelephone,telexorothermeansofinstantaneousmunication,beginstorunfromthemomentthattheofferreachestheofferee.(2)officialholidaysornon-businessdaysoccurringduringtheperiodforacceptanceareincludedincalculatingtheperiod.however,ifanoticeofacceptancecannotbedeliveredattheaddressoftheofferoronthelastdayoftheperiodbecausethatdayfallsonanofficialholidayoranon-businessdayattheplaceofbusinessoftheofferor,theperiodisextendeduntilthefirstbusinessdaywhichfollows.article21(1)alateacceptanceisneverthelesseffectiveasanacceptanceifwithoutdelaytheofferororallysoinformstheoffereeordispatchesanoticetothateffect.(2)ifaletterorotherwritingcontainingalateacceptanceshowsthatithasbeensentinsuchcircumstancesthatifitstransmissionhadbeennormalitwouldhavereachedtheofferorinduetime,thelateacceptanceiseffectiveasanacceptanceunless,withoutdelay,theofferororallyinformstheoffereethatheconsidershisofferashavinglapsedordispatchesanoticetothateffect.article22anacceptancemaybewithdrawnifthewithdrawalreachestheofferorbeforeoratthesametimeastheacceptancewouldhavebeeeffective.article23acontractisconcludedatthemomentwhenanacceptanceofanofferbeeseffectiveinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthisconvention.article24forthepurposesofthispartoftheconvention,anoffer,declarationofacceptanceoranyotherindicationofintention"reaches"theaddresseewhenitismadeorallytohimordeliveredbyanyothermeanstohimpersonally,tohisplaceofbusinessormailingaddressor,ifhedoesnothav

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聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約(英文)

eaplaceofbusinessormailingaddress,tohishabitualresidence.

partiiisaleofgoodschapterigeneralprovisionsarticle25abreachofcontractmittedbyoneofthepartiesisfundamentalifitresultsinsuchdetrimenttotheotherpartyassubstantiallytodeprivehimofwhatheisentitledtoexpectunderthecontract,unlessthepartyinbreachdidnotforeseeandareasonablepersonofthesamekindinthesamecircumstanceswouldnothaveforeseensucharesult.article26adeclarationofavoidanceofthecontractiseffectiveonlyifmadebynoticetotheotherparty.article27unlessotherwiseexpresslyprovidedinthispartoftheconvention,ifanynotice,requestorothermunicationisgivenormadebyapartyinaccordancewiththispartandbymeansappropriateinthecircumstances,adelayorerrorinthetransmissionofthemunicationoritsfailuretoarrivedoesnotdeprivethatpartyoftherighttorelyonthemunication.article28if,inaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthisconvention,onepartyisentitledtorequireperformanceofanyobligationbytheotherparty,acourtisnotboundtoenterajudgementforspecificperformanceunlessthecourtwoulddosounderitsownlawinrespectofsimilarcontractsofsalenotgovernedbythisconvention.article29(1)acontractmaybemodifiedorterminatedbythemereagreementoftheparties.(2)acontractinwritingwhichcontainsaprovisionrequiringanymodificationorterminationbyagreementtobeinwritingmaynotbeotherwisemodifiedorterminatedbyagreement.however,apartymaybeprecludedbyhisconductfromassertingsuchaprovisiontotheextentthattheotherpartyhasreliedonthatconduct.chapteriiobligationsofthesellerarticle30thesellermustdeliverthegoods,handoveranydocumentsrelatingtothemandtransferthepropertyinthegoods,asrequiredbythecontractandthisconvention.sectioni.deliveryofthegoodsandhandingoverofdocumentsarticle31ifthesellerisnotboundtodeliverthegoodsatanyotherparticularplace,hisobligationtodeliverconsists:(a)ifthecontractofsaleinvolvescarriageofthegoods-inhandingthegoodsovertothefirstcarrierfortransmissiontothebuyer;(b)if,incasesnotwithintheprecedingsubparagraph,thecontractrelatestospecificgoods,orunidentifiedgoodstobedrawnfromaspecificstockortobemanufacturedorproduced,andatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontractthepartiesknewthatthegoodswereat,orweretobemanufacturedorproducedat,aparticularplace-inplacingthegoodsatthebuyer'sdisposalatthatplace;(c)inothercases-inplacingthegoodsatthebuyer'sdisposalattheplacewherethesellerhadhisplaceofbusinessatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontract.article32(1)iftheseller,inaccordancewiththecontractorthisconvention,handsthegoodsovertoacarrierandifthegoodsarenotclearlyidentifiedtothecontractbym

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聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約(英文)

arkingsonthegoods,byshippingdocumentsorotherwise,thesellermustgivethebuyernoticeoftheconsignmentspecifyingthegoods.(2)ifthesellerisboundtoarrangeforcarriageofthegoods,hemustmakesuchcontractsasarenecessaryforcarriagetotheplacefixedbymeansoftransportationappropriateinthecircumstancesandaccordingtotheusualtermsforsuchtransportation.(3)ifthesellerisnotboundtoeffectinsuranceinrespectofthecarriageofthegoods,hemust,atthebuyer'srequest,providehimwithallavailableinformationnecessarytoenablehimtoeffectsuchinsurance.article33thesellermustdeliverthegoods:(a)ifadateisfixedbyordeterminablefromthecontract,onthatdate;(b)ifaperiodoftimeisfixedbyordeterminablefromthecontract,atanytimewithinthatperiodunlesscircumstancesindicatethatthebuyeristochooseadate;or(c)inanyothercase,withinareasonabletimeaftertheconclusionofthecontract.article34ifthesellerisboundtohandoverdocumentsrelatingtothegoods,hemusthandthemoveratthetimeandplaceandintheformrequiredbythecontract.ifthesellerhashandedoverdocumentsbeforethattime,hemay,uptothattime,cureanylackofconformityinthedocuments,iftheexerciseofthisrightdoesnotcausethebuyerunreasonableinconvenienceorunreasonableexpense.however,thebuyerretainsanyrighttoclaimdamagesasprovidedforinthisconvention.sectionii.conformityofthegoodsandthirdpartyclaimsarticle35(1)thesellermustdelivergoodswhichareofthequantity,qualityanddescriptionrequiredbythecontractandwhicharecontainedorpackagedinthemannerrequiredbythecontract.(2)exceptwherethepartieshaveagreedotherwise,thegoodsdonotconformwiththecontractunlessthey:(a)arefitforthepurposesforwhichgoodsofthesamedescriptionwouldordinarilybeused;(b)arefitforanyparticularpurposeexpresslyorimpliedlymadeknowntotheselleratthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontract,exceptwherethecircumstancesshowthatthebuyerdidnotrely,orthatitwasunreasonableforhimtorely,ontheseller'sskillandjudgement;(c)possessthequalitiesofgoodswhichthesellerhasheldouttothebuyerasasampleormodel;(d)arecontainedorpackagedinthemannerusualforsuchgoodsor,wherethereisnosuchmanner,inamanneradequatetopreserveandprotectthegoods.(3)thesellerisnotliableundersubparagraphs(a)to(d)oftheprecedingparagraphforanylackofconformityofthegoodsifatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontractthebuyerkneworcouldnothavebeenunawareofsuchlackofconformity.article36(1)thesellerisliableinaccordancewiththecontractandthisconventionforanylackofconformitywhichexistsatthetimewhentheriskpassestothebuyer,eventhoughthelackofconformitybeesapparentonlyafterthattime.(2)thesellerisalsoliableforanylackofconformityw

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聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約(英文)

hichoccursafterthetimeindicatedintheprecedingparagraphandwhichisduetoabreachofanyofhisobligations,includingabreachofanyguaranteethatforaperiodoftimethegoodswillremainfitfortheirordinarypurposeorforsomeparticularpurposeorwillretainspecifiedqualitiesorcharacteristics.article37ifthesellerhasdeliveredgoodsbeforethedatefordelivery,hemay,uptothatdate,deliveranymissingpartormakeupanydeficiencyinthequantityofthegoodsdelivered,ordelivergoodsinreplacementofanynon-conforminggoodsdeliveredorremedyanylackofconformityinthegoodsdelivered,providedthattheexerciseofthisrightdoesnotcausethebuyerunreasonableinconvenienceorunreasonableexpense.however,thebuyerretainsanyrighttoclaimdamagesasprovidedforinthisconvention.article38(1)thebuyermustexaminethegoods,orcausethemtobeexamined,withinasshortaperiodasispracticableinthecircumstances.(2)ifthecontractinvolvescarriageofthegoods,examinationmaybedeferreduntilafterthegoodshavearrivedattheirdestination.(3)ifthegoodsareredirectedintransitorredispatchedbythebuyerwithoutareasonableopportunityforexaminationbyhimandatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontractthesellerkneworoughttohaveknownofthepossibilityofsuchredirectionorredispatch,examinationmaybedeferreduntilafterthegoodshavearrivedatthenewdestination.article39(1)thebuyerlosestherighttorelyonalackofconformityofthegoodsifhedoesnotgivenoticetothesellerspecifyingthenatureofthelackofconformitywithinareasonabletimeafterhehasdiscovereditoroughttohavediscoveredit.(2)inanyevent,thebuyerlosestherighttorelyonalackofconformityofthegoodsifhedoesnotgivethesellernoticethereofatthelatestwithinaperiodoftwoyearsfromthedateonwhichthegoodswereactuallyhandedovertothebuyer,unlessthistime-limitisinconsistentwithacontractualperiodofguarantee.article40thesellerisnotentitledtorelyontheprovisionsofarticles38and39ifthelackofconformityrelatestofactsofwhichhekneworcouldnothavebeenunawareandwhichhedidnotdisclosetothebuyer.article41thesellermustdelivergoodswhicharefreefromanyrightorclaimofathirdparty,unlessthebuyeragreedtotakethegoodssubjecttothatrightorclaim.however,ifsuchrightorclaimisbasedonindustrialpropertyorotherintellectualproperty,theseller'sobligationisgovernedbyarticle42.article42(1)thesellermustdelivergoodswhicharefreefromanyrightorclaimofathirdpartybasedonindustrialpropertyorotherintellectualproperty,ofwhichatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontractthesellerkneworcouldnothavebeenunaware,providedthattherightorclaimisbasedonindustrialpropertyorotherintellectualproperty:(a)underthelawofthestatewherethegoodswillberes

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聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約(英文)

oldorotherwiseused,ifitwascontemplatedbythepartiesatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontractthatthegoodswouldberesoldorotherwiseusedinthatstate;or(b)inanyothercase,underthelawofthestatewherethebuyerhashisplaceofbusiness.(2)theobligationofthesellerundertheprecedingparagraphdoesnotextendtocaseswhere:(a)atthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontractthebuyerkneworcouldnothavebeenunawareoftherightorclaim;or(b)therightorclaimresultsfromtheseller'spliancewithtechnicaldrawings,designs,formulaeorothersuchspecificationsfurnishedbythebuyer.article43(1)thebuyerlosestherighttorelyontheprovisionsofarticle41orarticle42ifhedoesnotgivenoticetothesellerspecifyingthenatureoftherightorclaimofthethirdpartywithinareasonabletimeafterhehasbeeawareoroughttohavebeeawareoftherightorclaim.(2)thesellerisnotentitledtorelyontheprovisionsoftheprecedingparagraphifheknewoftherightorclaimofthethirdpartyandthenatureofit.article44notwithstandingtheprovisionsofparagraph(1)ofarticle39andparagraph(1)ofarticle43,thebuyermayreducethepriceinaccordancewitharticle50orclaimdamages,exceptforlossofprofit,ifhehasareasonableexcuseforhisfailuretogivetherequirednotice.sectioniii.remediesforbreachofcontractbythesellerarticle45(1)ifthesellerfailstoperformanyofhisobligationsunderthecontractorthisconvention,thebuyermay:(a)exercisetherightsprovidedinarticles46to52;(b)claimdamagesasprovidedinarticles74to77.(2)thebuyerisnotdeprivedofanyrighthemayhavetoclaimdamagesbyexercisinghisrighttootherremedies.(3)noperiodofgracemaybegrantedtothesellerbyacourtorarbitraltribunalwhenthebuyerresortstoaremedyforbreachofcontract.article46(1)thebuyermayrequireperformancebythesellerofhisobligationsunlessthebuyerhasresortedtoaremedywhichisinconsistentwiththisrequirement.(2)ifthegoodsdonotconformwiththecontract,thebuyermayrequiredeliveryofsubstitutegoodsonlyifthelackofconformityconstitutesafundamentalbreachofcontractandarequestforsubstitutegoodsismadeeitherinconjunctionwithnoticegivenunderarticle39orwithinareasonabletimethereafter.(3)ifthegoodsdonotconformwiththecontract,thebuyermayrequirethesellertoremedythelackofconformitybyrepair,unlessthisisunreasonablehavingregardtoallthecircumstances.arequestforrepairmustbemadeeitherinconjunctionwithnoticegivenunderarticle39orwithinareasonabletimethereafter.article47(1)thebuyermayfixanadditionalperiodoftimeofreasonablelengthforperformancebythesellerofhisobligations.(2)unlessthebuyerhasreceivednoticefromthesellerthathewillnotperformwithintheperiodsofixed,thebuyermaynot,duringthatperiod,resorttoanyrem

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聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約(英文)

edyforbreachofcontract.however,thebuyerisnotdeprivedtherebyofanyrighthemayhavetoclaimdamagesfordelayinperformance.article48(1)subjecttoarticle49,thesellermay,evenafterthedatefordelivery,remedyathisownexpenseanyfailuretoperformhisobligations,ifhecandosowithoutunreasonabledelayandwithoutcausingthebuyerunreasonableinconvenienceoruncertaintyofreimbursementbythesellerofexpensesadvancedbythebuyer.however,thebuyerretainsanyrighttoclaimdamagesasprovidedforinthisconvention.(2)ifthesellerrequeststhebuyertomakeknownwhetherhewillacceptperformanceandthebuyerdoesnotplywiththerequestwithinareasonabletime,thesellermayperformwithinthetimeindicatedinhisrequest.thebuyermaynot,duringthatperiodoftime,resorttoanyremedywhichisinconsistentwithperformancebytheseller.(3)anoticebythesellerthathewillperformwithinaspecifiedperiodoftimeisassumedtoincludearequest,undertheprecedingparagraph,thatthebuyermakeknownhisdecision.(4)arequestornoticebythesellerunderparagraph(2)or(3)ofthisarticleisnoteffectiveunlessreceivedbythebuyer.article49(1)thebuyermaydeclarethecontractavoided:(a)ifthefailurebythesellertoperformanyofhisobligationsunderthecontractorthisconventionamountstoafundamentalbreachofcontract;or(b)incaseofnon-delivery,ifthesellerdoesnotdeliverthegoodswithintheadditionalperiodoftimefixedbythebuyerinaccordancewithparagraph(1)ofarticle47ordeclaresthathewillnotdeliverwithintheperiodsofixed.(2)however,incaseswherethesellerhasdeliveredthegoods,thebuyerlosestherighttodeclarethecontractavoidedunlesshedoesso:(a)inrespectoflatedelivery,withinareasonabletimeafterhehasbeeawarethatdeliveryhasbeenmade;(b)inrespectofanybreachotherthanlatedelivery,withinareasonabletime:(i)afterhekneworoughttohaveknownofthebreach;(ii)aftertheexpirationofanyadditionalperiodoftimefixedbythebuyerinaccordancewithparagraph(1)ofarticle47,orafterthesellerhasdeclaredthathewillnotperformhisobligationswithinsuchanadditionalperiod;or(iii)aftertheexpirationofanyadditionalperiodoftimeindicatedbythesellerinaccordancewithparagraph(2)ofarticle48,orafterthebuyerhasdeclaredthathewillnotacceptperformance.article50ifthegoodsdonotconformwiththecontractandwhetherornotthepricehasalreadybeenpaid,thebuyermayreducethepriceinthesameproportionasthevaluethatthegoodsactuallydeliveredhadatthetimeofthedeliverybearstothevaluethatconforminggoodswouldhavehadatthattime.however,ifthesellerremediesanyfailuretoperformhisobligationsinaccordancewitharticle37orarticle48orifthebuyerrefusestoacceptperformancebythesellerinaccordancewiththosearticles,theb

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