八級lecture教學(xué)課件

八級寫作概述

2020/12/101大綱要求測試要求:

學(xué)生應(yīng)能根據(jù)所給題目及要求撰寫一篇400詞左右的說明文或議論文.該作文必須語言通順.用詞得體.結(jié)構(gòu)合理.文體恰當(dāng).具有說服力.

要求應(yīng)試者按題撰文.考試時間為45分鐘.題型：主觀題分值：20分2020/12/102寫作項目要求1.模擬實際寫作環(huán)境，貼近實際環(huán)境，虛構(gòu)了任務(wù)和目的2.考察學(xué)生實際具備的寫作水平3.采用情景/觀點/標(biāo)題的方法,給考生提供一個思維的前提4.提示文章結(jié)構(gòu)框架,比如,第一部分…第二部分…;第三部分…2020/12/103評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)說明：此項滿分20分。根據(jù)考生的思想與表達(dá)、語言運(yùn)用和寫作規(guī)范分別打分?！皩懽饕?guī)范”項可以打0.5分。思想與表達(dá)滿分為10分，按考生的表現(xiàn)賦分：1—2—3—4—5—6—7—8—9—10極差較差一般良好優(yōu)秀語言與運(yùn)用滿分為8分，按考生的表現(xiàn)賦分：1—2—3—4—5—6—7—8極差較差一般良好優(yōu)秀2020/12/104寫作規(guī)范滿分為2分，按考生的表現(xiàn)賦分：0.5-----1-----1.5-----2較差一般良好優(yōu)秀空白卷、僅寫了一些與任務(wù)無關(guān)的字句、僅僅照抄導(dǎo)語得0分。2020/12/105思想與表達(dá)(ideasandarguments)▼思想內(nèi)容ideacontent--內(nèi)容切體（寫錯0分，跑題但文字較好≤11分）--內(nèi)容充實--觀點明確--論據(jù)支持論點--有獨(dú)到見解▼表達(dá)效果effectiveness--表達(dá)清晰流暢--有說服力2020/12/106▼篇章組織結(jié)構(gòu)rhetoricalorganization

--每段有主題句（無標(biāo)題扣1分）--句間銜接自然--段間過渡自--第一部分明確提出觀點--最后一部分自然得出結(jié)論

--段落排列自然合理2020/12/107語言運(yùn)用能力languageuse▼準(zhǔn)確性correctness

--語法正確--句子結(jié)構(gòu)正確--固定搭配正確--習(xí)語正確--用詞準(zhǔn)確▼豐富性richness

--詞匯豐富--句子形式多樣2020/12/108▼得體性appropriateness

--語氣恰當(dāng)--語言地道▼流利度fluency

--完成規(guī)定詞數(shù)（每少40字扣1分）2020/12/109寫作規(guī)范mechanics--單詞拼寫正確--標(biāo)點符號正確--大小寫正確--書寫美觀--卷面整潔2020/12/1010閱卷流程日程安排評卷系統(tǒng)閱卷情況2020/12/1011注意的問題2010年作文分?jǐn)?shù)偏低，主要原因是考生沒看懂原文而寫跑題。只要跑題，肯定不及格。如果語言表達(dá)好，字跡清晰，即其他賦分項目失分較少，仍可獲得較高分?jǐn)?shù)，如11分。所以，看清題目要求是關(guān)鍵，一定按照題目要求去寫，第一段要表明觀點，每段有主題句，字跡清晰工整，不要犯低級語法錯誤，字?jǐn)?shù)要達(dá)標(biāo)。最后階段許多老師基本就按著幾條打分了，因此這幾條做到就會有一個比較理想的分?jǐn)?shù)。2020/12/1012其次，避免內(nèi)容空洞，觀點不清。題目要求中提出要在第一段提出觀點，所以一定要明確提出你的觀點：同意或不同意。觀點要明確，又要新意，最起碼你的句子表達(dá)有新意。第三，各部分要協(xié)調(diào)，不要把所有的東西都寫在第二段，后面就沒有寫的了。動筆前要有有一個文章架構(gòu)。文章最好四段：觀點——論據(jù)1——論據(jù)2——結(jié)論。第一、四段應(yīng)是彼此呼應(yīng)，第二、三段應(yīng)是彼此相關(guān)，邏輯相連。第四，要卷面整潔，字?jǐn)?shù)達(dá)標(biāo)。要掌握好時間2020/12/1013計劃SentenceParagraphEssay2020/12/10141.typesofsentencesSimplesentence—one

independentsentenceCompoundsentence—twoormoreindependentclausesjoinedtogetherComplexsentence—oneindependentclauseandone(ormore)dependentclause(s)Compound-complexsentence—twoindependentclausesandone(or)moredependentclausesSentence2020/12/1015Coordination—compoundsentenceWithacoordinatorfor,and,nor,but,or,yet,so(FANBOYS)e.g.Ienjoytennis,butIhategolf.Nuclearaccidentscanhappen,sonuclearpowerplantsmusthavestrictsafetycontrols.Ind.Clause,+coordinator+ind.clause2020/12/1016Womenlivelongerthanmen,fortheytakebettercareoftheirhealth.Womenfollowhealthfuldiets,andtheygotodoctorsmoreoften.Bothemenandwomenshouldlimittheamountoffatintheirdiets,ortheyriskgettingheartdisease.Womenusedtobeknownasthe“weakersex,”yetinsomeways,theyarestronger2020/12/1017WithasemicolonE.g.Myolderbrotherstudieslaw;myyoungerbrotherstudiesmedicine.PolandwasthefirstEasternEuropeancountrytoturnawayfromcommunism;otherssoonfollowed.Ind.Clause;ind.clause2020/12/1018WithaconjunctiveadverbbesidesinadditionmoreoverontheotherhandalsoinsteadmeanwhileincontrastIndeedlikewisehoweverneverthelessotherwisenonethelessconsequentlyforexamplethusaccordinglyhencethereforeInd.clause;+conj.adv.,+ind.clause

2020/12/1019E.g.Manycommunitycollegesdonothavedormitories;however,theyprovidehousingreferralservices.Studentsmusttakefinalexams;otherwise,theywillreceiveagradeofIncomplete.NativeandnonnativeEnglishspeakershavedifferentneeds;therefore,mostschoolsprovideseparateEnglishclassesforeachgroup.2020/12/1020Subordination—complexsentence

dep.clause+ind.clauseind.clause+dep.clauseAfterAlthoughasasifassoonasbecausebeforeeventhoughhowifsincesothatthatthoughunlessuntilwhatwhenwheneverwherewhereverwhetherwhichwhilewhowhomwhose2020/12/1021Adverbclause[when,while,because,although,if,sothat,etc.]Adjectiveclause[who,whom,which,that,where,when]Nounclause[wh-questionwords,that,whether,andsometimesif]2020/12/1022ExamplesofNounclause1.Thatthereisaholeintheozonelayeroftheearth’satmosphereiswellknown.2.Scientistsbelievethatexcesschlorofluorocarbonsintheatmosphereareresponsibleforcreatingit.2020/12/1023Compound-complexsentenceE.g.IwantedtotravelafterIgraduatedfromcollege;however,Ihadtogotoworkimmediately.Icouldn’tdecidewhereIshouldworkorwhatIshoulddo,soIdidnothing.2ormoreInd.Clauses+1ormoredep.clauses2020/12/1024ParallelismAnimportantelementinEnglishwriting,esp.whenyouarelistingandcomparingandcontrastingitemsorideas.Itmeanseachiteminalistorcomparisonfollowsthesamegrammaticalpattern.2020/12/10251.MyEnglishclassismadeofChinese,Spaniards,andsomearefromBosnia.2.Thestudentswhodowellattendclass,theydotheirhomework,andpracticespeakinginEnglish.3.Theteacherwantedtoknowwhichcountrywecamefromandourfuturegoals.4.Thelanguageskillsofthestudentsintheeveningclassesarethesameasthelanguageskillsofthestudentsinthedayclasses.2020/12/1026關(guān)聯(lián)詞放在被連接的詞、短語或句子前面Words,phrases,clausesjoinedbyand,or,butboth…and,either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso2020/12/1027E.g.1.Anewlawprovidesthemeansforbothregulatingandorderingtheirremovaliftheyaredangerous.2.Airpollutantsmaycomeeitherfromtheoceanasnaturalcontaminantsgivenoffbysealifeorfromtheinternalcombustionenginesofautomobiles.2020/12/1028Ex.1.Ifindustryorthepublicdoesn’tworktowardreducingpollutionproblems,futuregenerationwillsuffer.2.Manypeoplearenotconcernedaboutpollutants;theyarenotworriedabouttheirfutureimpact,either.3.Atthepresenttime,airpollutioniscontrolledthroughlawspassedtoreducethepollutantsattheirsourcesandtosetupacceptablestandardsofairquality.2020/12/1029◆

SentenceFragments(破句）Areincompletesentencesorpartsofsentences.Rememberthatacompletesentencemustcontainatleastonemainorindependentsentence.Sentenceproblems2020/12/1030E.g.Becausesomestudentsworkpart-timewhiletakingafullloadofcourses.Forexample,theincreaseinthecostofrentinganapartment.Feelinglonelyandfailingmostofhisclasses.Manyyoungpeoplewholeavehomeatanearlyage.2020/12/1031corrected1.Becausesomestudentsworkpart-timewhiletakingafullloadofcourses,theyhavelittlefreetime.

--dep.clause2.Forexample,thecostofrentinganapartmentincreased.--noverb2020/12/10323.Hefeltlonelyandwasfailingmostofhisclasses.Feelinglonelyandfailingmostofhisclasses,thestudentwiselydecidedtomakeanappointmentwithhiscounselor.--aparticiplephrase4.Manyyoungpeopleleavehomeatanearlyage.Manyyoungpeoplewholeavehomeatanearlyagedonotmanagetheirmoneywell.--anounphrase+arelativeclause2020/12/1033◆ChoppySentences（割裂句）Aresentencesthatretooshort.Overuseofthemisconsideredpoorstyle.Tocorrect:combinetwoorthreeshortsentencestomakeonecompoundorcomplexsentence.2020/12/1034E.g.Windisanenduringsourceofpower.Waterisalsoanunlimitedenergysource.Damsproducehydraulicpower.Theyhaveexistedforalongtime.Windmillsarerelativelynew.BothWindandwaterareenduringsourcesofpower.Damshaveproducedhydraulicpower.foralongtime,butwindmillsarerelativelynew.2020/12/1035Wemustfindnewsourcesofenergy.Naturalsourcesofenergyaredwindling.Solarenergyisapromisingnewsourceofenergy.Solarenergyisenergyfromthesun.Wemustfindnewsourcesofenergybecausenaturalsourcesofenergyaredwindling.Solarenergy,whichisenergyfromthesun,isapromisingnewsource.2020/12/1036◆Run-onSentences（串句）Twoormoreindependentclausesarewrittenoneafteranotherwithnopunctuation.◆CommaSplices（逗號粘連，逗號錯誤）Twoindependentclausesareincorrectlyjoinedbyacommawithoutacoordinatingconjunction.2020/12/1037E.g.Run-onMyfamilywenttoAustraliathentheyemigratedtoCanada.CommaspliceMyfamilywenttoAustralia,thentheyemigratedtoCanada.2020/12/1038MyfamilywenttoAustralia.ThentheyemigratedtoCanada.MyfamilywenttoAustralia;thentheyemigratedtoCanada.MyfamilywenttoAustralia

andthentheyemigratedtoCanada.AftermyfamilywenttoAustralia,theyemigratedtoCanada.MyfamilywenttoAustraliabeforetheyemigratedtoCanada.2020/12/1039◆Stringysentences（粘連句）一個句子中有太多的由and,but,so

和because連接的獨(dú)立句.Itoftenresultsfromwritingthewayyouspeak,goingonandonlikeastringwithoutanend.Thereisnorulelimitingthenumberofindependentclausesallowedinonesentence,buttwoisagoodmaximum.

2020/12/1040Manystudentsattendclassesallmorning,andthentheyworkallafternoon,andtheyalsohavetostudyatnight,sotheyareusuallyexhaustedbytheweekend.1)Manystudentsattendclassesallmorning,andworkallafternoon.Sincetheyalsohavetostudyatnight,theyareusuallyexhaustedbytheweekend.2)Becausemanystudentsattendclassesallmorning,workallafternoon,andstudyatnight,theyareusuallyexhaustedbytheweekend.2020/12/1041MisplacedModifiers（修飾語錯置）1)PlacemodifiersascloseaspossibletowhattheymodifyE.g.Tonyboughtanoldcarfromacrooked欺詐的dealerwithafaultytransmission變速器.Tonyboughtanoldcarwithafaultytransmissionfromacrookeddealer.2020/12/1042Billyelledatthehowlingdoginhisunderwear.Bill,inhisunderwear,yelledatthehowlingdog.2)trytoplaceonly,just,andnearlyascloseaspossibletothewordstheymodifyandgenerallybeforethem.E.g.Ourphonealmostrang15timeslastnight.Ourphonerangalmost15timeslastnight.2020/12/10433)Atroublesomeadverbialmodifierthatseemstofitnowhere,putitatthebeginning.IgotonabusthatwasgoingtotheBallParkbymistake.IgotonabusbymistakethatwasgoingtotheBallPark.Bymistake,IgotonabusthatwasgoingtotheBallPark.2020/12/10444)由which,that引導(dǎo)的從句一定要放在它們所修飾的詞的后面。Hecrossedthestreaminacanoe,whichwasrecentlystockedwithfish.Inacanoe,hecrossedthestream,whichwasrecentlystockedwithfish.2020/12/10455)不要把修飾語放在可以修飾句子任何一部分的位置上。Studentswhostudyoftengetgoodgrades.Studentswhooftenstudygetgoodgrades.Studentswhostudygetgoodgradesoften.2020/12/1046DanglingModifiers(懸垂修飾語）在句中找不到邏輯上被修飾的對象表現(xiàn)為：-ing短語，不定式短語，介詞短語，省略句方法：改變一兩個詞的位置；調(diào)整語序2020/12/10471)After3hoursofpractice,alargemugofbeerwaswhatthethirstydancerswanted.After3hoursofpractice,thethirstydancerswantedalargemugofbeer.2)Tojointheteam,aCaverageorbetterisnecessary.Tojointheteam,youmusthaveaCaverageorbetter.Foryoutojointheteam,youmusthaveaCaverageorbetter.2020/12/1048FaultyParallelism（錯誤平行結(jié)構(gòu)）1）錯誤并列—語法結(jié)構(gòu)不同Hespendsagreatdealofmoneyandfoolishly.extravagantly

表現(xiàn)：andwho,andwhichTom,whoiswiseandintelligent,andwhoisourunionrepresentative,hasbeenpromotedtoforeman.Tom,whoiswiseandintelligentandwhoisourunionrepresentative,hasbeenpromotedtoforeman.2020/12/10492)列舉或比較時，必須在意義和結(jié)構(gòu)上平行Manypeoplechooseairtransportationbecauseitisfast,offersconvenience,anditisnotveryexpensive.Manypeoplechooseairtransportationbecauseitisfast,convenient,andinexpensive.2020/12/10503)錯誤省略：經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在has/have,will,shall結(jié)構(gòu)中Healwayshasandalwayswillcompeteforthehighesthonor.Healwayshascompetedandalwayswillcompeteforthehighesthonor.2020/12/10514)than和as連接錯誤用than和as比較式，要保證邏輯和語法同時正確HislearningisasextensiveasPaul.(Paul’s)Thestudentsattendingourschoolaremoreintelligentthanyourschool.(thoseattendingyourschool)2020/12/1052主語放句首，即使是無生命的Theassignmentannoyedthestudents.如果句子不是以主語開始，考慮用一個狀語結(jié)構(gòu)，用一個詞、詞組或從句開始。Onthisoccasionyoushouldquitanddosomethingelse.Bettersentences2020/12/1053Whenyoufeelthemusereturning,youcanpickupthepencil.Shethoughtshecouldimproveinherwriting.Andshedid.句首盡量少用“thereis”句型。盡量少用動詞的被動語態(tài)2020/12/1054盡量使用行為動詞，避免用tobe動詞Poor:Shewentpastmydesk.Better:shesidledpastmydesk.Poor:Sheisparticularaboutfood.Better:Shecomparespricesandqualityoffood.2020/12/1055慎用形容詞Whenyoucatchanadjective,killit.byMarktwin一個主語只做一件事。ThewriterlivedinSmithHallandwroteherfirstpaperaboutthewar.2020/12/1056避免使用this代詞，除非你和讀者都知道指的是什么。

句子長短搭配要適宜。Onesentenceineverytenwillhavefewerthantenwords.句首和句尾要強(qiáng)而有力。2020/12/1057Poor:However,shedidnotpassthecourse.Better:Shedidnot,however,passthecourse.Poor:Goodwritingishardwork,inmyopinion.Better:Goodwritingis,inmyopinion,hardwork.

2020/12/1058避免常用詞的生僻用法去除贅詞(unnecessary)Wordy:Mylittlesisterhasapreferenceforchocolatemilk.Improved:Mylittlesisterpreferschocolatemilk.2020/12/1059Attheendofarousingspeechongovernmentpolicieswhichshesaidweredesignedtostimulatetheeconomyinspiteoftheoppositionofthosewhodislikechange,theMinisterofTransport,Mrs.Castle,speakingatameetingoftradeunionleaders,expressedherbitterdisappointmentthattherailstrikehadnotbeensettled.2020/12/1060Corr