FORMALANDINFORMAL正式與非正式英文課件

FORMALANDINFORMAL正式與非正式英文FormalandinformalTheEnglishthatyoushouldusewhenwritingapaperorthesisshouldbeformal(likealegaldocument)butalsoclear(unlikealegaldocument).TherearecertainthingsthatcanbedoneinspokenEnglishorinwrittenEnglishinnewspapers,magazines,orlecturenoteswhicharenotappropriateforformalwriting.

Formalandinformal1.Don'tstartasentencewith`And',`Also',`But',`So',`Or',`Evenso'.Insteaduse`Inaddition',`However',`Hence',`Consequently',`Alternatively',`Nevertheless'.2.Don'tstartasentencewith`Therefore'.Insteadwrite,forexample,`Wetherefore...'.3.Don'tstartasentencewith`Then'or`Now'unlessitisacommand.

Formalandinformal4.Don'tuse`don't',

oranyothershortenednegativesuchas`isn't',`hasn't',`wasn't',etc.Use`doesnot',`isnot',etc.instead.5.Generallytrytoavoid`'s'.E.g.Insteadof`thewavefront'scurvature'useeither`thecurvatureofthewavefront'or`thewavefrontcurvature'.But,thereareexceptionstothis.e.g.`today'sstockmarketprices'isbetterthan`thestockmarketpricesoftoday'.Formalandinformal

6.

Don'tuse`!'or`&'or`/'.Itisalsoveryunusualtosee`?'inapaper.Don'tputquestionsinapaperunlessyoureallyknowwhatyouaredoing.Formalandinformal7.Don'tusee.g.ori.e.oretc.

8.Whenreferringtothenumberofcountableobjects,usewordsratherthanfigureswhentheamountislessthantwenty.E.g.Don'twrite``weused3methods''-insteadwrite``weusedthreemethods''.9.Don'tuse`OK'.Use`acceptably',`permissible',`satisfactory',etcinstead.

Formalandinformal10.Don'tuse`got'.Insteaduse`obtained'.

11.Ifyoucan,trytousethepassivevoicefor

occasionallywhendescribingyourresults.Using`we'ineverysentenceisabitboring.12.Listthingsproperlyusing`and'betweenthelasttwoitems.

E.g.Don'tdo`weusedthreemethodsA,B,C.';Instead,writeeither`weusedthreemethods:A,B,andC.'or`weusedthreemethods,namely,A,B,andC.'

Formalandinformal

13.

Donotusefirst-personpronouns("I,""me,""my,""we,""us,"etc.).Trytoavoid"Ithinkthat,""Ibelievethat,"or"inmyopinion."Simplydeletetheseexpressionsfromsentences,andyouwillbeleftwithstrongersentences.

Example

Ithinkthatthischaracterisconfused.

Thischaracterisconfused.

(Thesecondsentenceislesswordy,soundsmoreformal,andconveysamoreconfidenttone.)Formalandinformal"One,""thereader,""readers,""theviewer,"orsimilartermsaresometimeseffectivetoreplace“I,We”

Example

Icansensethecharacter'sconfusion.

Readerscansensethecharacter'sconfusion.Formalandinformal13.Avoidaddressingreadersas"you."Addressingreadersusingsecond-personpronouns("you,your")canmakeanessaysoundinformalandcanbringassumptionsintoanessaythatarenottrue.Example:"Ifyouwearatubetop,guysmightthinkthatyouareeasy."IwonderedwhythestudentwouldthinkthatI,amale,wouldwearatubetop.Aswithfirst-personpronouns,second-personpronounscanbereplacedbywordssuchas"one,""thereader,""readers,"and"theviewer."Formalandinformal14.Avoidtheuseofcontractions.Contractionsareshortenedversionsofwordsthatuseapostrophesinplaceofletters,suchas"can't,""isn't,""she's,"and"wouldn't."Themoreformal,non-contractedversionsare"cannot,""isnot,""sheis,"and"wouldnot."Example

Thecharacterisn'tawarethathe'ssurroundedbypeoplehecan'ttrust.

Thecharacterisnotawarethatheissurroundedbypeoplehecannottrust.Formalandinformal15.Avoidcolloquialismandslangexpressions.Colloquialdictionisinformallanguageusedineverydayspeechandincludessuchwordsas"guys,""yeah,""stuff,""kindof,""okay,"and"bigdeal."Highlyinformaldiction,suchas"freakout"and"dissing,"fallsintothecategoryof"slang."FormalandinformalWhileslangwordsoftenarevividandexpressive,slangcomesandgoesquickly,anotherreasonwhyslangshouldbeavoidedinformalwriting.Bothcolloquialismandslangexpressionsconveyaninformaltoneandshouldbeavoidedinformalwriting.Example

Theguywasnailedforrippingoffaliquorstore.

Themanwasconvictedofrobbingaliquorstore.Formalandinformal16.Avoidabbreviatedversionsofwords.Forexample,insteadofwriting"photo,""phone"and"TV,"write"photograph,""telephone,"and"television."

Formalandinformal17.Avoidtheoveruseofshortandsimplesentences.Whilethewritermightuseformaldictioninsuchsentences,toomanyshortandsimplesentencescanmakeanessaysoundinformal,asifthewriterisnotrecognizingthattheaudienceiscapableofreadingandunderstandingmorecomplexandlongersentences.Shortandsimplesentencescanbeusedeffectivelyinformalwriting,butheavyrelianceonsuchsentencesreflectspoorlyonthewriterandgivesthewritinganinformaltone.

FormalandinformalInthefollowingpages,youwillfindhowtherulesabovecanbeeffectiveinactualwriting.

FormalandinformalDictionFormalwords:InformalIndustrialactionstrikeindustrialaccidentaccidentProstitute,sexworkersstreetgirlsrehabilitatebetter/improveEndeavourtryConstructbuildDeemthinkEndconclude,terminate

FormalandinformalExamples:Theyaregoingtobeonstriketomorrow.Theyarescheduletoundergoanindustrialactiontomorrow.2.Theforecastersaidthatitwasgoingtoraininafternoon.Theforecasterreportedthepossibilityofrainingtomorrow.OrTheforecasterreportedapossibleraintomorrow.3.Theyarenotgoingwellwiththeirresearchbecausetheydonothaveenoughfund.Theycannotcarryontheirresearchduetounavailabilityofsufficientfund.Formalandinformal4.Theaccidenthappenedasheknewlittleaboutmanagingthemachine.

Theaccidentoccurredasaresultofhisignoranceaboutthemanagementofthemachine.

5.AcomputerhasaCPU,amonitor,akeyboard,aCD-ROM,amouseandotherparts.AcomputerconsistsofaCPU,amonitor,akeyboard,aCD-ROM,amouseandotherperipheries.6.TherehasbeengreatchangesinChinaoverthepasttwentyyears.Chinawitnessestremendouschangesoverthepasttwodecades.7.ThemeetingwasendedafterMr.Mayorhadhislastspeech.ThemeetingconcludedwithMr.Mayor’sspeech.

Diction-FormalandinformalTheaboveallbringtoourawarenessofthefollowingskillsinformalwritingwork.Thefollowingmaybesomeusefulguidelineswhenyouneedtowriteformally.Atthisstage,weatleastshouldavoidusingweakwords

andphrasessuchashave/has,be,therebe,do,take,make,lie,begoingto,think,give,put,go,will,woulddo(not)andsoon.Avoidusinghesitationfillerssuchaser,um,well,youseeetc.AvoidpronounI,we,you,hewiththeexceptionof‘it’.Trytousestrongwords(someofthemarequiteformal).

Useshortwordsorphraseunlesslongonearemoreappropriate.declare-makeadeclaration,later–subsequently(clickforexamples.SeemoreintheWorddocument)FormalandinformalEX:Replacetheredcoloredwordswithformalwords(notethatyouneedtodeveloptheawarenessofusingformalwordsinyouracademicwriting).Mr.Hunterwasgenerousenoughtogiveahundredthousanddollarstothefloodaffectedresidents.Tomjustwalkedaroundtheshopswithoutbuyinganything.Wehavegotten

bighelpfromthetravelagency.(ref)Formalandinformal4.Ican’tspeakwellbecausemyEnglishispoor.Ican’tcommunicatewellbecauseofmylimitedEnglish.5.Marywouldnotagreewithwhatyouthought.Maryisindisagreementwithyourviews.6.Iwouldliketoaskyoutosendthegoodsintime.Iwouldadvisethatyoudeliver/dispatchthecommoditytimely.orItisadvisedthatyoudeliver/dispatchthecommoditytimely(ref)

Formalandinformal8.Hethinkseverystudentshouldcometoclassintime.9.AccordingtoDr.Davidson’sreport,thereare0.5%percentpeopledyingfromlungcancerthisyear.10.Moreandmorepeoplearesufferingfromthefumesmadebyautomobiles.(ref)FormalandinformalUseshortwords11.Thefilmshowterminatedat9p.m..12.Thelittlegirlremarkedthatshedidnotlikecandy.13.Lastweek,ourneightbourpurchasedaclock.14.Assoonastheygotoffthevessel,theyhiredacar.15.Thefamiliesmadeadecisiontofabricateanewhousenearby.Diction-Useshortwordsiflikelyandproper(Note:morediscussionareinthesectionaboutCONCISENESS.)Heresidesinanelegantmansion.Helivesinaneleganthouse.2.Afterbreakfast,theycommencedtodotheirhomework.Afterbreakfast,theybegantodotheirhomework.3.Thealtitudeofthiscottageis5meters.Theheightofthiscottageis5meters.Onseeingathief,littleMaryconcealedherselfbehindatree.Onseeingathief,littleMaryhidherselfbehindatree.(back)FormalandinformalMr.Hunterwasgenerousenoughtodenotedahundredthousanddollarstothefloodaffectedresidents.Tomjuststrolledaroundtheshopswithoutbuyinganything.Wehaveobtainedhelpfromthetravelagency.

(Back)Formalandinformal4.Ican’tspeakwellbecausemyEnglishispoor.

Ican’tcommunicatewellbecauseofmylimitedEnglish.5.Marywouldnotagreewithwhatyouthought

Maryisindisagreementwithyourviews.

6.Iwouldliketoaskyoutosendthe