世界銀行-氣候變化下減少災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的數(shù)字公共產(chǎn)品（英）-2023.3

DIGITALPUBLICGOODSFORDISASTERRISK

REDUCTION

INA

CHANGING

CLIMATEMARCH

2023?

2023

International

Bank

for

Reconstruction

and

Development

/

The

World

Bank1818

H

Street

NW,Washington

DC

20433Telephone:

202-473-1000;

Internet:

Some

rights

reserved.Thisworkisajointproduct

ofthestaff

oftheGlobalFacilityforDisaster

Reduction(GFDRR)administeredbyThe

WorldBankincollaborationwiththestaff

from

theUnitedNationsOf?ce

forDisaster

RiskReduction(UNDRR).The

?ndings,interpretations,andconclusionsexpressedinthisworkdo

notnecessarily

reflect

theviewsofThe

WorldBank,

its

Board

ofExecutiveDirectors,

orthegovernmentstheyrepresent.The

WorldBankdoes

notguaranteetheaccuracyofthedataincludedinthiswork.

The

boundaries,colors,

denominations,andotherinformationshownon

anymapinthisworkdo

notimplyanyjudgmenton

thepart

ofThe

WorldBankconcerningthelegalstatusofanyterritory

or

theendorsementoracceptance

ofsuchboundaries.Nothinghereinshallconstituteor

be

consideredtobealimitationuponor

waiveroftheprivilegesandimmunitiesofThe

WorldBank,

allofwhichare

speci?cally

reserved.RIGHTS

AND

PERMISSIONSThisworkisavailableundertheCreativeCommons

Attribution3.0IGOlicense(CCBY3.0IGO)/licenses/by/3.0/igo.UndertheCreativeCommons

Attributionlicense,youare

free

tocopy,distribute,transmit,andadaptthiswork,

includingforcommercialpurposes,

underthefollowingconditions:Attribution—Please

citetheworkas

follows:WorldBank.

2022.Digital

Public

Goodsfor

Disaster

Risk

Reduction

in

a

Changing

Climate.

WashingtonD.C.?WorldBank.Translations—If

youcreateatranslationofthiswork,

please

addthefollowingdisclaimeralongwiththeattribution:Thistranslationwas

notcreatedbyThe

WorldBankandshouldnotbe

consideredanof?cial

WorldBanktranslation.The

WorldBankshallnotbe

liableforanycontentor

error

inthistranslation.Adaptations—If

youcreateanadaptationofthiswork,

please

addthefollowingdisclaimeralongwiththeattribution:ThisisanadaptationofanoriginalworkbyThe

WorldBank.

Viewsandopinionsexpressedintheadaptationare

thesoleresponsibilityoftheauthoror

authorsoftheadaptationandare

notendorsed

byTheWorldBank.Third-party

content—The

WorldBankdoes

notnecessarily

owneachcomponentofthecontentcontainedwithinthework.

The

WorldBankthereforedoes

notwarrantthattheuseofanythirdparty-owned

individualcomponentor

part

containedintheworkwillnotinfringeon

therightsofthosethirdparties.

The

riskofclaimsresultingfrom

suchinfringementrests

solelywithyou.If

youwishtore-useacomponentofthework,

itisyourresponsibilitytodeterminewhetherpermissionisneeded

forthatre-useandtoobtainpermissionfrom

thecopyrightowner.Examplesofcomponents

caninclude,butare

notlimitedto,tables,?gures,or

images.Allquerieson

rightsandlicensesshouldbe

addressedtoWorldBankPublications,The

WorldBankGroup,1818HStreetNW,Washington,DC

20433,USA;

e-mail:pubrights@.Design:

EstudioRelativoTOC.

TABLE

OF

CONTENTSE.S.1.2.EXECUTIVESUMMARYINTRODUCTION7DEFINING

DIGITALPUBLIC

GOODS49Acknowledgments6Publicgood101010101111111112Open-source

softwareOpen

data3.4.Open

standardsOpen

modelsOpen

accessA

BRIEFHISTORYOFCHALLENGESIN

ADVANCINGDIGITALDigitalcommonsCommunityPersonal

dataDIGITALPUBLICGOODSPUBLIC

GOODS17FOREffective

fundingmechanismsReforming

governmentIT

rulesManaging

technologyprojectsCollaborating

withnew

stakeholdersUpholding

ethicsand

privacy5.DISASTERRISK181819191920REDUCTION13THE

ROLES

OFGOVERNMENTSANDINTERNATIONALORGANIZATIONS

23InternationalAdapting

tonew

technologiesorganizationsGovernmentsAcademia24252626262727Civilsociety6.7.MediaPrivatesectorDigitalcommunitiesLIST

OFEPILOGUE:DIGITALPUBLICGOODSCONTRIBUTIONSOF

GFDRR

ANDUNDRRFORDISASTERRISK33REDUCTION30Executive

SummaryE.S.DIGITALPUBLIC

GOODS

FOR

DISASTER

RISK

REDUCTION

INACHANGING

CLIMATE12345674E.S.EXECUTIVESUMMARYTOCExecutive

SummaryE.S.DIGITALPUBLIC

GOODS

FOR

DISASTER

RISK

REDUCTION

INACHANGING

CLIMATE12345675Understanding

and

managingdisaster

riskhas

never

been

sourgent

nor

so

complex.Climatechangeismodifyingtheintensityandfrequencyofclimate-relatedhazardssuchas

droughtsandfloods.Combinedwithrapidurbanization,suchchangesarealsoleadingto

largerpopulationsbeingexposedto

thesehazards.Disasterriskreductionin

thatchangingcontextrequiresinformeddecisionsbasedonanunderstandingofthemanydimensionsofrisk;fromsocioeconomicandphysicalvulnerabilitiesto

hazardcharacteristics,andto

theprofoundwaysclimatechangeaffectsthem.It

alsorequiresinformedactions,basedonsharedownershipofthedisasterriskreductionmeasuresanddisasterresponses,includingthroughlocalizedknowledgeandskills.TheUnitedNations,throughits“RoadmapforDigitalCooperation”,hascalledforglobalefforts

to

encourageandinvestin

thecreationandprotectionofdigitalpublicgoodsto

helprespondto

societalchallenges,includingclimatechange.Digitalpublicgoodsaresoftware,data,models,platforms,tools,standards,andothercontentsthatareavailablein

digitalformandopenlyavailableto

thepublic.Investmentsin

digitalpublicgoodscantransformthewaypeopleactondisasterriskreductionandallowforinnovationandglobalcollaboration.Thisnoteencouragesthecreation,promotion,use,andprotectionofDigitalpublicgoodsto

increasetheavailabilityofresourcesrelevantto

disasterriskreductionfordifferentpopulations.It

arguesthatinternationalorganizationsandgovernmentshavealeadingroleto

playin

coordinatingwithotherstakeholdersto

ensurethetechnologieswillbene?tthosewhoneedthemthemost.TOCExecutive

SummaryE.S.DIGITALPUBLIC

GOODS

FOR

DISASTER

RISK

REDUCTION

INACHANGING

CLIMATE12345676ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThispublicationwas

preparedjointlybystaff

attheWorldBankandtheGlobalFacilityforDisasterReductionandRecovery(GFDRR)andtheUnitedNationsOf?ce

forDisasterRiskReduction(UNDRR).PierreChrzanowski(DisasterRiskManagementSpecialist),MiraGupta(ProgramDesignConsultant)andStuartFraser(DisasterRiskandCatastropheAnalyticsConsultant)ofGFDRR,andJentyKirsch-Wood(HeadofGlobalRiskAnalysisandReporting),AdamFysh(ProgramManagementOf?cer,GlobalRiskAnalysisandReporting)andTsuguki

Ishio(AssociateExpert,

GlobalRiskAnalysisandReporting)ofUNDRRcontributedto

thisbrie?ngnote.Thebrie?ngnotebene?tedfromtechnicalfeedbackandguidanceprovidedbySaraBallan(SeniorDigitalDevelopmentSpecialist),CelineRamstein(ClimateChangeSpecialist),AlistairNorris(FinancialSectorConsultant)fromtheWorldBank,as

wellas

AnimeshKumar(HeadofBonnOf?ce)fromUNDRR,JustinGinnetti(SeniorOf?cer,InformationManagementandRiskAnalysis)fromtheInternationalFederationofRedCrossandRedCrescentSocieties(IFRC)andNickMoody,CoordinatoroftheIDFRiskModellingSteeringGroup(RMSG).LucyHarris(Co-LeadoftheDigitalPublicGoodsAlliance)fromUNICEFalsoprovidedvaluableinputs.In

addition,theGFDRRteamwishesto

thankthefollowingcolleagues:EdwardAnderson(SeniorDisasterRiskManagementSpecialist,GFDRR)forhissupportandtheinclusionofthisworkin

theDigitalEarthPartnership,as

wellasNielsHolm-Nielsen(GFDRRPracticeManager)andBerniceK.

Van

Bronkhorst(GlobalDirectorforUrban,ResilienceandLand,WorldBank)fortheirleadershipandguidance.TheGFDRRteamalsobene?tedfromthecontributionsofEmmaPhillips(SeniorDisasterRiskManagementSpecialist,WorldBank),AnaBucher(SeniorClimateChangeSpecialist,WorldBank),RochelleGleneneO’Hagan(DataScientist,WorldBank)andVivienDeparday(SeniorUrbanSpecialist,WorldBank)whoreviewedapreliminaryinternalversionofthisdocument.Finally,

theauthorswishto

acknowledgethecontributionsofthemanyparticipantswhoengagedin

theworkshopco-organizedbyGFDRRandUNDRRin

November2021,on“AdvancingDigitalPublicGoodsforDisasterandClimateRiskReduction”.Theinsightsandfruitfuldiscussionfromthatforumwerevaluablein

shapingthecontentofthispublication.TOCIntroductionE.S.DIGITALPUBLIC

GOODS

FOR

DISASTER

RISK

REDUCTION

INACHANGING

CLIMATE123456771.INTRODUCTIONThegrowthof

the

disasterandclimate

riskanalysis

haslargelytaken

placethroughthe

development

of

proprietarymodelsanddata

only

accessibleto

arestrictedgroupof

users.However,

coredigitalassetshave

receivedapushearly

this

centuryto

openaccesssothat

largerpopulationscanbene?tfromtheir

useaspublicgoods.Thisincludes:

(i)data

usedto

produceevidenceonpastdisastersorclimatic

conditions;

(ii)modelsusedbyscientiststo

runfutureclimate

riskscenarios;(iii)technologyandstandardsfordisasterriskmodeling;and(iv)

crowdsourcedmapscreated

by

volunteers

andusedby

governments

to

prepareforandrespondto

crises.In

themeantime,advancesin

digitalaccess,computingpower,

machinelearning,andlow-costdevicesprovideanunprecedentedopportunityforscaling-upactionondisasterriskreduction.Suchefforts

couldbene?tpopulationsin

allregionsoftheworldbyprovidingmoreaccurateandlocalizedinformationandallowingdecision-makingprocessesto

bemoretransparentandinclusive.TOCIntroductionE.S.DIGITALPUBLIC

GOODS

FOR

DISASTER

RISK

REDUCTION

INACHANGING

CLIMATE12345678Digitalpublicgoodsrefertoopen-sourcesoftware,

opendata,openarti?cialintelligence(AI)

models,

openstandards,andotherdigitalcontent

thatarefreelyoropenlyavailabletothepublic.Anyonecan

enjoydigitalpublicgoodswithoutpreventingorexcluding

theirusebyothers.Therefore,a

concerted

globaleffortto

create,promote,makeaccessible,andprotectdigitalpublicgoodsiscriticalforachievingdisasterriskreductioninthecontextof

climatechange.Thisbrie?ngnoteaimsto

promoteandexplorewaysthatdigitalpublicgoodscan

supportdisasterriskreduction.It

starts

byprovidingaseriesofde?nitionsandhistoricalcontext,beforedelvinginto

theprevailingtrendsandopportunitiesthatpromotetheuseofopenresourcesto

supportdisasterriskreduction.Thetargetaudienceforthisnoteincludesgovernments,internationalorganizations,andotherinstitutionsthatmightwantto

playarolein

advancingdigitalpublicgoods.Whilethenotefocusesondisasterriskreduction—preventingnewandreducingexistingdisasterrisk—italsoaddressesthebroaderaspectsofresilienceandclimatechangeadaptionandmightbe

ofinteresttopractitionersordecisionmakersin

those?elds.Finally,thisbrie?ngnoteisaresultofacollaborationbetweentheUnitedNationsOf?ce

forDisasterRiskReduction(UNDRR)andtheGlobalFacilityforDisasterReductionandRecovery(GFDRR)withinputsfrom40

peoplegatheredthroughavirtualworkshopin

November2021.Whileshortandconcise,thispaperaimsto

inspiremorediscussionsandactionsatthenexusofdigitaltechnologies,disasterriskmanagement,andinternationaldevelopment.DIGITALPUBLIC

GOODSAND

THE

GLOBAL

AGENDAFOR

DISASTER

RISKREDUCTIONrelevant

information

and

awarenessfor

sustainable

development

andlifestyles

in

harmony

with

nature.”dissemination

of

disaggregated

data,including

by

sex,

age

and

disability,as

well

as

on

easily

accessible,

up-to-date,

comprehensible,

science-based,

non-sensitive

risk

information,complemented

by

traditionalknowledge.”The

SendaiFramework2015–2030isaninternationalagreement

thatwas

adoptedin2015byUN

MemberStates.The

frameworkaimstoThe

relevanceofdigitalpublicgoodsisrecognizedintheglobalagendafordisaster

riskreduction.achievethesubstantialreductionofdisasterriskandlossesinlives,livelihoods,andhealth,andintheeconomic,

physical,social,

cultural,andenvironmentalassets

ofpersons,businesses,communities,andcountriesoverthenext

15years.AccordingtotheSendaiFramework,“Disaster

risk

reduction

requires

amulti-hazard

approach

and

inclusiverisk-informed

decision-makingThe

ParisAgreement

isanThe

SustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)are

acollectionofglobalgoalsestablishedin2015,tobe

achievedby2030.The

SDGs

werede?ned

andrati?edbytheUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblytoattainabetter

andmoresustainablefutureforall.

SeveralSDGs

call

forgreateraccess

tointernational

treaty

on

climate

changeadoptedin2015.It

coversclimatechangemitigation,adaptation,and?nance.Inits

preamble,theParisAgreement

on

climatechangeaf?rms

“the

importance

of

education,training,

public

awareness,

publicparticipation,

public

access

toinformation

and

cooperation

atall

levels.”

■informationanddigitaltechnologies.Forinstance,Goal

12.8is“(to)

ensurethat

people

everywhere

have

thebased

on

the

open

exchange

andTOCDe?ning

Digital

Public

GoodsE.S.DIGITALPUBLIC

GOODS

FOR

DISASTER

RISK

REDUCTION

INACHANGING

CLIMATE123456792.DEFINING

DIGI

TALPUBLIC

GOODSTheUnited

Nationsreporton“DigitalCooperation”

de?nes1digitalpublicgoodsas

“open-sourcesoftware,opendata,openarti?cialintelligence

models,openstandardsandopencontentthat

adhereto

privacyandother

applicableinternational

anddomesticlaws,standardsandbestpracticesanddonoharm”.1Theterm

“public”is

alsooftenusedin

contrastto

the

terms“commercial”or“proprietary”wherethe

rightsto

access,use,andsharearelimited

throughalicenseagreement,generallyobtainedforafee.Becauseof

their

digitalnature,

digitalpublicgoodscostlittleto

replicateandmake

availableto

all—providedusershave

accessto

the

internet.TOCDe?ning

Digital

Public

GoodsE.S.DIGITALPUBLIC

GOODS

FOR

DISASTER

RISK

REDUCTION

INACHANGING

CLIMATE123456710PUBLICGOODOPEN-SOURCESOFTWAREApublicgoodisaproductorservicethatanyonemayaccessorbene?tfromwithoutexcludingordiminishingitsbene?tto

others.Publicinfrastructure,suchas

roadsandrailways,orpublicservices,suchas

educationoremergencyservicesareexamplesofpublicgoods.Scienti?cknowledgeisanother—oncescienti?carticlesarepublishedinthepublicdomain,anyonecan

accessthemwithoutexcludingothers.Open-sourcesoftware(OSS)isatype

ofcomputersoftwareforwhichthesourcecodeisreleasedunderanopenlicense,enablinganyoneto

use,study,changeanddistributeit.Fromthesoftwareusedto

runwebserversto

theoperatingsystemsofmobilephones,open-sourcesoftwareisbehindmanyoftheapplicationsusedin

ourdailylife.Inthedisasterrisk?eld,open-sourceGeographicInformationSystems(GIS)

softwaresuchas

QGISorPostGISarewidelyusedto

performgeospatialanalysesandsharetheresultingmapsandvisualizationsonline,oftenthroughopen-sourcedatahostingplatforms.OPEN

DATAOPENSTANDARDSOpendataaredatathatareavailableforanyoneto

access,download,andusewithappropriatesoftware.It

isalsounrestrictedbyintellectualproperty

limitations.Therefore,anyonecanre-useorsharethedataforanypurposeandwithoutcostorotherstructuralbarriers.Opendatarelevantto

disasterriskreductioncanbefoundonglobalopendatacataloguessuchas

theWorldBankDataCatalogue2

orongovernmentgeoportalssuchas

inBangladesh3

orHaiti.4Openstandardsareasetofestablishedrequirementsorde?nitionsthataremadeopenlyavailableandaredevelopedthroughacollaborativeandaconsensus-drivenprocess.Standardsindisasterriskreductioncan

de?nemanythings,fromapproachesto

riskassessmentto

theterminologydescribingdifferenthazards,andtherelationshipbetweenthem.Openstandardscan

alsoapplytodata.TheOpenGeospatialConsortium(OGC)isanexampleofastandardsorganizationworkingto

makegeospatialinformationandservicesinteroperableandeasy

to

re-use.5TOCDe?ning

Digital

Public

GoodsE.S.DIGITALPUBLIC

GOODS

FOR

DISASTER

RISK

REDUCTION

INACHANGING

CLIMATE123456711OPENMODELSOPEN

ACCESSModelsaremathematicalrepresentationsofasystemthatcan

beusedto

understandandsimulatehowitfunctions.By

extension,openmodelsareanymodelanditssourcecodethatareopenlyavailableforanyoneto

re-use.Typicalmodelsforresearchinto

disasterandclimateriskincludeclimatemodelsorcatastropheriskmodelsthatareusedto

assesssomeaspectsofriskbasedongivenhazards,exposure,andvulnerabilityinputs.Openmodelsareasigni?cantcollaborativeeffort

thatoftenrequireongoingengagementofallcontributors.AnexampleofanopenmodelistheCoupledModelIntercomparisonProject(CMIP),acollaborativeframeworkdesignedto

improveknowledgeofclimatechange.6Openaccessrefersto

theavailabilityofscienti?cpublicationsontheweb,freeofchargeandwithoutbarriersto

accessorre-use.Openaccessaimsto

promotethesharingofscienti?cmaterialandthewiderdisseminationofknowledgewithinthescienti?ccommunityandto

thepublic.7

Asimilarprinciplewas

developedforscienti?cdataandisknownundertheacronymFAIRfor“?ndable,accessible,interoperableandreusable’’.8DIGITAL

COMMONSCOMMUNITYOnespeci?ctype

ofdigitalpublicgoodisdigitalcommonswheretheownershipandgovernancemodelarespreadacrossmultiplestakeholders.WikipediaandOpenStreetMap(OSM)arewell-knownexamplesofdigitalcommons.Theybothfunctionwithacentralgovernancebodydedicatedto

maintainingthehardware,software,andstandardsenablingthecontributionofthecommunityto

theplatform,thedigitalcommon.OSM,acrowdsourceddigitalmap,hasbecomeakey

resourceforhumanitariananddevelopmentorganizations,helpingthemgeneratemapsin

data-scarceenvironments.In

thecontextofdigitalpublicgoods,communitiesareusuallyde?nedas

groupofpeopleandorganizationswithasharedinterestto

buildanduseadigitalgood,suchas

software,whichcan

besharedin

returnwithanyoneinsideoroutsideofthecommunity.Astrongcommunityisoftenagoodindicationofthematurityandsustainabilityofadigitalpublicgood.Developingandmaintainingcommunitiesofusersandcontributorsarounddigitalpublicgoodsisoftenasimportantas

thedevelopmentofthedigitalpublicgoodsthemselves.TOCDe?ning

Digital

Public

GoodsE.S.DIGITALPUBLIC

GOODS

FOR

DISASTER

RISK

REDUCTION

INACHANGING

CLIMATE123456712PERSONALDATAPersonaldataareanyinformationthatrelateto

anidenti?edoridenti?ablelivingindividual.In

manyjurisdictions,personaldataareprotectedthroughdataprivacylaws.Digitalpublicgoodsshouldadhereto

privacylawsandtheirownersshouldensuretheycannotharmindividuals.OPEN

RISK

DATASTANDARDSdatastandard.

It

providesauniqueidenti?cationnumberforsomedisasterevents.Proposed

bytheAsian

Disaster

ReductionCentre(ADRC),theGLIDE

numberhas

beenadoptedbyseveralorganizationsgeneratinginformationon

disastereventssuchas

theCentreforResearchon

theEpidemiologyofDisasters

(CRED)andtheUnitedNationsOf?ce

fortheCoordinationofHumanitarianAffairs

(OCHA).cFinally,Sendai

Framework-relatedterminologiesandindicatorseprovideacommondenominatortounderstand

andmeasure

lossesanddamagesandassess

disasterriskreduction

progress.

These

haveauniversalapplicationas

theyhaveundergoneanintergovernmentalprocess

of

development

and

adoptionbytheUN

General

Assembly.Severalinitiativeshavebeenlaunched

thatpromotegreaterdatainteroperabilityindisaster

riskreduction.

The

RiskDataLibrary(RDL)standard

byGFDRR

isoneaofthoseefforts.

It

makesriskdataeasier

to?nd,access

andexchangebyprovidingacommondatastandard

forschema,

metadataand?leformatsofhazard,

exposure,vulnerability,andriskdatausedindisaster

riskassessments.NOTES:“The

SendaiHazard

De?nitiona.

/b./open-data-standardsc.

/glide/public/search/search.jspd./publication/hazard-de?nition-and-classi?cation-reviewandClassi?cation

ReviewTechnicalReport

andHazard

InformationPro?les:Supplement”

undertakenbyUNDRR

andtheInternationalScience

Councilisanotherpiece

oftheopen

datastandard

frameworkfordisasterriskreduction.

It

providesadictionary

andclassi?cation

ofhazards

insupport

ofthedisasterriskcommunity,factoringhowourunderstandingofhazards

isshiftingas

wemovefrom

managingdisastersas

eventstomanagingrisks.dThe

Open

DataStandards(ODS)initiative

curatedbyOasis

isanotherbexampleofstandardizationefforts.The

project

developedtheOpenExposure

Data(OED)andOpenResultsData(ORD)standardstosupport

applicationofopenriskmodelinginanopen-sourcemodel-agnosticdataformat.e.

https://www.preventionweb.net/sendai-framework/sendai-framework-indicators■The

GLobal

IDEnti?er(GLIDE)numberisanothertype

ofopenNOTES1.

UnitedNations,Report

oftheSecretary-GeneralRoadmapforDigitalCooperation,

June2020.

https:///en/content/digital-cooperation-roadmap/2.

/home3.

.bd/4.

/5.

/6.

/wgcm-cmip#:~:text=What%20is%20the%20Coupled%20Model,in%20a%20multi%2Dmodel%20context7.

AreviewbytheUK

Parliamentofthecauses

oftheClimaticResearchUnitofEast

Angliaemailcontroversy(alsoknownas

“Climategate”)recommended

toreinforceopen

access

andrighttoaccess

toinformationpractices

intoscienti?corganizationstobetter

addresswithscienti?cdisinformationandpubliccontroversy.See

https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201011/cmselect/cmsctech/444/444.pdf8.

/articles/sdata201618TOCAbrief

history

of

Digital

Public

Goods

for

Disaster

Risk

ReductionE.S.DIGITALPUBLIC

GOODS

FOR

DISASTER

RISK

REDUCTION

INACHANGING

CLIMATE1234567133.A

BRIEF

HISTORYOF

DIGI

TAL

PUBLICGOODS

FORDISASTER

RISKREDUCTIONTheuseof

the

term

“digital

publicgoods”in

the

?eldof

disasterriskreductionis

relatively

new.

However,

it

is

rootedin

theprogressof

computerandmathematical

modelsthat

ledto

thedevelopment

of

hazardandcatastrophemodelingsoftware.TheideaofquantifyingEarth’ssystemsandsharingthatknowledgetobetterpredictnaturalhazardsmayhave?rstappearedin

abookbyLewisFry

Richardson,anEnglishmathematicianandmeteorologist,whowrotein

1922:

“Perhapssomedayin

thedimfutureitwillbe

possibleto

advancethecomputationsfasterthantheweatheradvancesandatacostlessthanthesavingto

mankinddueto

theinformationgained.”TOCAbrief

history

of

Digital

Public

Goods

for

Disaster

Risk

ReductionE.S.DIGITALPUBLIC

GOODS

FOR

DISASTER

RISK

REDUCTION

INACHANGING

CLIMATE123456714Decadeslater,

in

1964,

theNationalCenterforAtmosphericResearch(NCAR)in

theUnitedStatesofAmerica,establishedthe?rstclimatemodelinggroup,layingthefoundationforcollaborativeclimatescience.Theunderstandingofclimatechange,itscauses,risks,andtheinternationalconsensusaroundthemhasbeenmadepossibleowingto

theadvancementsin

climatemodelingandthestandardssharedopenlybythescienti?ccommunity.1,2Aroundthesameperiod,methodsforprobabilisticanalysisofseismichazardsweredevelopedandin

the1970s

and1980s

computerprogramswerecreatedto

runtheseanalyses.KarenClark,whostartedhercareeras

acomputerscientistin

the1980s,isoftencreditedwithhavinginventedmoderncatastropheriskmodels.WhileworkingatCommercialUnionAssurance,shedevelopedaprobabilisticmodelto

estimatehurricanelossesalongthecoastlinesoftheUnitedStatesandlaterpublishedthe?rstresearchpaperonthetopic(Clark1986).Geospatialcapabilitieswerealsoadvancingatthesametime,enablingspatialanalysisofincreasingamountsofgeographicdata.Subsequently,thedevelopmentoftheinternet,coupledwithadvancesin

desktopapplicationsforearthobservationandaccessto

cloudcomputingcontributedto

thegrowthofriskmodellingcompanies.Andlater,

thesecapabilitiesledto

thedevelopmentofopen-sourceriskanalysisframeworks(Mitchell-Wallaceetal.2017).The2010

earthquakethatdevastatedHaitiisapivotalmomentin

theuseofdigitaltechnologiesfordisasterriskmanagement.Whentheearthquakestruck,responderswereleftwithnomapto

coordinatetheemergencyresponse.Severalsatellitecompaniesdecidedto

sharehighresolutionimagesofthedamage.Then,volunteersfromtheOSMdigitalplatformcommunityusedtheseimagesto

tracetheroadsandbuildingsofPort-au-Prince,allowingamappingeffort—thatwouldhaveordinarilytakenayear—to

becompletedin

fewweeks.ThewidespreaduseoftheOSMplatfo