英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)grammar

第一講詞法主講：朱坤領(lǐng)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法主要包括兩大部分——詞法和句法考慮到同學(xué)們需要在語(yǔ)法方面補(bǔ)一下課，我將把英語(yǔ)中的主要語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目相對(duì)系統(tǒng)地講解一下。我首先要講的是詞法。需要向大家指出的是，我的講解同時(shí)適合

于大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（A）和大學(xué)英語(yǔ)（B）的同學(xué)。希望我的講解對(duì)同學(xué)們能有所裨益。英語(yǔ)的詞類英語(yǔ)的詞類主要包括：名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、冠詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、介詞、連詞等。下面我簡(jiǎn)要地講一下大家對(duì)各個(gè)詞類需要注意的問題。（一）名詞1、名詞的種類（1）普通名詞a)

可數(shù)名詞：boy,girl,studentb)

不可數(shù)名詞：crew,union,

water（2）專有名詞：London,

Hong

Kong2、名詞的類別轉(zhuǎn)化。不同種類之間的名詞有時(shí)是可以相互轉(zhuǎn)化的。（1）可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞之間

It

is

not

a

large

wood

–

it

contains

scarcelyany

trees.Put

some

wood

on

thefire.（2）個(gè)體名詞與物質(zhì)、抽象名詞之間

The

prisonerwasgiven

onlybreadandwater.Crocodiles

live

in

these

waters.3、名詞的數(shù)1）名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的規(guī)則變化a）一般情況下，單數(shù)名詞+s：bags,studentsb)以s，x，ch，sh結(jié)尾的詞，單數(shù)名詞+es：glasses,

boxes,

matches,

brushesc)以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的詞，變y

為

i +es：cities,

bodiesd)以o結(jié)尾的名詞，通常是單數(shù)+es：heroes,potatoes,tomatoes但詞尾為兩個(gè)元音的詞或外來詞仍加s：radios,

zoos,photose)

以f或fe

結(jié)尾的詞，多數(shù)變f為

v

+es:

wives,

knives但有些詞只加s：proofs,roofs,chiefs,gulfs2）集體名詞的數(shù)(family,team,

committee,police等)The

team

are

full

of

enthusiasm.(指隊(duì)員)Thisteam

is

pretty

strong.(指整個(gè)隊(duì))4、名詞的所有格及意義1）’s所有格形式及其意義This

is

Tom’s

book.2）of

所有格形式及其意義I

bought

amap

of

China

yesterday.3）of

+名詞所有格形式及其意義He

isa

friend

of

mysister’s.4）名詞所有格修飾的詞的省略This

book

is

not

mine,

but

Peter’s.二、冠詞1、冠詞的分類：定冠詞，不定冠詞，零冠詞2、下面我們復(fù)習(xí)一下定冠詞、不定冠詞和零冠詞的基本用法1）定冠詞的用法a)在一般名詞前表示特指This

is

the

library

where

Lu

Xun

once

worked.b)用于形容詞前表示某一類人the

rich,

the

poor,

the

disabledc)與表示世界上獨(dú)一無二的東西的名詞連用the

sun,

the

moon,

the

earth,

the

skyd)用于表示階級(jí)、政黨的名詞前the

Democratic

Party,

the

working

classe)用于序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)和表方位的名詞前the

first,

the

best,

the

back

of

a

chair2）不定冠詞的用法a)表示“一個(gè)”或“某一個(gè)”

The

University

of

Arizona

is

a

stateuniversity.b)表示“某一類”

An

expert

inradio

engineeringwill

give

usa

lecture

on

Friday.3）零冠詞的用法a)用于專有名詞、抽象名詞和物質(zhì)名詞

China,importance,

iron,

money,nature(做“大自然”講時(shí))b)用于復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示某一類時(shí)c)用于稱呼、節(jié)假日、季節(jié)、月份、星期（但是，中國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日前，需要用the）d)用于某些固定詞組中

at

school,

in

danger,

by

bus,

on

foot,

go

tobed

/

school

/

work

/hospital三、代詞代詞的分類和句法功能1、人稱代詞：I,you,he/she/it,we,they?？捎米髦髡Z(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)I

have

something

to

tell

you.Oh,

it’s

you,

John,

my

dear.2、物主代詞：my,your,his/her/its,our,their等?？勺鞫ㄕZ(yǔ)。May

I

borrow

your

dictionary?另外，名詞性物主代詞可作賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。--Whose

pen

is

this?--It’s

hers/mine.3、反身代詞：myself,

yourself,himself/herself/itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves。作賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。

The

girl

is

too

young

to

look

after

herself.（賓語(yǔ)）I

fixed

the

window

myself.（同位語(yǔ)）Thegrandma

in

the

play

is

myself.（表語(yǔ)）4、指示代詞：this,

these,

that,

those,

such,same,it。作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。This

is

a

truck.（主語(yǔ)）How

do

you

like

these?（賓語(yǔ)）

I

have

never

seen

such

a

beautiful

citybefore.（定語(yǔ)）5、相互代詞：each

other,one

another。作賓語(yǔ)。其所有格形式each

other’s,oneanother’s作定語(yǔ)。Do

you

oftensee

oneanother?(賓語(yǔ))

We

have

respected

each

other’s

territorialintegrity.(定語(yǔ))6、不定代詞：all,

each,

every,either,neither,one,none,little,

few,many,much,

other,another,some,any,no

以及由some,any,no

和由every構(gòu)成的合成代詞，如something,anybody等，大多數(shù)作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)。All

went

away

quietly.(主語(yǔ))Iknowlittle

about

the

plan.(賓語(yǔ))That

is

all

for

today.(表語(yǔ))Were

there

many

people

at

the

meeting?(定語(yǔ))7、疑問代詞：who,whom,whose,what及其用法。1）在特殊疑問句中。What

is

your

name?Who

is

coming

to

dinner?2）在復(fù)合句中。

Who

will

be

in

charge

of

the

work

is

notdecided

yet.(引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句)

Do

you

knowwhois

comingtogiveus

thelecture

on

modern

drama

today?(引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句)8、關(guān)系代詞：who,whose,whom,which和that。引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。The

film

which/that

I

saw

last

night

is

good.

The

engineer,

whose

brother

is

my

friend,

isnow

working

in

a

big

company

now.四、數(shù)詞1、基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞基數(shù)詞：表示數(shù)目的詞。如one,two,

three。序數(shù)詞：表示事物順序的詞。如first,second,third。2、分?jǐn)?shù)的表示法?:

one

fourth,

aquarter?:

three

fourths,

threequarters3、小數(shù)的表示法0.5:

zero

point

five0.025:

zero

point

zero

two

five7.8:

seven

point

eight4、倍數(shù)和百分比的表示法1）倍數(shù)+形容詞/副詞的比較級(jí)+than

The

price

is

3

times

higher

than

last

year.(今年的價(jià)格比去年高三倍)2）倍數(shù)+as+形容詞/副詞+as

Theluggageis4timesaslightasmine.(這件行李只有我的行李的四分之一重?；颍罕任业男欣钶p三倍。)3）倍數(shù)+名詞

This

room

isfive

timesthesize

of

thatone.(這個(gè)房子是那個(gè)房子的五倍大?；颍罕饶莻€(gè)房子大四倍。)4）動(dòng)詞+by+百分比

The

price

rose

by

20%this

year,comparedwith

the

same

period

last

year.(與去年同期相比，物價(jià)提高了20%。)5）double/triple/quadruple+名詞

We

shall

double

the

output

of

our

industrythis

year.(今年我們將使工業(yè)產(chǎn)量翻一

番。)

The

boss

should

quadruple

our

wages.(老板應(yīng)當(dāng)把我們的工資翻兩番。)五、形容詞和副詞（一）形容詞1、形容詞的句法作用1）作定語(yǔ)He

is

a

competent

engineer.2）作表語(yǔ)The

city

is

beautiful.3）作復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的一部分Who

left

the

door

open?4）作狀語(yǔ)He

spent

seven

days

in

the

snow,

cold

and

hungry.2、形容詞詞組1）形容詞+介詞詞組He

isbusywithhiswork.2）形容詞+不定式短語(yǔ)He

will

be

happy

toacceptyour

invitation.3）形容詞+that從句I’m

sure

that

he

will

come.4）形容詞轉(zhuǎn)用作名詞The

richshould

help

thepoor.（二）副詞1、副詞的句法作用1）作狀語(yǔ)，修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、全句，也可以修飾數(shù)詞、不定代詞或名詞。You

shouldn’t

stay

up

too

late.(修飾副詞)Heis

very

pleased.(修飾形容詞)He

usually

goes

tobed

at

ten.(修飾動(dòng)詞)

The

ship

loaded

approximately

300

tonsofcoal.(修飾數(shù)詞)2、帶ly和不帶ly的副詞:high,highly;most,

mostly;

near,nearly

People

usually

think

highly

of

theconquerors.(表方式、方法、程度)Please

hold

the

flag

high.(表結(jié)果)

The

next

flight

does

not

go

direct

to

Paris.(表方式)（三）形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)1、比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成1)

單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞young

–

younger

–youngestlarge

–

larger

–

largestbusy-busier–

busiestbig

–bigger–biggest2）多音節(jié)詞powerful-

more

powerful

–

most

powerful

important

–

more

important

–

mostimportant3)一些形容詞/副詞特殊的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)形式（形容詞/副詞的不規(guī)則變化）good-

better-bestwell

-

better-bestbad-

worse

–worstbadly-

worse

–worst2、形容詞、副詞比較級(jí)的表達(dá)形式1）“比較級(jí)+than”結(jié)構(gòu)Thisclass

isbiggerthanthat

one.Sheplays

table

tennisbetter

than

I.2）“as…as”

或“notso…as”結(jié)構(gòu)Our

old

mother

has

been

as

busy

asbefore.

The

word

robot

is

not

asmodern

as

youmight

imagine.3）“themore…themore”

“no

more

than”“no

less

than”

“not…any

more

than”

“notso

much…as”結(jié)構(gòu)Tom

is

no

better

than

peter.The

sooner

he

comes,the

better.3、形容詞、副詞最高級(jí)的表達(dá)形式

This

isthe

most

difficult

work

I

have

everdone.He

runs

(the)

fastest

in

the

class.六、動(dòng)詞1、動(dòng)詞的分類1）及物動(dòng)詞I

bought

a

dictionary

yesterday.2）不及物動(dòng)詞Hesitsatthetable.3）系動(dòng)詞John

isanEnglish

teacher.Trees

turn

green

when

spring

comes.4）助動(dòng)詞（be,will,have）Will

he

come

with

me?5)

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（can,

may,must）

We

are

sure

that

she

can

come

to

themeeting.2、某些動(dòng)詞第三人稱單數(shù)不規(guī)則變化have

–hasgo–

goes3、動(dòng)詞過去式和過去分詞的規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化ask

–asked

–askedgo

–

went

–gone4、時(shí)態(tài)1）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)用動(dòng)詞原形，第三人稱單數(shù)加sI

usuallyget

upatsix

inthemorning.Heusually

getsup

at

sixin

the

morning.2)一般過去時(shí)，通常在動(dòng)詞詞尾加ed，但有些動(dòng)詞的過去式有特殊的形式（不規(guī)則變化）Themeeting

lastedfor

3

hours.I

forgot

to

bring

the

book

with

me.3）一般將來時(shí)a)

will/shall+動(dòng)詞原形Tom

will

meet

you

at

the

airport.We

shall

wash

the

dishes.b)am/is/are

going

to+動(dòng)詞原形；am/is/are+動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞；am/is/are +

to

(about

to)+動(dòng)詞原形It

is

going

to

rain.Theyare

to

meetat

the

gateat

two

o’clock.The

meeting

is

about

to

begin.We

are

leaving

for

Nanjing

tomorrow.4）過去將來時(shí)a)

would/should+動(dòng)詞原形

It

was

settled

that

we

should

start

the

nextmorning.

She

said

she

would

raise

thequestion

at

themeeting.b)was/were

going

to+動(dòng)詞原形；was/were+現(xiàn)在分詞；was/were+to+動(dòng)詞原形；was/were+aboutto+動(dòng)詞原形

I

was

going

to

return

some

books

thatafternoon.Iwasjustaboutto

callyouwhenhecame

in.

We

asked

him

where

we

were

going

to

worknext

week.5）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：have/has+過去分詞Ihave

notread

thenovel

before.She

hasbeen

illfor

3

days.6）過去完成式：had+過去分詞

By

the

end

of

last

semester,

they

hadlearned

10

lessons.7）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式：am/is/are+現(xiàn)在分詞I

amreading

abook.They

are

compiling

a

dictionary.8）過去進(jìn)行式：was/were+現(xiàn)在分詞I

waswriting

aletterwhen

hecamein.9）將來進(jìn)行時(shí)：will/shall+be+現(xiàn)在分詞

Thistimetomorrow

theywill

be

watchingTV.10）過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí)：would/should+be+現(xiàn)在分詞

He

askedmewhat

Iwould

bedoingthenextday.11）現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：have/has+been+現(xiàn)在分詞How

long

hasit

been

raining?12）過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：had+been+現(xiàn)在分詞It

had

been

raining

for

2days.5、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)1）被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成：be+過去分詞Smoking

is

not

allowed

here.The

window

was

broken

by

aboy.2）被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，一般過去時(shí)，一般將來時(shí)，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，過去完成時(shí)The

issue

is

being

discussed.The

point

hadbeen

raised

againandagain.The

plan

would

have

been

approved

that

day.3）幾種特殊結(jié)構(gòu)a)含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+過去分詞

The

plan

ought

to

be

put

into

practice

assoon

as

possible.b)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)：動(dòng)詞+介詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)Thistopic

has

been

talked

about

for

years.動(dòng)詞+副詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)The

meeting

will

beputoff

tillnextweek.動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)：The

noisehas

to

be

putup

with.c)要求雙賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：We

gave

him

some

books.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：Hewas

given

some

books(byus).Some

books

were

given

to

him

(by

us).d)要求復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：Her

friends

advised

her

to

takethe

medicine.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：She

was

advised

to

take

thismedicine.主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：We

found

him

reading

in

room.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：He

was

found

reading

intheroom.6、語(yǔ)氣語(yǔ)氣有如下四類：1）陳述語(yǔ)氣：陳述事實(shí)或提出想法2）疑問語(yǔ)氣：提出問題3）祈使語(yǔ)氣：表示請(qǐng)求、邀請(qǐng)或命令等4）虛擬語(yǔ)氣：表示純?nèi)患傧氲那闆r或主觀愿望請(qǐng)大家注意：虛擬語(yǔ)氣是重中之重??！虛擬語(yǔ)氣虛擬語(yǔ)氣在形式上分為三類：1）現(xiàn)在虛擬語(yǔ)氣：主要用動(dòng)詞原形God

bless

you.It

is

essential

that

theban

be

lifted.2）過去虛擬語(yǔ)氣：和陳述語(yǔ)氣的過去式相同，但動(dòng)詞be

要用were

形式Imagine

your

child

played

truant.

She

treated

me

as

though

I

were

(was)

astranger.3）過去完成式：和陳述語(yǔ)氣中的過去完成式相同I

wish

I

hadn’tdone

so.If

I

had

seen

her,

I

would

have

toldher.虛擬語(yǔ)氣的用法1、用于虛擬條件，表示現(xiàn)在及將來情況的虛擬條件句從句相當(dāng)于過去式的形式主句would/should+動(dòng)詞原形比如：If

I

were

you,

I

would

take

the

job.

If

they

knew

English,they

wouldbeable

towork

better.1）在主句中，除了would

之外，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有時(shí)也可以用might,

could。If

you

tried

again

you

might

succeed.If

I

could

type,

I

might

save

a

lotof

time.2）在條件從句中有時(shí)還可以用“were

to+不定式”或“should+不定式”這兩種形式：

If

he

were

(was)

to

resign,

who

would

takehis

place?

If

the

toys

should

arrive

in

a

damagedcondition,

please

inform

us

immediately.3）在某些條件從句中（如包括were和should的從句中），if有時(shí)可以省略，這時(shí)次序要改為倒裝。Were

I

Tom

I

would

refuse.

Should

you

require

anything

just

give

me

aring.4）從句有時(shí)可用If

it

were

not

for

這種句型，表示“若不是”。

If

it

weren’t

for

your

help,

we

would

beinserious

trouble.

Were

it

not

for

their

loan,

our

life

would

bevery

difficult.5）在極少數(shù)情況下，從句中的謂語(yǔ)可用動(dòng)詞原形，主句中的謂語(yǔ)可用陳述語(yǔ)氣。

If

any

person

be

found

guilty,

he

shall

havethe

right

of

appeal.

If

that

be

the

official

view,

it

cannot

beaccepted.2、表示過去情況的虛擬條件句主句would

have+過去分詞從句had+過去分詞(相當(dāng)于過去完成式)比如：If

hehadcome

afewminutesearlier,you

would

havemet

him.1）主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也可以用might和could；有時(shí)也可以用should(應(yīng)當(dāng))。If

my

father

hadlived,he

couldhavedoneall

this

for

me.

If

we

had

found

him

earlier,

we

might

havesaved

his

life.

If

he

had

apologized,

you

should

havedoneso

too.2）從句中也可用had

not

been

for

來構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)，表示“要不是”。

If

it

had

not

been

foryour

timely

help,

wewould

have

got

into

serious

trouble.3）if有時(shí)可以省略，但后面的部分需改為倒裝語(yǔ)序。

Had

shebeenasked,

shewouldhavedoneit.4）含蓄條件句有些句子雖然不含虛擬語(yǔ)氣，但意思和條件句差不多。這種句子也可能使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。I

might

see

her

personally,

it

would

be

better.Such

a

thing

wouldn’t

have

happenedelsewhere.5）某些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的使用某些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，特別是should,would,could,might,在口語(yǔ)中用得很多，使語(yǔ)氣變得客氣委婉。Would

you

mind

shutting

the

window?I

should

be

glad

totalktohim.3、條件從句中的動(dòng)作和主句中的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)間不一致的情況，稱為錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句。

If

I

were

you,

I

would

have

gone

to

thetheaterlastnight.(我要是你，我昨晚是會(huì)去看戲的。)

If

you

had

not

satup

solate

last

night,

youwouldn’tbe

so

sleepy

now

at

class.(你若昨晚沒熬夜那么久，今天的課你就不會(huì)那么困了。)4、用介詞短語(yǔ)表示虛擬條件

Without

his

help

I

could

not

havecompletedthe

Ph.

Ddissertation.

We

should

have

done

better

under

morefavorable

conditions.5、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在其它從句中的應(yīng)用。（這一部分是重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)）1）在suggest,

advise,

agree,

urge,

ask,

desire,move

(提議),

decree,

intend,

petition,

demand,insist,

order,propose,request, mend,command,

require

等動(dòng)詞及其相應(yīng)的名詞之后的that從句(賓語(yǔ)從句，表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句)中，虛擬語(yǔ)氣形式為：should+動(dòng)詞原形（should?？墒÷裕┍热纾?/p>

I

suggest

that

we(should)

holda

meetingtonight.

Thechairman

proposed

that

we

(should)discussthequestion

thenandthere.He

received

the

order

that

he

go

home

now.The

order

isthathe

go

homenow.2）在It

is

natural

(incredible,necessary,strange,important,

essential,

advisable,imperative,desirable,better等)that從句的句

型中，that所引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，其形式是：should+動(dòng)詞原形（should?？墒÷裕┤纾篒t

is

quitenatural

that

you

should

succeed.

It

will

be

better

thathe

shouldgo

to

seehisdoctor

this

afternoon.It

isimportantthat

he

work

hard.3）在wish后的that從句中，虛擬語(yǔ)氣用過去式或過去完成式I

wish

that

I

were

young

again.I

wishyouhadcome

tomybirthday.相對(duì)地，hope

后的that

從句中，就不能用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。Ihopethat

I

am

youngagain.4）would

rather

(sooner)后的賓語(yǔ)從句中，要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，意思是“寧愿”。

I’d

sooner

(rather)

you

didn’t

ask

methatquestion.--do

you

mind

if

I

smoke

here?--I’d

ratheryou

didn’t.5）在suppose后面的賓語(yǔ)從句中也可能包含虛擬語(yǔ)氣，意思是“設(shè)想，假如”。Suppose

her

father

turned

her

out

ofdoors!

Suppose

they

did

not

believehim,

whatwould

theydo

tohim?6）在ifonly感嘆句中，虛擬語(yǔ)氣用過去完成式或would/could+動(dòng)詞原形If

onlyhe

had

not

drivenso

fast!If

onlyhehad

not

left!7）在wouldrather

后的that從句中，虛擬語(yǔ)氣用過去式（be用were）或過去完成式。I’d

rather

youwent

home

now.

My

wife

would

rather

we

did

not

seeeachother

anymore.6）在It

is

(high)time

that

的主語(yǔ)從句中，虛擬語(yǔ)氣用過去式。It

is(high)

timethatwebegan.7）在lest,for

fearthat,incase

引出的從句中，虛擬語(yǔ)氣為should/might+動(dòng)詞原形，虛擬語(yǔ)氣用動(dòng)詞的過去式（be用were）或had+過去分詞。He

ran

away

lest

he

should/might

be

seen.

We

spoke

in

whispers

for

fear

that

wemight

wake

the

baby.8）在以asif(asthough)引出的虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示比擬的從句中，根據(jù)上下文，從句謂語(yǔ)用動(dòng)詞過去式（be用were）或had+過去分詞。You

speak

as

if

you

had

really

been

there.I

looks

as

ifitmightrain.7、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞1、can,

could,

may,might,

must,

ought

to,need,

dare的含義和用法1）can

和could：can一般與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)，could一般與過去有關(guān)①表示“一般的能力”I

canspeakEnglish.

She

couldsinglikean

angelwhenshewasa

kid.②用于否定句和疑問句中，表示“懷疑”、“猜測(cè)”、“不肯定”It

surely

can’t

be

five

o’clock

already?At

that

time

I

thought

it

couldn’t

betrue.③can/could+not+havedone

或can/could+主語(yǔ)+havedone，表示對(duì)過去發(fā)生事件的“懷疑”或“肯定”She

could

not

have

forgotten

my

address.Can

hehave

left

now?④表示可能性O(shè)ne

can

holdhis

breathfor

3minutes

withpractice.(表示有可能發(fā)生，但不一定真的發(fā)生)

Itcannotbetrue.(表示現(xiàn)實(shí)可能性，僅限于否定句)

You

could

be

right,but

I

don’t

think

youare.(表示現(xiàn)實(shí)可能性)⑤表示請(qǐng)求、允許、命令CanIhaveacupoftea?--Could

I

make

a

phone

call?--Yes,

you

can.(回答中不用could)2)may

和might①表示“允許”或“請(qǐng)求”MayIcome

in?MightImakeasuggestion?②may/might+have

done

表示對(duì)過去的推測(cè)

Mr.

White

may/might

have

missed

thetrain.③表示可能性We

may

go

swimming

tonight.I

might

get

a

job

soon.3)

must①表示“必須”或“應(yīng)當(dāng)”You

must

finish

your

job

before

6.②mustn’t

表示“不應(yīng)該”或“不允許”You

mustn’t

waste

your

precious

time.③表示“肯定的推測(cè)”He

must

bein

the

classroom.④must+have

done

表示對(duì)過去的推測(cè)，有“一定”或“準(zhǔn)是”的含義You

must

have

studied

English

before.4）ought

to①表示“義務(wù)”，強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀情況

I

ought

to

go

and

see

my

mother

tomorrow,but

I

don’t

think

I

have

time

for

it.②ought

to+have

done表示某事物該做而沒有做；ought

not

to+have

done表示某事不該發(fā)生而發(fā)生了You

ought

to

have

finished

it

earlier.You

oughtn’t

to

have

been

so

rude.③表示“勸告”You

ought

to

see

a

doctor.5）need①表示“需要”，只有在否定句、條件句和疑問句中才能做情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用NeedIcome

tomeet

you?I

don’t

think

that

need

to

be

thought

about.②needn’t+動(dòng)詞不定式：表示過去已經(jīng)做了但不需做的動(dòng)作

You

needn’t

have

watered

the

vegetable,

asitisgoing

torain.6)dare表示“敢于”I

dare

not

do

it.Darehetellthetruth?dare

也可做普通動(dòng)詞Do

you

dare

to

ask

him

for

help?

The

enemydidnotdaretocomeoutafterdark.2、shall,should,will,would用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞1）shall在疑問句中，用于第一、三人稱，表示說話人征求對(duì)方的意見或向?qū)Ψ秸?qǐng)求Shall

I

open

the

door

for

you?Shall

he

leave

now?2)

should①表示“勸告”、“建議”或“預(yù)測(cè)”You

should

drive

more

carefully.He

shouldbeathomenow.②should+have

done表示某事本應(yīng)完成而未完成。should

not+have

done表示發(fā)生了不應(yīng)當(dāng)發(fā)生的事情You

should

have

stopped

at

the

red

light.You

should

not

have

quit

your

job.3)

will①表示“意志”、“意愿”和“決心”I

will

go

and

fetch

some

chalk.We

will

do

our

best

to

help

the

victims.②用于疑問句中的第二人稱，表示“請(qǐng)求”、“詢問”Will

you

follow

me?4)

would①表示過去時(shí)間的“意志”、“意愿”和“決心”

He

declared

that

he

would

do

anything

tohelp

us.②可用于表示在現(xiàn)在時(shí)間里，說話人的意志和請(qǐng)求

Would

you

please

tell

me

the

way

to

thetheatre?8、動(dòng)詞不定式1、動(dòng)詞不定式的構(gòu)成①一般式主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：to+動(dòng)詞原形When

to

startthe

project

remains

undecided.②進(jìn)行式主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：to

be+現(xiàn)在分詞He

seems

toberecovering.③完成式主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：to

have+過去分詞He

seems

to

have

studiedSpanish

before.④完成進(jìn)行式：to

havebeen+現(xiàn)在分詞⑤一般式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：to

be+過去分詞He

ordered

the

boatto

be

discharged.⑥完成式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：tohavebeen+現(xiàn)在分詞2、不定式的否定形式：not+動(dòng)詞不定式I

told

him

not

to

open

the

door.He

decided

not

to

go

home.

The

teacher

warned

the

pupils

no

to

go

skating

onthin

ice.3、不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)：for+名詞/代詞賓格+不定式There

are

many

difficulties

for

us

to

e.

I

have

arranged

for

my

secretary

to

meet

you

atthe

airport.4、疑問詞+不定式She

will

tell

you

which

bus

totake.

Do

you

know

how

to

expressthe

idea

inEnglish?5、不定式中to的省略1）在一般助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后

I

can/may

do

everythingfor

you

ifyouwant

meto.2）在make,

let,

watch,see,hear,notice,feel,have等動(dòng)詞后What

hesaidmade

me

feelsad.Do

you

see

my

sister

comein?6、不定式的句法功能：作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等

To

master

a

language

is

not

an

easy

thing

todo.(主語(yǔ))

或：

It

isnotaneasy

thing

tomaster

a

language.He

offered

to

help

us.(賓語(yǔ))

The

greatest

happiness

is

to

work

for

thehappiness

of

all.(表語(yǔ))Do

you

have

anything

to

say?(定語(yǔ))We

are

eager

to

take

part

in

the

work.(狀語(yǔ))I

want

you

to

do

it.(賓補(bǔ))9、現(xiàn)在分詞1、現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成1）一般式主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：動(dòng)詞原形+ing2）一般式被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：being+過去分詞3）完成式主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：having+過去分詞4）完成式被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：having

been+過去分詞5）現(xiàn)在分詞的否定結(jié)構(gòu)：not+現(xiàn)在分詞2、現(xiàn)在分詞的句法功能1）作定語(yǔ)This

is

a

touching

story.That

building

being

prepared

is

our

library.2）作狀語(yǔ)Having

done

the

shopping,

she

went

home.

Relying

onour

ownefforts,

weovercam