法律英語-西南政法大學中國大學mooc課后章節(jié)答案期末考試題庫2023年

法律英語_西南政法大學中國大學mooc課后章節(jié)答案期末考試題庫2023年請分析下面句子的表達是否正確?！癉ecisiononthemerits”or“judgmentonthemerits”isajudgmentmadebasedontechnicalorproceduralgrounds,ratherthanonfactsandrelevantsubstantivelawofthecase.

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錯誤

Choosethecorrectinterpretationof"ordinance".

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X

PASSAGE3Afterbothsidesofthecasehavehadachancetopresenttheirevidenceandmakeaclosingargument,thenextsteptowardaverdictisjuryinstruction--aprocessinwhichthejudgegivesthejurythesetoflegalstandardsitwillneedtodecidewhetherthedefendantshouldbeheldaccountablefortheplaintiff'sallegedharm.Thejudgedecideswhatlegalstandardsshouldapplytothedefendant'scase,basedonthecivilclaimsatissueandtheevidencepresentedduringthetrial.Often,thisprocesstakesplacewithinputandargumentfromboththeplaintiffandthedefendant.Thejudgetheninstructsthejuryonthoserelevantlegalprinciplesdecidedupon,includingfindingsthejurywillneedtomakeinordertoarriveatcertainconclusions.Thejudgealsodescribeskeyconcepts,suchasthe“preponderanceoftheevidence”legalstandard;definesanyspecificclaimsthejurymayconsider(i.e.“fraud,”“breachofcontract,”“emotionaldistress”);anddiscussesdifferenttypesofdamages(i.e.compensatoryandpunitive)--allbasedontheevidencepresentedattrial.Thecasethengoes“tothejury.”Afterreceivinginstructionfromthejudge,thejurorsasagroupconsiderthecasethroughaprocesscalled“deliberation,”attemptingtoagreeonwhetherthedefendantshouldbeheldliablebasedontheplaintiff'sclaims,andifso,theappropriatecompensationforanydamages.Deliberationisthefirstopportunityforthejurytodiscussthecase--amethodicalprocessthatcanlastfromafewhourstoseveralweeks.Oncethejuryreachesadecision,thejuryforepersoninformsthejudge,andthejudgeusuallyannouncestheverdictinopencourt.Moststatesrequirethata12-personjuryinapersonalinjurycasebeunanimousinfindingfortheplaintifforthedefendant,thoughsomestatesallowforverdictsbasedonamajorityaslowas9to3.Ifthejuryfailstoreachaunanimous(orsufficientmajority)verdictandfindsitselfatastandstill(a“hung”jury),thejudgemaydeclarea“mistrial,”afterwhichthecasemaybedismissedorthetrialmaystartoveragainfromthejuryselectionstage.TrueorFalse:10.Aunanimousverdictmustbereachedinfindingfortheplaintifforthedefendant.()

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錯誤

PASSAGE3Afterbothsidesofthecasehavehadachancetopresenttheirevidenceandmakeaclosingargument,thenextsteptowardaverdictisjuryinstruction--aprocessinwhichthejudgegivesthejurythesetoflegalstandardsitwillneedtodecidewhetherthedefendantshouldbeheldaccountablefortheplaintiff'sallegedharm.Thejudgedecideswhatlegalstandardsshouldapplytothedefendant'scase,basedonthecivilclaimsatissueandtheevidencepresentedduringthetrial.Often,thisprocesstakesplacewithinputandargumentfromboththeplaintiffandthedefendant.Thejudgetheninstructsthejuryonthoserelevantlegalprinciplesdecidedupon,includingfindingsthejurywillneedtomakeinordertoarriveatcertainconclusions.Thejudgealsodescribeskeyconcepts,suchasthe“preponderanceoftheevidence”legalstandard;definesanyspecificclaimsthejurymayconsider(i.e.“fraud,”“breachofcontract,”“emotionaldistress”);anddiscussesdifferenttypesofdamages(i.e.compensatoryandpunitive)--allbasedontheevidencepresentedattrial.Thecasethengoes“tothejury.”Afterreceivinginstructionfromthejudge,thejurorsasagroupconsiderthecasethroughaprocesscalled“deliberation,”attemptingtoagreeonwhetherthedefendantshouldbeheldliablebasedontheplaintiff'sclaims,andifso,theappropriatecompensationforanydamages.Deliberationisthefirstopportunityforthejurytodiscussthecase--amethodicalprocessthatcanlastfromafewhourstoseveralweeks.Oncethejuryreachesadecision,thejuryforepersoninformsthejudge,andthejudgeusuallyannouncestheverdictinopencourt.Moststatesrequirethata12-personjuryinapersonalinjurycasebeunanimousinfindingfortheplaintifforthedefendant,thoughsomestatesallowforverdictsbasedonamajorityaslowas9to3.Ifthejuryfailstoreachaunanimous(orsufficientmajority)verdictandfindsitselfatastandstill(a“hung”jury),thejudgemaydeclarea“mistrial,”afterwhichthecasemaybedismissedorthetrialmaystartoveragainfromthejuryselectionstage.TrueorFalse:9.Ifthejuryfailstoreachaunanimousorsufficientmajorityverdict,itiscalleda“hung”jury.()

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正確

Theoffereeshalldecidewithinsevendayswhethertoacceptorrejecttheofferwhichhereceivedfromtheofferor,ortomakeacounteroffer.(improvetheunderliedpart)

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asreceivedfromtheofferor##%_YZPRLFH_%##aswasreceivedfromtheofferor##%_YZPRLFH_%##receivedfromtheofferor

Pleasefillintheblankswithproperegritypersuasionstorytellingdecisionevidencereasonshigherthoughtsjudicialissue“PASSAGE1Theveryfactthatajudgehastogive1_________thatwillhavetostandscrutinybytheBarandthepublicasalsobythe2_________courts,bringsincertainamountofcareandcautiononthepartofthejudgeandtransparencyin3_________making.Judgmentwritingrequiresskillsofnarrationand4_________.Aftergivingfactsanddiscussingadmissibleandrelevant5_________ajudgeisrequiredtogivereasonsfordecidingtheissuesframedbyhim.Thereasonsconveythe6_________ideasinwordsandsentences.Thereasonsconveythe7_________ofajudgeandarepartofjudicialexposition,explanationand8_________.Thereisadifferencebetweengivingreasonsandreasoning,whichmayultimatelyleadtoadecisionbyajudgeonthe9_________ortheissuesraisedbeforehim.Theprocessadoptedbyajudgeinarrivingatadecisionthroughproperreasoning,testsajudgeofhisabilityand10_________.”blank10:_________________

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integrity

Pleasefillintheblankswithproperegritypersuasionstorytellingdecisionevidencereasonshigherthoughtsjudicialissue“PASSAGE1Theveryfactthatajudgehastogive1_________thatwillhavetostandscrutinybytheBarandthepublicasalsobythe2_________courts,bringsincertainamountofcareandcautiononthepartofthejudgeandtransparencyin3_________making.Judgmentwritingrequiresskillsofnarrationand4_________.Aftergivingfactsanddiscussingadmissibleandrelevant5_________ajudgeisrequiredtogivereasonsfordecidingtheissuesframedbyhim.Thereasonsconveythe6_________ideasinwordsandsentences.Thereasonsconveythe7_________ofajudgeandarepartofjudicialexposition,explanationand8_________.Thereisadifferencebetweengivingreasonsandreasoning,whichmayultimatelyleadtoadecisionbyajudgeonthe9_________ortheissuesraisedbeforehim.Theprocessadoptedbyajudgeinarrivingatadecisionthroughproperreasoning,testsajudgeofhisabilityand10_________.”blank9:_________________

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issue

PASSAGE3Afterbothsidesofthecasehavehadachancetopresenttheirevidenceandmakeaclosingargument,thenextsteptowardaverdictisjuryinstruction--aprocessinwhichthejudgegivesthejurythesetoflegalstandardsitwillneedtodecidewhetherthedefendantshouldbeheldaccountablefortheplaintiff'sallegedharm.Thejudgedecideswhatlegalstandardsshouldapplytothedefendant'scase,basedonthecivilclaimsatissueandtheevidencepresentedduringthetrial.Often,thisprocesstakesplacewithinputandargumentfromboththeplaintiffandthedefendant.Thejudgetheninstructsthejuryonthoserelevantlegalprinciplesdecidedupon,includingfindingsthejurywillneedtomakeinordertoarriveatcertainconclusions.Thejudgealsodescribeskeyconcepts,suchasthe“preponderanceoftheevidence”legalstandard;definesanyspecificclaimsthejurymayconsider(i.e.“fraud,”“breachofcontract,”“emotionaldistress”);anddiscussesdifferenttypesofdamages(i.e.compensatoryandpunitive)--allbasedontheevidencepresentedattrial.Thecasethengoes“tothejury.”Afterreceivinginstructionfromthejudge,thejurorsasagroupconsiderthecasethroughaprocesscalled“deliberation,”attemptingtoagreeonwhetherthedefendantshouldbeheldliablebasedontheplaintiff'sclaims,andifso,theappropriatecompensationforanydamages.Deliberationisthefirstopportunityforthejurytodiscussthecase--amethodicalprocessthatcanlastfromafewhourstoseveralweeks.Oncethejuryreachesadecision,thejuryforepersoninformsthejudge,andthejudgeusuallyannouncestheverdictinopencourt.Moststatesrequirethata12-personjuryinapersonalinjurycasebeunanimousinfindingfortheplaintifforthedefendant,thoughsomestatesallowforverdictsbasedonamajorityaslowas9to3.Ifthejuryfailstoreachaunanimous(orsufficientmajority)verdictandfindsitselfatastandstill(a“hung”jury),thejudgemaydeclarea“mistrial,”afterwhichthecasemaybedismissedorthetrialmaystartoveragainfromthejuryselectionstage.TrueorFalse:8.Afterreceivinginstruction,thejurywillconsiderthecaseduringaprocesscalled“deliberation”.()

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正確

Userightprepositiontofillintheblacks:Theplaintiffsownedahousenextdoorthedefendants’factory.Sometimesblacksmokefromthefactorychimneyswouldblowacrosstheplaintiff’sgarden.Theplaintiffssuedtheownersofthefactorycomplainingdamagecausedplantsintheirgardenthesmokeandlossofenjoymentoftheirproperty.Theysoughtdamagesandaninjunctiontopreventthedefendantsusingtheirpremisesasafactory.TheCourtheldthattheownersofthefactorywereliabletheplaintiffsthetortofprivatenuisance.Theplaintiffswereawardeddamagesthelossoftheirplantsandgrantedaninjunctionrestrictingtheuseofdefendants’property.Itwasreasonablethatthedefendantsshouldusetheirpremisesasafactorybutnot___awaywhichwouldcausenuisance(9)adjoiningproperty.Theinjunctionwouldapplyuntilthedefendantswereabletocontrolthesmoketheirchimneys.（9）(a)for(b)to(c)with(d)as

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to

Whichchamberhadboththejudicialroleandthelegislativeroleinthepast?

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B.

HouseofLords

Chooseabettertranslationofthefollowingexpression.貸款本金及其利息

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theloanprincipalplustheinterestthereof

Choosethecorrectexpressonfromthefollowingthreechoices.

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Acontractofsalewasenteredintobyandbetweentheparties,withthesellerunderthedutyofdeliveringthegoodswithintendays.

RestatementsofLawoccursastheresultofoutdatednessorrigidityofexistinglaws,andisdesignedtomodifyandupdatethecurrentlawsintheformofaunifiedcode.

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錯誤

CrowncourtsintheUnitedKingdomhearthemoreseriousofthe.

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D.indictableoffences

Themagistratesare.

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B.laypersons

WhichcourtisthetrialcourtforthecivilcasesinEngland,WalesandNorthernIreland?

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C.countycourt

TheimportantjudicialreforminEnglishhistorywerecarriedoutduring.

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B.

1883-1885

ThecourtsystemintheUnitedKingdomis.

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A.

aunitarymode

10.Abenchtrialmeans________.

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B.A

trialwithoutajury

ThetypicallexicalfeaturesoflegalEnglishconsistoftheuseofArchaicwords,doublets,triplets,theuseofloanwords,theuseofprepositionandprepositionalphrases,theuseofformalwords,etc.

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錯誤

______theconsentbyPartA,PartyBmaynotassigntoathirdpartyhisrightsandinterestsunderthecontract.

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Intheabsenceof##%_YZPRLFH_%##without##%_YZPRLFH_%##withno

Thesellershallnotifythebuyerinwriting_____(before)theexpirationofthecontract.(useofformalwordsorphrases)

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priorto

PASSAGE2Whetherawitnessiscalledbytheplaintifforthedefendant,thewitnesstestimonyprocessusuallyadherestothefollowingformula:thewitnessiscalledtothestandandis“swornin,”takinganoathtotellthetruth;thepartywhocalledthewitnesstothestandquestionsthewitnessthrough“direct”examination,elicitinginformationthroughquestion-and-answer,tostrengthentheparty'spositioninthedispute;afterdirectexamination,theopposingpartyhasanopportunitytoquestionthewitnessthrough“cross-examination”--attemptingtopokeholesinthewitness'sstory,attacktheircredibility,orotherwisediscreditthewitnessandhisorhertestimony.Aftercross-examination,thesidethatoriginallycalledthewitnesshasasecondopportunitytoquestionhimorher,through“re-directexamination,”andattempttoremedyanydamagingeffectsofcross-examination.Aftertheplaintiffconcludesitscase-in-chiefand“rests,”thedefendantcanpresentitsownevidenceinthesameproactivemanner,seekingtoshowthatitisnotliablefortheplaintiff'sclaimedharm.Thedefensemaycallitsownwitnessestothestand,andcanpresentanyofitsownindependentevidenceinanefforttorefuteordownplaythekeyelementsoftheplaintiff'slegalallegations.Oncethedefensehasrested,theplaintiffhasanopportunitytorespondtothedefense'sargumentsthroughaprocessknownas“rebuttal,”abriefperiodduringwhichtheplaintiffmayonlycontradictthedefense'sevidence,ratherthanpresentnewarguments.Sometimes,thedefensemayinturnhaveachancetorespondtotheprosecution'srebuttal.Oncetheplaintiffanddefendanteachhavehadanopportunitytopresenttheircaseandtochallengetheevidencepresentedbytheother,bothsides“rest,”meaningthatnomoreevidencewillbepresentedtothejurybeforeclosingargumentsaremade.Similartotheopeningstatement,theclosingargumentofferstheplaintiffandthedefendantinacivildisputeachanceto“sumup”thecase,recappingtheevidenceinalightfavorabletotheirrespectivepositions.Thisisthefinalchanceforthepartiestoaddressthejurypriortodeliberations,soinclosingargumentstheplaintiffseekstoshowwhytheevidencerequiresthejurytofindthedefendantlegallyresponsiblefortheplaintiff'sdamages,orwhytheplaintiff'scaseisstrongerthanthedefendant's.Inturn,thedefendanttriestoshowthattheplaintiffhasfallenshortofestablishingthedefendant'sliabilityforanyciviljudgmentintheplaintiff'sfavor.TrueorFalse:7.Afterpresentingtheircaseandchallengingtheevidencepresentedbytheother,inmostcasesthepartiescanstillpresentnewevidencebeforeclosingarguments.()

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錯誤

請分析下面句子的表達是否正確?！癋inaldecision”or“finaljudgment”referstoacourt’sdecisionthatsettlesalloftheparties’legalissuesincontroversyinthecourt.

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正確

Pleasefillintheblankswithproperegritypersuasionstorytellingdecisionevidencereasonshigherthoughtsjudicialissue“PASSAGE1Theveryfactthatajudgehastogive1_________thatwillhavetostandscrutinybytheBarandthepublicasalsobythe2_________courts,bringsincertainamountofcareandcautiononthepartofthejudgeandtransparencyin3_________making.Judgmentwritingrequiresskillsofnarrationand4_________.Aftergivingfactsanddiscussingadmissibleandrelevant5_________ajudgeisrequiredtogivereasonsfordecidingtheissuesframedbyhim.Thereasonsconveythe6_________ideasinwordsandsentences.Thereasonsconveythe7_________ofajudgeandarepartofjudicialexposition,explanationand8_________.Thereisadifferencebetweengivingreasonsandreasoning,whichmayultimatelyleadtoadecisionbyajudgeonthe9_________ortheissuesraisedbeforehim.Theprocessadoptedbyajudgeinarrivingatadecisionthroughproperreasoning,testsajudgeofhisabilityand10_________.”blank6:_________________

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judicial

請分析下面句子的表達是否正確?！癆ppealabledecision”isanorderthatcanbeappealedbeforeareviewinghighercourt(acourtofappeals).

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正確

請分析下面句子的表達是否正確。Inhighercourts,suchastheUnitedStatesSupremeCourt,whereagroupofjudgeshearsanddecidesacase,theopinioncouldbereferredtoasthemajorityopinion,meaningmostofthejudgesagreedwiththeopinionwrittenbyonejudge.

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正確

請分析下面句子的表達是否正確。Thetextofadecisionusuallyincludesasummaryofthefacts,adiscussionofrelevantlaws,thecourt’sholding(ordeterminationonthelegalissuesofthecase)andthecourt’sorders.Thecourt’sreasoningofhowthelawappliestotheissuesathand,isnotamustforeverydecision.

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錯誤

請分析下面句子表達是否正確。IntheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates,attheendofthemajorityopiniontheremightbeadissentingopinionwrittenbyonejudgeandjoinedbyotherjudgeswhodisagreedwithmajorityopinion.Thedissentingopiniondoesusuallyhaveprecedentialvalueforlowercourtstryingtodecidecasesinthefuture.

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錯誤

CircuitsintheUnitedStatesrefertothe.

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A.federalappellatecourts

請分析下面句子的表達是否正確。IntheU.S.,accordingtoU.S.C.§636(c)(3),eachpartycouldappealdirectlytothecourtofappeal(s)againsttheexistingjudgment.

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正確

Userightprepositiontofillintheblacks:Theplaintiffsownedahousenextdoorthedefendants’factory.Sometimesblacksmokefromthefactorychimneyswouldblowacrosstheplaintiff’sgarden.Theplaintiffssuedtheownersofthefactorycomplainingdamagecausedplantsintheirgardenthesmokeandlossofenjoymentoftheirproperty.Theysoughtdamagesandaninjunctiontopreventthedefendantsusingtheirpremisesasafactory.TheCourtheldthattheownersofthefactorywereliabletheplaintiffsthetortofprivatenuisance.Theplaintiffswereawardeddamagesthelossoftheirplantsandgrantedaninjunctionrestrictingtheuseofdefendants’property.Itwasreasonablethatthedefendantsshouldusetheirpremisesasafactorybutnot___awaywhichwouldcausenuisanceadjoiningproperty.Theinjunctionwouldapplyuntilthedefendantswereabletocontrolthesmoke(10)theirchimneys.（10）(a)in(b)on(c)above(d)from

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from

Userightprepositiontofillintheblacks:Theplaintiffsownedahousenextdoorthedefendants’factory.Sometimesblacksmokefromthefactorychimneyswouldblowacrosstheplaintiff’sgarden.Theplaintiffssuedtheownersofthefactorycomplainingdamagecausedplantsintheirgardenthesmokeandlossofenjoymentoftheirproperty.Theysoughtdamagesandaninjunctiontopreventthedefendantsusingtheirpremisesasafactory.TheCourtheldthattheownersofthefactorywereliabletheplaintiffsthetortofprivatenuisance.Theplaintiffswereawardeddamagesthelossoftheirplantsandgrantedaninjunctionrestrictingtheuseofdefendants’property.Itwasreasonablethatthedefendantsshouldusetheirpremisesasafactorybutnot_(8)_awaywhichwouldcausenuisanceadjoiningproperty.Theinjunctionwouldapplyuntilthedefendantswereabletocontrolthesmoketheirchimneys.（8）(a)by(b)as(c)in(d)for

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in

請分析下面句子的表達是否正確。Afterthejudgesconsideralltherelevantevidenceofthelegaltrialandconsiderallrightsandobligations,onlythedefendantwillreceivethefinalruling.

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錯誤

請分析下面句子的表達是否正確。Judgmentmeansthefinaldecisionmadebyacourtortribunal.

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正確

Userightprepositiontofillintheblacks:Theplaintiffsownedahousenextdoorthedefendants’factory.Sometimesblacksmokefromthefactorychimneyswouldblowacrosstheplaintiff’sgarden.Theplaintiffssuedtheownersofthefactorycomplainingdamagecausedplantsintheirgardenthesmokeandlossofenjoymentoftheirproperty.Theysoughtdamagesandaninjunctiontopreventthedefendantsusingtheirpremisesasafactory.TheCourtheldthattheownersofthefactorywereliabletheplaintiffsthetortofprivatenuisance.Theplaintiffswereawardeddamages(7)thelossoftheirplantsandgrantedaninjunctionrestrictingtheuseofdefendants’property.Itwasreasonablethatthedefendantsshouldusetheirpremisesasafactorybutnot___awaywhichwouldcausenuisanceadjoiningproperty.Theinjunctionwouldapplyuntilthedefendantswereabletocontrolthesmoketheirchimneys.（7）(a)at(b)on(c)for(d)with

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for

Userightprepositiontofillintheblacks:Theplaintiffsownedahousenextdoorthedefendants’factory.Sometimesblacksmokefromthefactorychimneyswouldblowacrosstheplaintiff’sgarden.Theplaintiffssuedtheownersofthefactorycomplainingdamagecausedplantsintheirgardenthesmokeandlossofenjoymentoftheirproperty.Theysoughtdamagesandaninjunctiontopreventthedefendantsusingtheirpremisesasafactory.TheCourtheldthattheownersofthefactorywereliabletheplaintiffs(6)thetortofprivatenuisance.Theplaintiffswereawardeddamagesthelossoftheirplantsandgrantedaninjunctionrestrictingtheuseofdefendants’property.Itwasreasonablethatthedefendantsshouldusetheirpremisesasafactorybutnot___awaywhichwouldcausenuisanceadjoiningproperty.Theinjunctionwouldapplyuntilthedefendantswereabletocontrolthesmoketheirchimneys.(6)(a)with(b)against(c)by(d)for

參考答案:

for

Userightprepositiontofillintheblacks:Theplaintiffsownedahousenextdoorthedefendants’factory.Sometimesblacksmokefromthefactorychimneyswouldblowacrosstheplaintiff’sgarden.Theplaintiffssuedtheownersofthefactorycomplainingdamagecausedplantsintheirgardenthesmokeandlossofenjoymentoftheirproperty.Theysoughtdamagesandaninjunctiontopreventthedefendantsusingtheirpremisesasafactory.TheCourtheldthattheownersofthefactorywereliable(5)theplaintiffsthetortofprivatenuisance.Theplaintiffswereawardeddamagesthelossoftheirplantsandgrantedaninjunctionrestrictingtheuseofdefendants’property.Itwasreasonablethatthedefendantsshouldusetheirpremisesasafactorybutnot___awaywhichwouldcausenuisanceadjoiningproperty.Theinjunctionwouldapplyuntilthedefendantswereabletocontrolthesmoketheirchimneys.(5)(a)with(b)for(c)to(d)by

參考答案:

to

Userightprepositiontofillintheblacks:Theplaintiffsownedahousenextdoorthedefendants’factory.Sometimesblacksmokefromthefactorychimneyswouldblowacrosstheplaintiff’sgarden.Theplaintiffssuedtheownersofthefactorycomplainingdamagecausedplantsintheirgarden(4)thesmokeandlossofenjoymentoftheirproperty.Theysoughtdamagesandaninjunctiontopreventthedefendantsusingtheirpremisesasafactory.TheCourtheldthattheownersofthefactorywereliabletheplaintiffsthetortofprivatenuisance.Theplaintiffswereawardeddamagesthelossoftheirplantsandgrantedaninjunctionrestrictingtheuseofdefendants’property.Itwasreasonablethatthedefendantsshouldusetheirpremisesasafactorybutnot___awaywhichwouldcausenuisanceadjoiningproperty.Theinjunctionwouldapplyuntilthedefendantswereabletocontrolthesmoketheirchimneys.(4)(a)for(b)by(c)with(d)upon

參考答案:

by

PASSAGE2Whetherawitnessiscalledbytheplaintifforthedefendant,thewitnesstestimonyprocessusuallyadherestothefollowingformula:thewitnessiscalledtothestandandis“swornin,”takinganoathtotellthetruth;thepartywhocalledthewitnesstothestandquestionsthewitnessthrough“direct”examination,elicitinginformationthroughquestion-and-answer,tostrengthentheparty'spositioninthedispute;afterdirectexamination,theopposingpartyhasanopportunitytoquestionthewitnessthrough“cross-examination”--attemptingtopokeholesinthewitness'sstory,attacktheircredibility,orotherwisediscreditthewitnessandhisorhertestimony.Aftercross-examination,thesidethatoriginallycalledthewitnesshasasecondopportunitytoquestionhimorher,through“re-directexamination,”andattempttoremedyanydamagingeffectsofcross-examination.Aftertheplaintiffconcludesitscase-in-chiefand“rests,”thedefendantcanpresentitsownevidenceinthesameproactivemanner,seekingtoshowthatitisnotliablefortheplaintiff'sclaimedharm.Thedefensemaycallitsownwitnessestothestand,andcanpresentanyofitsownindependentevidenceinanefforttorefuteordownplaythekeyelementsoftheplaintiff'slegalallegations.Oncethedefensehasrested,theplaintiffhasanopportunitytorespondtothedefense'sargumentsthroughaprocessknownas“rebuttal,”abriefperiodduringwhichtheplaintiffmayonlycontradictthedefense'sevidence,ratherthanpresentnewarguments.Sometimes,thedefensemayinturnhaveachancetorespondtotheprosecution'srebuttal.Oncetheplaintiffanddefendanteachhavehadanopportunitytopresenttheircaseandtochallengetheevidencepresentedbytheother,bothsides“rest,”meaningthatnomoreevidencewillbepresentedtothejurybeforeclosingargumentsaremade.Similartotheopeningstatement,theclosingargumentofferstheplaintiffandthedefendantinacivildisputeachanceto“sumup”thecase,recappingtheevidenceinalightfavorabletotheirrespectivepositions.Thisisthefinalchanceforthepartiestoaddressthejurypriortodeliberations,soinclosingargumentstheplaintiffseekstoshowwhytheevidencerequiresthejurytofindthedefendantlegallyresponsiblefortheplaintiff'sdamages,orwhytheplaintiff'scaseisstrongerthanthedefendant's.Inturn,thedefendanttriestoshowthattheplaintiffhasfallenshortofestablishingthedefendant'sliabilityforanyciviljudgmentintheplaintiff'sfavor.TrueorFalse:6.During“rebuttal,”theplaintiffmaynotonlycontradictthedefense'sevidence,butalsopresentnewevidence.()

參考答案:

錯誤

PASSAGE1Inaciviltrial,ajudgeorjuryexaminestheevidencetodecidewhether,bya“preponderanceoftheevidence,”thedefendantshouldbeheldlegallyresponsibleforthedamagesallegedbytheplaintiff.Atrialistheplaintiff'sopportunitytoarguehisorhercase,inthehopeofobtainingajudgmentagainstthedefendant.Atrialalsorepresentsthedefendant'schancetorefutetheplaintiff'scase,andtoofferhisorherownevidencerelatedtothedisputeatissue.Afterbothsideshavepresentedtheirarguments,thejudgeorjuryconsiderswhethertofindthedefendantliablefortheplaintiff'sclaimeddamages,andifso,towhatextent(i.e.theamountofmoney