第八講-科技翻譯課件

第8講科技翻譯（1）ScienceandTechnologyTranslationEnglishforscienceandtechnology

ByDr.RamakantaSahuAssociateProfessorFacultyofEducationMahweet

Overthepastfewyears,therehasbeenasteadyincreaseinfocusontheuseofaspecializedvarietyofEnglishforspecificdisciplines.Thisisbroadlyknownasregister-basedEnglishorEnglishforspecialpurposes(ESP).M.A.K.Halliday,aprominentlinguist,defines‘register’as‘languagedistinguishedaccordingto‘use’notto‘user’.WithinthebroadframeworkofgeneralEnglish,registerbaseduseofEnglishformsasubsetwherethereishighcorrelationbetweenlinguisticfeaturesandsubjectmatter.ExamplesofregisterbaseduseofEnglishare:EnglishforScienceandTechnology(EST),EnglishforBusinessandTrade(EBT),LegalEnglish,ReligiousEnglishandsoforth.

Inscienceandtechnology,languageisusedtodefine,classify,report,explain,andprove.ClarityofconceptsandlogicalthinkingareveryimportantcornerstonesofscientificEnglish.ThecentralconcernofESTistheaccessibilityofknowledge.‘WethusneedarhetoricthatrevealshowknowledgeismappedintotheprintandsoundsystemofEnglish.’

(KeithJones1975)

Thelanguagehereservesapurelyreferentialpurpose.Objectivityandimpersonaltonearethewatchwordsinscienceandtechnology.Mostoftenitisconcernedwiththereferentialorpropositionalmeaningoflanguageandnotwiththepragmaticorasocio-linguisticmeaning.Obviously,thelanguageinscienceandtechnologyisvaluedforobjective,propositionalcontent,whereaninterrogativestructuremeansaquestionandadeclarationisembeddedinastatement.

Englishforscienceandtechnologyisavarietyoflanguageusage.Herethelanguageismanifestedinacertainwayintheexpressionofconceptsandproceduresthatcharacterizesthestudyofscienceandtechnology.Hencewordsareprimarilyassociatedwith,whatMAKHallidaycalls,“theheuristicandrepresentationalfunctions”ascontrastedwith“personalandinteractionalfunction.”ThereforewordsusedinEnglishforscienceandtechnologyhavetobeimmunetoanyculturalassociationsorimplications.

Thereisahighdegreeofcorrelationbetweengrammaticalstructuresandthepurposeoflanguage.Asfarasthestyleofwritingisconcerned,thereislittlescopeforindividualstyleofwriting.Asanaturalcorollaryofthis,agreateremphasisisputonthelanguage‘use’andnotthe‘user’.Moreover,thereislittleconsiderationforrolerelationships.

ThemostimportantpurposeofEnglishforscienceandtechnologyis,sotosay,nottoshowhowbeautifullyonecanwrite,howwideisone’svocabulary,howvariedisone’ssentencestructure,buttofocusonitsreferential,rolesandfunctions.Keepingthisinview,Englishforscienceandtechnologyshouldbeproperlytaughtandlearnt.

CharacteristicsofEST(EnglishforScienceandTechnology)

1.Vocabulary:specializedtermsSplash:（水等飛濺）tolandinwater,especiallyintheocean,afteraspaceflight（宇宙飛船等從太空歸航時(shí)濺落于大洋水面）2Grammar1）Nominalizatione.g.determination,transmission,evaluation,programming,teaching,processing.ExpandedNounPremodifiersIlluminationintensitydetermination=determinationoftheintensityofillumination照明強(qiáng)度測(cè)定a.Theearthrotatesonitsownaxis,whichcausesthechangefromdaytonight.b.Therotationoftheearthonitsownaxiscausesthechangefromdaytonight.地球繞軸自轉(zhuǎn)，引起晝夜的變化。

2）NonfiniteVerbsa.Adirectcurrentisacurrentwhichflowsalwaysinthesamedirection.b.Adirectcurrentisacurrentflowingalwaysinthesamedirection.直流電是一種總是沿同一方向流動(dòng)的電流。3）passivevoiceTranslationmethod1.Passivevoice---activevoiceSandmaybecarriedmanymilesawaybythewind.風(fēng)可以把沙土帶到許多英里以外的地方。Anewdevicewasputinthechimneyandsonoharmfuldirtysmokespreadout.一種新的裝置裝入了煙囪,從而有害的污煙便不再冒出來。Communicationssatellitesareusedforinternationallivingtransmissionthroughouttheworld.全世界都將通訊衛(wèi)星用于國(guó)際間的實(shí)況轉(zhuǎn)播。2.ChangeofsubjectStrokevictimsshouldbewarnedtostopsmoking,toexerciseandcontrolcholesterol.應(yīng)當(dāng)警告腦中風(fēng)患者停止吸煙、加強(qiáng)鍛煉和控制膽固醇。PotassiumandsodiumareseldommetintheirnaturalState.人們很少見到自然狀態(tài)的鉀和鈉。Temperatureischangedquicklyfromroomtemperatureto125°Candisheldthereforatleast15minutes.使溫度很快地從室溫升高到125°C,并至少保持15分鐘。

3.“據(jù)說”“據(jù)信”“據(jù)報(bào)道”“聽說”Itisbelievedthat?人們相信,大家相信Itisestimatedthat?據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)(推算)Ithasbeenfoundthat?已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn);實(shí)踐證明Itmustbekeptthat?必須記住Itispredictedthat?據(jù)估計(jì);據(jù)預(yù)計(jì)Itmustberealizedthat?必須了解(認(rèn)識(shí)、明白)Itissuggestedthat?有人建議Itisunderstoodthat?人們理解;不用說It’sbelievedthatherplansforamoviecareerhadallbeenmerelyapipedream.有人說她那些當(dāng)明星的計(jì)劃全都是些非非遐想罷了。5.“是…的”“遭受”、“遭到”、“受到”“為…所”,“加以”、“予以”等Thetemperaturesandpressuresarecontrolledandadjustedwiththeseswitches.溫度和壓力是用這些開關(guān)來調(diào)節(jié)的。Plasticarticlesarenotdamagedbywater.塑料制品不會(huì)為水所損壞。6.multiplicationThedistanceiseighttimesaslongasthepreviousone.這一距離為前者的8倍這一距離8倍于前者這一距離比前者長(zhǎng)7倍Autoaccidentsincreasedby2.5timescomparedwithlate1960s.車禍比60年代末期增多了1.5倍車禍增加到60年代末期的2.5倍SinceVestaisabout2.4timesfartherFromtheSunthanistheEarth,itreceivesonlyaboutone-sixthofthelightandheatthatwedo.灶神星離太陽的距離是地球離太陽的距離的2.4倍，它從太陽那里接受的光和熱只相當(dāng)于地球從太陽那里接受的光和熱的六分之一。Signalswillbeissuedeveryfourthminute.每4分鐘發(fā)出一次信號(hào)。ComputersandPeopleInfuture,cashwillbeusedless