漢語(yǔ)兼語(yǔ)句英譯的研究-文學(xué)學(xué)士畢業(yè)論文

OntheTranslationoftheChinesePivotalSentenceintoEnglishPAGE摘要本論文意在研究漢語(yǔ)兼語(yǔ)句及其更好、更流暢的翻譯方法。通過(guò)分析兼語(yǔ)句和相關(guān)類似句型以及它們的翻譯，比如：主謂結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ)、連動(dòng)句、雙賓語(yǔ)句等等。首先，本文解釋兼語(yǔ)句和類似句型的定義，然后將進(jìn)行它們之間的對(duì)比以展示差異，最后討論日常用到的兼語(yǔ)句的翻譯方法。在進(jìn)行對(duì)比與翻譯時(shí)，將使用來(lái)自不同譯者、不同作品的譯文來(lái)幫助更好地解釋兼語(yǔ)句的用法和譯法。關(guān)鍵詞：中文兼語(yǔ)句；英譯；對(duì)比AbstractThethesisaimstostudytheChinesepivotalsentenceandwaysoftranslatingitbetterandmorefluently.Throughanalyzingthemeaningandtranslationofthepivotalsentenceandsimilar,relatedsentences,suchassubject-predicatestructuresasobject,sentencesofverbalconstructioninseries,double-objectsentencesetc,wecanfindoutmoreculturaldifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglish.First,thisthesiswillexplainthedefinitionsofthepivotalsentenceandthosesimilarsentences,then,comparisonsaremadetoshowdifferencesbetweenthem,andfinally,waysoftranslatingthepivotalsentencesusuallyusedarediscussed.Comparisonswillbemadethroughextractsfromdifferenttranslatorsandtranslationsofdifferentworkstohelpbetterexplaintheusagesandtranslatingmethodsofthepivotalsentence.Keywords:Chinesepivotalsentence;translationintoEnglish;comparison

TableofContentsAbstract i摘要 iiTOC\o"1-3"\u1.Introduction 11.1Literaturereview 11.2SignificanceofResearchontheTranslationoftheChineseSimpleSentence 1-21.3StructureofthisPaper 22.DefinitionandTypesofthePivotalSentence 32.1DefinitionoftheChinesePivotalSentence 32.2TypesofPivotalSentences 32.2.1ThePre-pivotVerbDenotesRequest,PermissionorCompelling32.2.2ThePre-pivotVerbDenotesEmotionorEvaluation42.2.3ThePre-pivotVerbDenotesNaming,ChoiceorAppointment42.2.4ThePre-pivotVerbDenotesCauseandEffect42.2.5ThePre-pivotVerbDenotesPossesionorExistence43.DifferencebetweenthePivotalSentenceandSomeOtherPatterns53.1DifferencebetweenthePivotalSentenceandaSentencewithSubject-predicateStructureasObject5-63.2DifferencebetweenthePivotalSentenceandaSentencewithVerbalConstructioninSeries63.3DifferencebetweenthePivotalSentenceandtheDouble-objectSentence64.VariousWaysoftranslatingthePivotalSentence74.1TranslationofaPivotalSentenceWhosePre-pivotVerbDenotesRequest,OrderorPermission………...74.2TranslationofaPivotalSentenceWhosePre-pivotVerbDenotesEmotionorEvaluation…………..….7-84.3TranslationofaPivotalSentenceWhosePre-pivotVerbDenotesNaming,Choiceorappointment…..8-94.4TranslationofaPivotalSentenceWhosePre-pivotVerbDenotesCauseandEffect….94.5TranslationofaPivotalSentenceWhosePre-pivotVerbDenotesPossessionorExistence………….9-105.Conclusion 116.References 125.Acknowledgement 13PAGE121.Introduction1.1LiteratureReviewNowadays,ChinaisgrowingstrongerasourgovernmentcarriedoutmanymacroeconomicpoliciestofacilitatehundredsofthousandsofChinese’livingconditionaswellastheglobalizationnarrowinggapbetweencountries.TheworldiswitnessingtheincreaseofChina’snationalpower,withtheresultthatChineseiswidelyheardallovertheworld,andmoreandmoreforeignersareeagertolearnChineseintheirsparetime.After5000years’inheritance,changeanddevelopment,Chinesepreservedtheessenceofourlonghistoryandabsorbedstrengthsofotherlanguages.ForusChinese,carryingforwardourlanguageandhavingabetterunderstandingofChinese-Englishtranslationarequitecrucial.Thepivotalsentence,commonlyusedbyeverybodyandeveryday,playsanimportantroleinourdailycommunicationevenafterlonghistoryofvicissitude.TherearealargeamountofpeoplebothfromChinaandabroadcontributealotintheareaofstudyingtranslationbetweenChineseandEnglish,yetintheareaoftranslatingChinesepivotalsentence,thefigureisquitesmall.Someresearchershavewrittenanumberofshortarticlesaboutthetranslationofthepivotalsentences,theytried,firstly,totellthereadersasimplefactthatwhatisChinesepivotalsentence,howitisstructured,andhowitcanbetranslatedaccordingtocharactersofitscertaintypes,forexample,thatpublishedinDecember1982,thenrepublishedagainin2003,bookanalyzingtranslationwhichwaswrittenbyseveralscholarsinXi’antriedtoexplorethetranslationoftheChinesepivotalsentenceintoEnglish,yetthewaysoftranslatingonlyaccountedfortwopages;publishinghisshortthesisinJournalofSoutheastGuizhouNationalTeacher’sCollegein2000,teacherPengSixiangclassifiedandexplainedwaysoftranslatingtheChinesepivotalsentenceinhisownwaybythehelpsoffewrelevantmaterialsinChinese,EnglishandevenJapanese.However,suchliteraturesarescantyandlimitedbecausetherearetoofewscholarsdevotedtothestudyoftranslatingtheChinesepivotalsentenceintoEnglish,itishardtofindoutsomeusefulmaterials,ifany,theyusuallyappearingrammarbookscoveringonlyafewpagesoronepage,evenafewlines,letaloneanyauthoritativeworksathomeorabroad.Whatmyworkfocusesoninthisareaissummarizedfromrelevantknowledge,helpingtoextendthevalueofstudy,andwhat’smoresignificant,tocallformoreattentiontothisareafromthepublic.1.2SignificanceofResearchontheTranslationoftheChineseSimpleSentenceChinesecivilizationisextensiveandprofound;everysentencerepresentsthecombinationofmodernandculturaltradition.Throughcommunicationinpolitics,commerceandculture,Chinahaslearntalotfromothercountries,includinglanguage.Inordertopromotesocialandhumanprogress,Chineseshouldbebetterunderstoodbyothercountries.Asthebasiccommunicationtool,Englishsimplesentencesareclassifiedintofivetypes:SV(subject+verb),SVC(subject+verb+complement),SVO(subject+verb+object),SVOO(subject+verb+indirectobject+directobject)andSVOC(subject+verb+object+objectcomplement).WeusethemfrequentlywhenwecommunicateinEnglish.However,itisabigproblemtotranslateeveryChinesesentenceintoEnglishsothatcommunicationmaybeeasier,becauseChinesesentencescannotbetwistedintoEnglishdirectly,theyneedsomechanges.Forexample,用英語(yǔ)怎么說(shuō)?Thetranslationcannotbe:“HowtouseEnglishtosay?”Thecorrecttranslationshouldbe“HowdoyousayitinEnglish?”becausetheformerisn’tcorrectEnglish,buttypicalChinglishimposingtheChinesesentencepatternonEnglish.Itisawisemanthatnevermakesmistakes.MostChinesewilltranslatethissentencelikethis:聰明的人是不會(huì)犯錯(cuò)誤的.However,thecorrecttranslationofthissentenceis:再聰明的人也會(huì)犯錯(cuò)誤or智者千慮必有一失.Here,thereasonwhywemakemistakesintranslatingitisnotonlyourlackofknowledgeinEnglishculturebutalsowedon’tknowwellaboutthestructureofgrammar.Theabovesentencesaresimpleone,butcomplexsentencesarebasedonsimplesentences.Ifoneisunabletotranslatesimplesentences,translationofcomplexoneswillbeoutofthequestion.Therefore,thetranslationofthesimplesentenceisofgreatvalue.1.3StructureofthisPaper Thispaperconsistsoffiveparts.Thefirstpartisanintroduction,whichmakesareviewoftheliteratureonthestudyoftheChinesepivotalsentenceanddiscussesthesignificanceofthiskindofstudy.Thesecondpartdealswiththedefinitionofthepivotalsentenceanditsclassification.Thethirdpartdistinguishesthedifferencesbetweenthepivotalsentenceandsomeotherpatternthatlooklikeitonthesurface.Then,wecometotheparamountpart-thetranslationofthepivotalsentence,wherethetranslationofitsfivesub-typesisdiscussed,illustratedwithdaily-usedsentencesandsentencesfromtranslationsofbooksbyfamoustranslators.Attheendistheconclusion.

2.DefinitionandTypesofthePivotalSentence2.1DefinitionoftheChinesePivotalSentenceThepredicateoftheChinesepivotalsentenceconsistsofaverb-objectphraseandsubject-predicatephrase,butthesetwophrasesarenotindependentofeachother,butinterconnectedtoeachother,thatis,theobjectoftheverb-objectphraseisatthesametimethesubjectofthesubject-predicatephrase.Forexample:你請(qǐng)他來(lái)(Youinvitehimtocome),inthisChinesesentence,theobjectof“請(qǐng)”is“他”,andontheotherhand,“他”alsoservesassubjectof“來(lái)”.ThiskindofChinesesentenceisnamedthepivotalsentence,and“他”isthepivot.ThisEnglishnamecomesfromthefactthatthesegmentthatservesbothastheobjectofthefirstverbandthesubjectofthesecondverbislikeapivot—ashortshaftaroundwhichsomethingturns.What’smore,thesecondverbinthepivotalsentencedoesnothaveanysubject-predicaterelationshipwiththesentence’ssubject,thatis,thetwoverbsinapivotalsentence’spredicatedonotsharethesamesubject.Thepredicateofapivotalsentence’ssubject-predicatephrasecanbeadjective,subject-predicatephrase,nounor,mostly,verb.Forexample:這個(gè)消息使我很高興。Thisnewsmademeveryhappy.Thepivotis“我”,and“高興”isitspredicate;祝你身體健康。Wishyouthebestofhealth.Here,thepivotis“你”,anditspredicateisthesubject-predicatephrase“身體健康”.2.2TypesofPivotalSentencesAccordingtothedifferentkindsthefirstverbofthepivotalsentence,itcanbeclassifiedintofivetypes.Theyare:thePre-pivotVerbDenotesRequest,PermissionorCompelling,thePre-pivotVerbDenotesEmotionorEvaluation,thePre-pivotVerbDenotesNaming,ChoiceorAppointment,thePre-pivotVerbDenotesCauseandEffectandthePre-pivotVerbDenotesPossessionorExistence.2.2.1ThePre-pivotVerbDenotesRequest,PermissionInthistype,thefirstverb,whichdenotesrequest,permissionorcompelling,usuallyincludes“請(qǐng)”,“叫”,“讓”,“要”,“派”,“準(zhǔn)”,“命令”,“要求”,“批準(zhǔn)”,“禁止”,“阻止”andsoon,forexample,我們請(qǐng)她跳舞。Weinvitedhertodance.我叫我的小孫子從家鄉(xiāng)帶來(lái)一點(diǎn)土豆。Itoldmygrandsontobringsomepotatoesfromthecountryside.餐廳規(guī)則禁止客人在此區(qū)域抽煙。Theruleandprincipleofthisrestaurantforbidscustomerssmokeinthisarea.2.2.2ThePre-pivotVerbDenotesEmotionorThefirstverbofthistypemostlymeanspositiveornegativeopinionofpeople,suchas:喜歡,不喜歡,愛(ài),恨,敬佩,尊敬,表?yè)P(yáng),欣賞,原諒,嘲笑,責(zé)備,訓(xùn)斥,etc.,thepredicateafterthepivotindicatingreason,forinstance:我們?cè)徦昙o(jì)小。Weforgavehimforhisyoungage.人們贊揚(yáng)他辦事公道。Peoplepraisehimforhisfairness.斯塔德邁爾嘲笑他的對(duì)手打球差勁。Stoudmiremockedhisopponentforhislackofskillsinplayingbasketball.2.2.3ThePre-pivotVerbDenotesNaming,ChoiceorAppointmentThefirstverbofthistypeusuallyincludes:讓,叫,選舉,選擇andsoon.TheverbafterthepivotinChineseare:“做”,“為”,“當(dāng)”,“是”,however,thesewordsmaybechangedtootherwordsoreliminatedasthetranslationvaries,forexample:我們都選他做班長(zhǎng)。Weallchosehimtobethemonitor.在美國(guó)第四十四任總統(tǒng)選舉上，美國(guó)人們選擇了貝拉克·奧巴馬為美國(guó)總統(tǒng)。Intheforty-forthpresidentialelection,theAmericapublicelectedBarackObamathepresident.路克認(rèn)了菲爾做舞蹈教練。LukeletPhiltobehisdancecoach.2.2.4ThePre-pivotVerbDenotesCauseandEffect Inthistype,thefirstverbindicateobjectivecause,withoutanyintentiononthepartofthesubject,suchas“使”,“讓”,“令”,“弄得”andsoon,forexample,他所做的使我吃驚。Whathedidsurprisedme/wassurprisingtome.弟弟的成績(jī)讓父母欣慰。Mybrother’smarkdelightedourparents/wasdelightedtoourparents.切斯特的行為令他的老師失望。WhatChesterdiddisappointedhisteacher/wasdisappointingtohisteacher.2.2.5ThePre-pivotVerbDenotesPossessionorExistence Inthistype,thefirstverbis“有”,eitherdenotingpossessionorexistence,forexample,操場(chǎng)上有幾個(gè)人在跑步。Ontheplaygroundtherewereseveralpeoplerunning.他有篇文章論述翻譯問(wèn)題。Hehasanarticlewhichdiscussestranslation.附近的森林里有一只野獸時(shí)常吃人。Intheneighboringforestthereisabeastwhicheathumanfromtimetotime.

3.DifferencebetweenthePivotalSentenceandSomeOtherPatternsOnthesurface,theChinesepivotalsentenceissimilartosomeotherpatterns,includingsentenceswithsubject-predicatestructureasobject,verbalconstructioninseries,anddoubleobjects.Tohelpanalyzethepivotalsentenceanditstranslation,itisvaluabletodistinguishbetweenthem.3.1DifferencebetweenthePivotalSentenceandaSentencewithSubject-predicateStructureasObject Asentencewithsubject-predicatestructureasobjecthastheform“NP1+VP1+NP2+VP2”.Itlooksquitelikeanordinarypivotalsentencesuperficially,butitdiffersfromthelatterinthatthe“NP2+VP2”asawholefunctionsastheobjectofVP1,forexample,領(lǐng)導(dǎo)希望他來(lái)主持會(huì)議。Theleaderhopeshewillhostthemeeting.我知道他要來(lái)。Iknowheiscoming. Thesetwopatternscanbedistinguishedasfollows:Firstly,considerthesemantictypeofthefirstverb.Inasentencewithsubject-predicatestructureasobject,VP1indicatescommunication,cognitionorattitude,suchas,“說(shuō)”,“聽(tīng)說(shuō)”,“知道”,“得知”,“明白”,“希望”,“發(fā)現(xiàn)”,“記得”,“以為”,“猜想”,“意識(shí)到”,“贊成”,“反對(duì)”,“相信”,“懷疑”,andsoon.Secondly,considerpossiblepausesinthespeechflow.Inapivotalsentence,thepivotisconnectedtightlytothefirstverbwithnospeechpause,whileasentencewithsubject-predicatestructureasobjectallowsshortpauseafterthefirstverb,forexample,我叫小王來(lái)。IaskedXiaoWangtocome.(nopause:pivotalsentence)我希望‖小王來(lái)。IhopethatXiaoWangwillcome.(pauseallowable:sentencewithsubject-predicatestructureasobject)Thefollowingareexamplesofmoresentenceswithasubject-predicateconstructionasobject,whichmustnotbemistakenforpivotalsentences:我想||他明天不會(huì)來(lái)了。Ithink(that)hewon’tcometomorrow.華生擔(dān)心||公司規(guī)模變得太大而沒(méi)有效率。Watsonwasworried(that)hiscompanywasgettingtoobigtobeefficient.邁克爾相信||總有一天他會(huì)和安娜結(jié)婚。Michaelbelieves(that)hewillmarryAnnasomeday.喬治猜想||她還不到20歲。Georgeguessed(that)sheisnotyettwenty.Herearesomeexamplesfromliteraryworks:但我是向來(lái)不愛(ài)放風(fēng)箏的，不但不愛(ài)，并且嫌惡他，因?yàn)槲乙詾檫@是沒(méi)出息孩子所做的玩藝。(FromTheKite,byLuXun)Imyselfhadneverenjoyedflyingkitesand,further,Idetestedit,Ithinkingthatitwasthebusinessofthekidswithlittlepromise.(TranslatedbyLiuShicong)譬如說(shuō)罷，甲以為李德泰的煤油只賣三個(gè)銅子一提，乙以為是五個(gè)銅子兩提的話，雙方就會(huì)得爭(zhēng)論起來(lái)。（fromMyDreamandMyYouth,byYuDafu）Sometimesforsuchtrivialitiesas,whenAsaidthatkeroseneattheLiDetai’swasthreecoppersforadipper,butBsaidno,itwasfivecoppersfortwodippers,theywouldburstintofiercedebate.(translatedbyLiuShicong)3.2DifferencebetweenthePivotalSentenceandaSentencewithVerbalConstructioninSeriesAsentencewithverbalconstructioninseriesisonewhosepredicateconsistsoftwoormoreverbs.Thefirstverbmaybetransitiveorintransitive.Ifitistransitive,thesentencelookslikeapivotalsentenceonthesurface.Butitiseasytodistinguishtheformerfromthelatter,becausethetwoverbsoftheformersharethesamesubject,whilethesecondverbofthelattertakestheobjectofthefirstasitsobject.Thefollowingareallsentenceswithverbalconstructioninseries我去問(wèn)。I’mgoingtoask.他們結(jié)了帳搬走了。Theypaidthebillandmovedaway.杰克揮著手告別了老師。Jackwavedhishandandsaidgoodbyetotheteacher.中國(guó)人用筷子吃飯。TheChineseusechopstickstoeat.對(duì)于這件事，他始終保持沉默不說(shuō)話。Hekeptsilenceandtalkednothingalongthewayforthisaffair.有人想走了，湯姆站起來(lái)攔住大家說(shuō)：“大家別走啊?！盩here’ssomewhowantstoleave,Tomstooduptostopeverybodyandsay:Pleasedon’tleave.3.3DifferencebetweenthePivotalSentenceandtheDouble-objectSentence IfthedirectobjectoftheChinesedouble-objectsentenceisaverbphrase,thenitalsolookslikeapivotalsentence.Waysofdistinguishingthemareasfollows:Firstly,onecanask‘whatistheobjectgoingtodo?’abouttheverbphraseafterthepivotofapivotalsentence,and‘whatisthecontent?’aboutthedirectobjectofthedouble-objectsentence,forexample,他剛才告訴我今天下午開(kāi)會(huì)。（他剛才告訴你什么？）（thedouble-objectsentence）Hejusttoldmethattherewillbeameetingthisafternoon.(Whatdidhetoldyoujustnow?)他叫我今天下午去開(kāi)會(huì)。（他叫你干什么？）（theChinesepivotalsentence）Heaskedmetoattendameetingthisafternoon.(Whatdidhetellyoutodo?)Secondly,thedirectobjectofthedouble-objectsentencecanbeplacedatthebeginningofthesentence,sentence-initial,forexample,他告訴我明天去上海。明天去上海,他告訴我。（theChinesedouble-object）他讓我明天去學(xué)校。*明天去學(xué)校，他讓我。（Chinesepivotalsentence）

4.VariousWaysoftranslatingthePivotalSentence Translationisanartinitself.“Faithfulness,expressivenessandelegance”putforwardbyYanFuaretheessenceoftranslation.However,theyaredifficulttoreach.Translatingsimplesentences,includingthepivotalsentenceisabasic,butusefuljob,whichmayhelpachievefaithfulness,expressivenessandelegance.Aswehavemadeitclearbefore,thepivotalsentencecanbeclassifiedintofivetypes:sentenceswhosepre-pivotverbdenotesrequest,permissionorcompelling,denotesemotionorevaluation,denotesnaming,choiceorappointment,denotescauseandeffect,anddenotespossessionorexistence.Howcanwetranslateeverykindofsentenceproperly?Whicharemoresuitable?4.1TranslationofaPivotalSentenceWhosePre-pivotVerbDenotesRequest,OrderorPermissionIfthepivotalsentence’sfirstverbis‘讓’,‘幫助’,‘建議’,‘勸’,‘叫’,‘要求’,‘誘惑’,‘允許’,‘邀請(qǐng)’,‘派’,‘強(qiáng)迫’,‘鼓勵(lì)’,‘阻止’andsoon,inmostcases,itistranslatedintooneinwhichaninfinitivefunctionsasitsobjectcomplement,forexample,我們都勸他戒煙。Wealladvisedhimtogiveupsmoking.我請(qǐng)他教我法語(yǔ)。IaskedhimtoteachmeFrench.However,sometimestheobjectcomplementcanbereplacedbyprepositionalphrase,forexample,他警告我不要到那里去。Hewarnedmeagainstgoingthere/nottogothere.他迫使對(duì)方處于守勢(shì)。Hedrovehisopponentintoadefensiveposition.ThestructuresofthetranslationofthiskindofpivotalsentencearequitesimilartothoseoftheirChinesecounterparts.Thesubjects,verbs,objects,andcomplementsallmatchtheirChineseones,whichmayberepresentedbytheformula‘SVOC’.Generallyspeaking,whentranslatingthiskindofpivotalsentence,wecanjusttranslateitdirectlyfromthebeginningtoend.Herearemoreexamplesfromtranslatedworks:官司如今杖限獵戶擒捉，發(fā)落岡子路口都有榜文···（fromOutlawsoftheMarsh）Theauthoritieshaveorderedhunterstocaptureit,onpainofbeingbeaten,andhavepostedthiswarningateverypathleadingtotheridge.(TranslatedbySidneyShapiro)冷子興聽(tīng)得此言，便忙獻(xiàn)計(jì)，令雨村央煩林如海，轉(zhuǎn)向都中去央煩賈政。(fromThestoryofthestone)LengZi-xing,whohadoverheardthenews,proposedaplan.WhyshouldnotYu-cunaskhisemployerLinRu-haitowritetohisbrother-in-lawJiaZhenginthecapitalandenlistthissupportonhis,Yu-cun’s,behalf?(TranslatedbyDavidHawkesandJohnMinford)4.2TranslationofaPivotalSentenceWhosePre-pivotVerbDenotesEmotionorEvaluationAswementionedbefore,theChinesepivotalsentencewhichexpressesemotionorevaluationhasforitsfirstverbsuchwordsas:喜歡,恨,討厭,敬佩,原諒,嫉妒,愛(ài),厭惡andsoon.Totranslatethem,thesecondverb(verbfollowingtheobjectofpivotalsentence)canbetranslatedintoaprepositionalphraseoraclausedenotingreason,forexample,英語(yǔ)老師表?yè)P(yáng)他考了高分。TheEnglishteacherpraisedhimforhishighmarks.她責(zé)備孩子遲遲不回家。Sheblamedherchildrenforstayingoutlate.報(bào)上批評(píng)這位作家沒(méi)有真實(shí)地反映生活。Newspapercriticizedtheauthorbecausehefailedtopresentatruepictureoflifeinhisworks.Whentranslatingthiskindofpivotalsentence,wemayfinditquitesimilartothewaywetranslatepivotalsentencewhichexpressrequest,orderorcompelling.However,thedifferencebetweenthesetwoisthetranslationofcomplementbehindthepivot.Hereisanexamplefromtranslatedliterature:因賤荊去世，都中家岳母念及小女無(wú)人依傍教育。(FromTheStoryoftheStone,byCaoXueqin)Sincemywife’sdeathmymother-in-lawinthecapitalhasbeenworriedbecausemydaughterhasnoonetobringherup.(TranslatedbyGladysYang)/Sincemypoorwifepassedon,mymother-in-lawinthecapitalhasbeenworriedaboutthelittlegirlhavingnoonetolookafterher.(TranslatedbyDavidHawkesandJohnMinford)4.3TranslationofaPivotalSentenceWhosePre-pivotVerbDenotesNaming,ChoiceorAppointmentItisquitecommoninourdailylivestogivesomeoneanickname,ormakesomeonesomebody,somecertainpositionsandsoon.Thefirstverbinthiskindofpivotalsentenceusuallyincludes“叫”,“稱”,“尊”,“選”,“推”,“拜”,“任命”,andsoon.Hencetheverbinthelatterpartofthesentenceis‘是’,‘為’,‘做’,‘當(dāng)’andsoon.AlthoughtherearealwaystwoverbstoformthiskindofpivotalsentenceinChinese,wemayfailtoassimilatetheforminEnglishintoChinese.Moreoften,thetranslationsofthemmightbechangedintosentencesthatonlyhaveoneverb(twoormoreverbsarecombinedtooneasdifferentsituationandstylerequire).ThecommonestequivalentEnglishpatternisV+NP1(+tobe/as)+NP2,forexample,老師們都推選布萊恩特為下一任校長(zhǎng)。TeachersallchoseBryanttobethenextheadmaster.因?yàn)榻芾@球打得特別好，我給他起了個(gè)花名叫籃球教科書(shū)。AsJerryisgoodatplayingbasketball,Inamedhimthebasketballtextbook.由于各國(guó)經(jīng)常打仗，歷史上稱這一時(shí)期為戰(zhàn)國(guó)。Becauseofthecontinuouswarsbetweencountries,thisperiodoftimewascalledtheWarringStatesperiodinChinesehistory.我認(rèn)您做我的師傅吧！Bemymaster!楊雄：“這個(gè)兄弟，姓杜，名興，祖貫是中山府人氏。因?yàn)樗骖伾么置?，以此人都叫他做鬼臉兒?！保╢romOutlawsoftheMarsh,byShiNaian）YangHsiunganswered,‘ThisbrotherissurnamedTuandhisnameisHsing,andhisancestorsweremenofChungShanFu.BecausehisfaceissocoarseandwildmenallcallhimTheDevilFaced.’(TranslatedbyPearlS.Buck)4.4TranslationofaPivotalSentenceWhosePre-pivotVerbDenotesCauseandEffectItisaninevitablefactthatweusuallyrespondtoourinterlocutorswithsentenceexpressastonishmentwhenwehearsomethingsurprising.InChinese,weusuallyuseapivotalsentencetoconveyourfeelingsandtheimpactofsomething,buttheEnglishversionisusuallyintheSVOorSVCpattern,orinthepassivevoice,forexample,這真叫我吃驚。Itreallysurprisedme./Itwasreallysurprisingtome.孩子們的表演使觀眾很滿意。Thechildren’sperformancepleasedtheaudience./Theaudiencewassatisfiedwiththechildren’sperformance.理查德的突然逝世使他的家人大為震驚。Richard’ssuddendeathshockedhisfamily./Richard’ssuddendeathwasshocking/ashocktohisfamily.Thefollowingisamoreunusualtranslationofthetypeofpivotalsentence:我是民國(guó)國(guó)民，民國(guó)國(guó)民的思祥和生活習(xí)慣使我深深地憎惡一切奴才或奴才相，連同敬畏的尊長(zhǎng)和師友們。（fromIfIWereKing,byNieGannu）IwasacitizenoftheRepublicandmythinkingandlifehabitsasacitizenoftheRepublichaddevelopedastrongdisgustforflunkeysandservility,myreveredelders,teachersandfriendsandall.(TranslatedbyLiuShicong)Iftheeffectofsomethingisnotemotionalbutobjective,thatis,aneventproducessomematerialresult,thepivotalsentenceisusuallytranslatedintotheSVOCpatterninwhichtheCisaninfinitiveoraprepositionalphrase(mostlyato-orinto-phrase),forexample,解放前的環(huán)境迫使他乞討。Thecircumstancebeforeliberationforcedhimintobegging/tobeg.地震使所有的房子都成了廢墟。Theearthquakereducedallthehousestoruins.虛心使人進(jìn)步，驕傲使人落后。Modestyhelpsonetogoforward,whereasconceitmakesonelagbehind.4.5TranslationofaPivotalSentenceWhosePre-pivotVerbDenotesPossessionorExistence InChinese,sometimeswemaywanttodescribesomethingorsomeoneatthesametimeasweexpresstheideathattheyexistorareownedbysomeone.Thenwemayusethetypeofpivotalsentencewhosepre-pivotverbdenotespossessionorexistence.Thistypeofpivotalsentenceisusuallytranslatedintoanordinary“SVO”or“TherebeS”patternfollowedbyamodifier,forexample,朱塞佩有個(gè)哥哥在他之前在紐約當(dāng)老板。Giuseppehadabrother,whoprecededhimasbossinNewYork.那里有兩個(gè)敵對(duì)的幫會(huì)爭(zhēng)奪幾個(gè)大的農(nóng)莊上的控制權(quán)。Thereweretworivalassociationsthere,fightingforcontrolofseverallargeagriculturalestates.Butsometimes,the“有”maybeomittedintranslating,forexample,我未曾發(fā)現(xiàn)任何跡象，表明曾有其他哪位作者費(fèi)心查閱過(guò)這些資料。Ifoundnosignthatanyotherwriteronthesubjecthaseverbotheredtoexaminethem.

4.ConclusionProfessorWangLi,arenownedChineselinguist,oncesaid:“WesternlanguagegrammarsarefixedandwithoutanyflexibilitywhileChinesegrammardoes.…that’swhyChinesegrammarmainlyfocusonexpressiveness.”“GatheringpartsintoawholeiswhattheBritishdowhenwriting,however,whattheChinesedoisbreakupthewholeintoparts.”Asthedevelopmentoftranslationproceeds,moreandmoreEnglishnativespeakersdevotethemselvestostudyingChinese,anditcontributesalottothetranslationbetweenChineseandEnglish.ThepivotalsentenceisoneofthebasicsyntacticpatternsoftheancientChineselanguage,andsofar,ithasbeentranslatedandpolishedbetterwithWesternthinking.Restrictedbycurrentresearchstatusbothdomesticallyandabroad,thestudyoftranslatingChinesepivotalsentencesintoEnglishlagsbehind.Actually,wecanlearnfromthesentencesinEnglishwhichbelongtotypessimilartoChinesepivotalsentences.What’smore,whencomparingthesesentences’translationwiththeChinesepivotalsentence,thesamewayoftranslationmaybesharedbyacertaintypeofpivotalsentence.Infuture,theremustbemoreinterestingcharacterstobefoundbetweenthepivotalsentenceandthosesimilarsentences.Asmoreandmoreexpertsandscholarsjoininthisstudy,Chinese-Englishtranslationdevelopmentwillbepushedtoanewsparklingstage.基于C8051F單片機(jī)直流電動(dòng)機(jī)反饋控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)與研究基于單片機(jī)的嵌入式Web服務(wù)器的研究MOTOROLA單片機(jī)MC68HC（8）05PV8/A內(nèi)嵌EEPROM的工藝和制程方法及對(duì)良率的影響研究基于模糊控制的電阻釬焊單片機(jī)溫度控制系統(tǒng)的研制基于MCS-51系列單片機(jī)的通用控制模塊的研究基于單片機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)的供暖系統(tǒng)最佳啟停自校正（STR）調(diào)節(jié)器單片機(jī)控制的二級(jí)倒立擺系統(tǒng)的研究基于增強(qiáng)型51系列單片機(jī)的TCP/IP協(xié)議棧的實(shí)現(xiàn)基于單片機(jī)的蓄電池自動(dòng)監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)基于32位嵌入式單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)的圖像采集與處理技術(shù)的研究基于單片機(jī)的作物營(yíng)養(yǎng)診斷專家系統(tǒng)的研究基于單片機(jī)的交流伺服電機(jī)運(yùn)動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)研究與開(kāi)發(fā)基于單片機(jī)的泵管內(nèi)壁硬度測(cè)試儀的研制基于單片機(jī)的自動(dòng)找平控制系統(tǒng)研究基于C8051F040單片機(jī)的嵌入式系統(tǒng)開(kāi)發(fā)基于單片機(jī)的液壓動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)狀態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)儀開(kāi)發(fā)模糊Smith智能控制方法的研究及其單片機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)一種基于單片機(jī)的軸快流CO〈,2〉激光器的手持控制面板的研制基于雙單片機(jī)沖床數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的研究基于CYGNAL單片機(jī)的在線間歇式濁度儀的研制基于單片機(jī)的噴油泵試驗(yàn)臺(tái)控制器的研制基于單片機(jī)的軟起動(dòng)