閱讀精讀提分樂305團(tuán)彩蛋

TheImpactofWildernessTourism(4

(2道Themarketfortourisminremoteareasisboomingasneverbefore.Countriesallacrosstheworldareactivelypromotingtheir‘wilderness’regions-suchasmountains,Arcticlands,deserts,smallislandsandwetlands-tohigh-spendingtourists.Theattractionoftheseareasisobvious:bydefinition,wildernesstourismrequireslittleornoinitialinvestment.Butthatdoesnotmeanthatthereisnocost.Asthe1992UnitedNationsConferenceonEnvironmentandDevelopmentrecognized,theseregionsarefragile(i.e.highlyvulnerabletoabnormalpressures)notjustintermsoftheirecology,butalsointermsofthecultureoftheir每月兩期精讀班還有語法系列課程構(gòu)建語法地圖盡 Thethreemostsignificanttypesoffragileenvironmentintheserespects,andalsointermsoftheproportionoftheEarth’ssurfacetheycover,aredeserts,mountainsandArcticareas.Animportantcharacteristicistheirmarkedseasonality,withharshconditionsprevailingformanymonthseachyear.Consequently,mosthumanactivities,includingtourism,arelimitedtoquiteclearlydefinedpartsofthe每月兩期精讀班還有語法系列課程構(gòu)建語法地圖盡 Touristsaredrawntotheseregionsbytheirnaturallandscapebeautyanduniqueculturesoftheirindigenouspeople.Andpoorernmentsintheseisolatedareashave edthenewbreedof‘a(chǎn)dventuretourist’,gratefulforthehardcurrencytheybring.Forseveralyearsnow,tourismhasbeentheprimesourceofforeignexchangeinNepalandBhutan.TourismisalsoakeyelementineconomiesofArcticzonessuchasLandandAlaskaandindesertareassuchasAyersRockinAustraliaandArizona’sMonumentValley.每月兩期精讀班還有語法系列課程構(gòu)建語法地圖盡 Oncealocationisestablishedasamaintouristdestination,theeffectsonthelocalcommunityareprofound.Whenhill-farmers,forexample,canmakemoremoneyinafewweeksworkingasportersforforeigntrekkersthantheycaninayearworkingintheirfields,itisnotsurprisingthatmanyofthemgiveuptheirfarm-work,whichisthuslefttoothermembersofthefamily.Insomehill-regions,thishasledtoaseriousdeclineinfarmoutputandachangeinthelocaldiet,becausethereisinsufficientlabourtomaintainterracesandirrigationsystemsandtendtocrops.Theresulthasbeenthatmanypeopleintheseregionshaveturnedtooutsidesofriceandotherfoods.每月兩期精讀班還有語法系列課程構(gòu)建語法地圖盡 InArcticanddesertsocieties,year-roundsurvivalhastraditionallydependedonhuntinganimalsandfishandcollectingfruitoverarelativelyshortseason.However,assomeinhabitants einvolvedintourism,theynolongerhavetimetocollectwildfood;thishasledtoincreasingdependenceonboughtfoodandstores.Tourismisnotalwaystheculpritbehindsuchchanges.Allkindsofwagelabour,or ernmenthandouts,tendtounderminetraditionalsurvivalsystems.Whateverthecause,thedilemmaisalwaysthesame:whathappensifthesenew,externalsourcesof edryup?每月兩期精讀班還有語法系列課程構(gòu)建語法地圖盡 Thephysicalimpactofvisitorsisanotherseriousproblemassociatedwiththegrowthinadventuretourism.Muchattentionhasfocusedonerosionalongmajortrails,butperhapsmoreimportantarethede ationandimpactsonwatersarisingfromtheneedtoprovidetouristswithcookedfoodandhotshowers.Inbothmountainsanddeserts,slow-growingtreesareoftenthemainsourcesoffuelandwater smaybelimitedorvulnerabletodegradationthroughheavyuse.每月兩期精讀班還有語法系列課程構(gòu)建語法地圖盡 Storiesabouttheproblemsoftourismhave elegioninthelastfewyears.Yetitdoesnothavetobeaproblem.Althoughtourisminevitablyaffectstheregioninwhichittakes ce,thecoststothesefragileenvironmentsandtheirlocalculturescanbeminimized.Indeed,itcanevenbeavehicleforreinvigoratinglocalcultures,ashashappenedwiththeSherpasofNepal’sKhumbuValleyandinsomeAlpinevillages.Andagrowingnumberofadventuretourismoperatorsaretryingtoensurethattheiractivitiesbenefitthelocalpopulationandenvironmentoverthelongterm.每月兩期精讀班還有語法系列課程構(gòu)建語法地圖盡 IntheSwissAlps,communitieshavedecidedthattheirfuturedependsintegratingtourismmoreeffectivelywiththelocaleconomy.LocalconcernabouttherisingnumberofsecondhomedevelopmentsintheSwissPaysd’Enhautresultedinlimitsbeingimposedontheirgrowth.Therehasalsobeenarenaissanceincommunalcheeseproductioninthearea,providingthelocalswithareliablesourceof ethatdoesnotdependonoutsidevisitors.每月兩期精讀班還有語法系列課程構(gòu)建語法地圖盡 ManyoftheArctictouristdestinationshavebeenexploitedbyoutsidecompanies,whoemploytransientworkersandrepatriatemostoftheprofitstotheirhomebase.ButsomeArcticcommunitiesarenowoperatingtourbusinessesthemselves,therebyensuringthatthebenefitsaccruelocally.Forinstance,anativecorporationinAlaska,employinglocalpeople,isrunninganairtourfromAnchoragetoKotzebue,wheretouristseatArcticfood,walkonthetundraandwatchlocalmusiciansanddancers.每月兩期精讀班還有語法系列課程構(gòu)建語法地圖盡 NativepeopleinthedesertregionsoftheAmericanSouthwesthavefollowedsimilarstrategies,encouragingtouriststovisittheirpueblosandreservationstopurchasehigh-qualityhandicraftsandartwork.TheAcomaandSanIldefonsopuebloshaveestablishedhighlyprofitablepotterybusinesses,whiletheNavajoandHopigroupshavebeensimilarlysuccessfulwithjewellery.每月兩期精讀班還有語法系列課程構(gòu)建語法地圖盡 Toomanypeoplelivinginfragileenvironmentshavelostcontrolovertheireconomies,theircultureandtheirenvironmentwhentourismhaspenetratedtheirhomelands.Merelyrestrictingtourismcannotbethesolutiontotheimbalance,becausepeople’sdesiretoseenew ceswillnotjustdisappear.Instead,communitiesinfragileenvironmentsmustachievegreatercontrolovertourismventuresintheirregions,inordertobalancetheirneedsandaspirationswiththedemandsoftourism.Agrowingnumberofcommunitiesaredemonstratingthat,withfirmcommunaldecision-making,thisispossible.Thecriticalquestionnowiswhetherthiscan ethenorm,ratherthantheexception.每月兩期精讀班還有語法系列課程構(gòu)建語法地圖盡 ListofTheexpansionofinternationaltourisminrecentHowlocalcommunitiescanbalancetheirownneedswiththedemandsofwildernesstourismFragileregionsandthereasonsfortheexpansionoftourismthereTraditionalmethodsoffood-supplyinfragileSomeofthedisruptiveeffectsofwildernessTheeconomicbenefitsofmass

SectionSectionSectionThelowfinanci