世界經(jīng)濟(jì)論壇-良好的數(shù)據(jù)：共享數(shù)據(jù)并促進(jìn)公眾信任和意愿（英文）-2021.4-31正式版

GoodData:

SharingDataandFosteringPublicTrustandWillingness

WHITE PAPER

APRIL 2021

Cover:GettyImages

Contents

Executivesummary

3

1Secondarydatauseanddatasharing

5

1.1

Thegrowingexpectationsforsecondarydatause

5

1.2

Currentinitiativestopromotedatasharing

5

1.3

Thepublicresponsetoinnovativedatause

6

1.4

Thevariousplayersinhealthcareinnovation

8

1.5

Issues

8

2TheTrustandWillingnessFramework:Aframeworkfor

9

buildingpublictrust

2.1

Theimportanceoftrustindatacirculation

9

2.2

Whyandhowtrustisbrokenandlost

10

2.3

Aframeworkforbuildingpublictrustinthefaceof

11

socialuncertainty

2.4

ApplicationoftheTrustandWillingnessFramework

13

3TheGoodDataFramework:Anethicallysoundframeworkfor

15

datahandling

3.1

Anethicallysoundframeworkfordatahandling

15

3.2

Theclassificationofdatautilization

17

3.3

Governanceintheemergingeraofdatautilization

18

3.4

Proposalforahumanimpactassessmentthatuses

20

thecheckpoints

4Fromnoticeandconsenttotrustandwillingness

21

Conclusion

26

Contributors

27

Endnotes

29

?2021WorldEconomicForum.Allrights

reserved.Nopartofthispublicationmay

bereproducedortransmittedinanyform

orbyanymeans,includingphotocopying

andrecording,orbyanyinformation

storageandretrievalsystem.

GoodData:SharingDataandFosteringPublicTrustandWillingness 2

Executivesummary

Thekeyto“gooddata”liesinhowdataishandled.

COVID-19hasrevealedsocialdisparitiesanddelays

purposes,butalsoa“secondary”asset,inwhich

indigitalizationinmanycountries,highlightingthe

additionalworthiscreatedthroughbroader

largegapthatexistsbetweenthecurrentrealityand

circulation.Howtosafelypromotethissecondary

theoptimalFourthIndustrialRevolutionsocietythat

useofdataisnowamajortopicofdiscussion

isseamlessandinclusiveofthesociallyvulnerable.

aroundtheworld.

TheWorldEconomicForumAnnualMeeting2021

anditstheme,the“GreatReset”,1advocated

Variouschallengesrelatedtothesecondary

buildingthefoundationsofeconomicandsocial

useofdataexist,however.Someinvolvedata

systemsforafuturethatisjust,sustainableand

governancesystemsandhowtheyaddress

resilient.Whatisneededinsteadofachoice

aspectsofdatahandling,suchasethical,legaland

betweenpublichealthandtheeconomy,for

socialimplicationsandresponsibleresearchand

instance,isanewsocialcontractthatensures

innovation.Theseissuesshowthatthekeyto“good

sustainabilitywhileprotectinghumanlife,dignity

data”liesinhowdataishandled:withconsideration

andsocialjustice.

forprivacy,fairness,socialjusticeandethics,not

tomentionlegalcompliance(Figure1).Byhandling

Datacanbeapowerfultoolinthiseffort.Data

dataproperly,datauserscangainthetrustofthe

isnotonlya“primary”asset,withvaluetothe

public,asindividualsandasdatasubjects,and

organizationsthatcollectanduseitforspecific

increasepeople’swillingnesstoprovidedata.

FIGURE1Scopeofconsiderationsneededindatautilization

Privacy

Considerations

Legalcompliance

forother

considerations

socialvalues

(fairness,etc.)

Source:World

EconomicForum

Globalregulationsontheseissueshavebeen

sufficientlyastheydonotindicatespecific

introduced,suchastheOrganizationforEconomic

interpretationsandmethodsforpracticalapplication.

Co-operationandDevelopment(OECD)Privacy

Guidelines,2theAsilomarArtificialIntelligence(AI)

Togaintrustindatautilizationandstrengthen

Principles,3theOECD’sRecommendationofthe

people’swillingnesstoprovidedata,thedata

CouncilonArtificialIntelligence4andtheEuropean

governancemodelknownas“noticeandconsent”,

Commission’sEthicsGuidelinesforTrustworthy

inwhicheachindividualdatasubjectisnotified

ArtificialIntelligence.5Whenconsideringhow

andaskedforconsenteachtimehisorherdatais

dataishandledinreal-worldsettings,however,

collected,mustberevisited.6Inreality,fewusers

theseprinciplesandguidelinesmaynotfunction

readprivacypoliciescarefully,asituationthatis

GoodData:SharingDataandFosteringPublicTrustandWillingness 3

OnechallengeraisedinthepilotprojectinJapanhasbeenhowdatauserscangainpublictrustandsecurethewillingnessofindividualstoprovidedataondementia.

likelytobeexacerbatedbythedevelopmentoftheinternetofthings(IoT).7Inaddition,itcanbedifficulttoapplythenoticeandconsentmodeltopeoplewhosecognitivefunctionshavedeclined,suchascertainseniors,becausetheirabilitytounderstandtheirsituationandtoreason–theprerequisiteofnotificationandconsent–maybecompromised.Thus,anewschemefordatahandlingthatcanbetrustedbyall,includingcognitivelyimpairedpeople,mayneedtobedeveloped.

Inthiscontext,thisWhitePaperpresentstwoframeworksastoolsforacceleratinginnovationwhilebuildingtrust.Itdescribesattitudesandprocessesthatvariousdatauserscanadopttoprotectsocialvalues.8

– TheTrustandWillingnessFramework–Aframeworkforbuildingpublictrust

–TheGoodDataFramework–Anethicallysoundframeworkfordatahandling

TheseframeworksareanembodimentoftheTrustandGovernanceFrameworkproposedintheWorldEconomicForumWhitePaper“RebuildingTrustandGovernance:TowardsDataFreeFlowwithTrust(DFFT)”,9whichfocusesoncasesinwhichdataholdersactasgovernanceentities.Basedonthefourgovernancemethodsoutlinedinthatdocument(socialnorms;markets;rules;andthe“by-design”approach),thisWhitePaperdescribestheimportanceofthesemeansofgovernance,whichhasconventionallyinfluencedbusinessentities.Itseekstoencouragetheengagementandproactiveeffortsofbusinessentitiesasdataholdersinthesearchfornewwaystobuildtrustthroughmultistakeholdercollaboration.

ThisWhitePaperisintendedprincipallyfor:

–Stakeholderswhoaimtopromotedatautilizationwhilegainingtrustfromthepublic,goingbeyondsimplelegalcompliance

–Entitiesconnectedtothepolicy-makingprocessregardingdatautilization.

Chapter1summarizesthevalueofsecondarydatauseanddatasharing.Chapter2presentstheTrustandWillingnessFramework,aprocessforbuildingpublictrustinthesecondaryuseofdata.ItexaminestheimportanceoftrustindatadistributionintheeraoftheFourthIndustrialRevolution,mechanismsbywhichtrustislostandapproachestobuildingtrust.Chapter3describestheGoodDataFrameworkanditscheckpointsforethicalconsiderationsindatautilization.

TheframeworkspresentedinChapters2and3areintertwinedintermsofaccountability.ByimplementingtheinitiativesforethicalconsiderationsindatahandlingpresentedinChapter3andsharingandcommunicatingtheseinitiativeswithstakeholdersusingtheframeworkoutlinedinChapter2,dataholderscanfulfiltheirdutyofaccountability,whichwillleadtotrustbuilding.

Chapter4illustratesthepotentialforsolvingissuespertainingtothenoticeandconsentregime,whichisthelegalbasisfordatautilizationinmanycountries,bydatausersusingtheframeworkpresentedinChapters2and3.

BOX1

ApilotprojectinJapan:Infrastructuredevelopmentforvaluecreationbycirculatingdataonelderlypeople,includingthosewithdementia

In2019,theJapanesegovernmentpublisheda

industry–academia–government–publicinitiative

nationalstrategyrelatedtodementiacalledthe

forinfrastructuredevelopmenttocirculatedataon

“FrameworkforPromotingDementiaCare”.10

theelderly,includingthosewithdementia,isunder

Variouspoliciesarebeingcarriedoutunder

consideration.Onechallengeraisedhasbeen

theframework,basedonthetwinthemesof

howdatauserscangainpublictrustandsecure

preventingdementiaandsupportingthequality

thewillingnessofindividualstoprovidedataon

oflifeofpeoplelivingwiththecondition.Oneof

dementia.ThatissueledtothisWhitePaper.

thestrategy’sthemesisdatautilization,andan

TheWorldEconomicForuminvitesdiscussionon

thispaperwillcontributetobuildingthefoundation

datauseandsharingandlooksforwardtoexploring

foracceleratinginnovationthroughdatautilization

opportunitiesforfuturepilotprojectswiththosewho

whileprotectingsocialvalues.

showinterestinthisWhitePaper.Thehopeisthat

GoodData:SharingDataandFosteringPublicTrustandWillingness 4

Secondarydatause

anddatasharing

Toacceleratehealthcareinnovationwhileprotectingsocialvalues,theestablishmentofapracticalcorporatedataethicsframeworkisneeded.

1.1Thegrowingexpectationsforsecondarydatause

Datautilizationismovingfromtheprimary-use

OECD,datafromdataholdersis10-20times

phase,inwhicheachorganizationorgroupcollects

morevaluablewhensharedandusedbyother

andusesdataforaspecificpurpose,tothe

datausers,and20-50timesmorevaluabletothe

secondary-usephase,inwhichvalueiscreated

economyasawhole(Figure2).11

bycirculatingdatainsociety.Accordingtothe

FIGURE2 Thevalueofdata

Society

(inducedeffects)

Secondarydatauser

(indirecteffects)

Primarydatauser

(directeffects)

1 10-20 20-50

Source:World

EconomicForum

1.2Currentinitiativestopromotedatasharing

InFinland,theActontheSecondaryUseofHealth

Authority,whichisresponsibleforreviewingthe

andSocialData12cameintoforceinMay2019.This

secondaryuseofdataanddataprovisionservices.

actmakesitpossibletouseanonymizedhealthcare

ThisFinnishinitiativeisaleadingexampleof

dataforcorporateresearchanddevelopment,

implementingamechanismtopromotesecondary

aswellasforinnovationactivitiesinadditionto

datausetogetherwithagovernancesystem,based

academicresearchandstatisticalpurposes.The

ontheorganizedandintegratednationaldatabase.

FinnishGovernment,incollaborationwiththe

NationalInstituteofHealthandWelfare,established

Inanotherexample,inJapan,theprovisionof

Findata,theHealthandSocialDataPermit

anonymizedinformationonhealthinsuranceclaims

GoodData:SharingDataandFosteringPublicTrustandWillingness 5

andspecifichealthcheck-upandprescriptiondata,

65%oftheseinitiativeshavelimitedscopeand

etc.,forpublicinterestpurposes,includingforuse

onlydealwiththesharingofdataheldbythepublic

byprivatecompanies,beganinOctober2020.

sector.Asisoftencitedasachallenge,only15%

arerelatedtothefacilitationofdatasharinginthe

Nevertheless,accordingtotheOECD,although

privatesector.Furthermore,initiativesinvolving

asmanyas205governmentinitiativespromoting

personaldataaccountforlessthanhalfofthedata-

datasharingin37countrieshavebeenidentified,

sharinginitiativesintheprivatesector.13

BOX2

BillGates:“WemustsharedatatofightAlzheimer’s.”14

Asof2018,thenumberofelderlypeoplewith

indementiaresearch.Thiseffortstronglybelieves

dementiaworldwidereachedapproximately50

inthepotentialforinnovationthroughdatasharing.

million.Thisnumberisexpectedtotripletoover

150millionby2050.15Thepercentageofpeople

Inaddition,theWorldWideFINGERSorganization

withdementialivinginlow-andmiddle-income

sharesfindings,knowledgeandprotocolsof

countriesalreadyaccountsfor60%ofthetotal,

dementiapreventionresearchconductedinvarious

andthispercentagecontinuestoincrease.16

countries,suchasfromtheFinnishrandomized

Leavingthisissueunaddressedwillleadtothe

controlledstudyondementiaprevention,the

furtherwideningofsocialdisparities.

FINGERStudy.18Theorganizationalsoaimsto

InNovember2020,theAlzheimer’sDiseaseData

enablethefuturedatacombinationandanalysis

ofdementiapreventionresearchinnumerous

Initiative(ADDI)waslaunched.17Thisinitiative’s

threeobjectivesareto:1)ensureinteroperability

countriestoimprovethequalityofeachstudy.

InJapan,discussionsondevelopingaresearch

amongexistingdatabasessothatdatacanbe

transferredsmoothly;2)promotedatasharing

protocolthatallowsthesharingandsecondary

betweenacademiaandtheprivatesector;and3)

useofdataobtainedfromdementiaprevention

supportidentifying,combiningandanalysingdata

researchareunderway.19

1.3

Thepublicresponsetoinnovativedatause

Information

Oneofthechallengesofdatasharingis“difficulty

ofdatauseandthebusinessmodel,dueto

leakageand

inmanagingriskssuchasprivacyviolations”.

insufficientcommunication,explanation,etc.

illegalityare

BetweentheenforcementoftheEUGeneralData

(lackofaccountability)

nottheonly

ProtectionRegulation(GDPR)inMay2018and

concerns.Issues

November2020,435sanctionswereimposed.

2.Doubtsaboutobtainingappropriateconsent

relatedtoprivacy,

AftertheCaliforniaConsumerPrivacyActcame

(inadequateconsentprocess)

intoforceinJanuary2020,byOctober2020,23

discriminationand

lawsuitshadbeenfiled.20Concernsandunexpected

3.Lackoftechnologyandunderstandingto

unimaginableuses

reactionsregardingthenegativeeffectsofgreater

ensuredataprocessingandhandlinginafair

ofdataarealso

datasharinghavebeenraisedaroundtheworld

andconsciousmanner(lackofconsiderations

problematic.

bythepublicagainstcompaniesandgovernments

offairness)

thathaveengagedininnovativedatause(Table1).

Informationleakageandillegalityarenottheonly

4.Riskofinvasionofprivacyduetoexcessive

concerns.Issuesrelatedtoprivacy,discrimination

collectionofdataduringthedatacollection

andunimaginableusesofdataarealsoproblematic.

phaseorextensiveuseofdataafteritscollection

Theintentionsofthedatausersarenotthemain

issuehere;rather,thefocusisonpublicreaction.

5.Inappropriatedatautilizationthatfailstotake

Thefactorsthatcontributetopublicresponses

intoaccountsocialvaluesotherthan3and4.

againstdatautilizationincludethefollowing,which

havebeengroupedintofivecategories:

Thislistshowsthatpublicdemandsondata

usersarenotlimitedtocompliancewithlawsand

1.Lackofunderstandingandempathyfromdata

regulationsbutalsoincludeconsiderationsofprivacy

subjectsandthepublicregardingthepurpose

andsocialvaluessuchasfairnessanddemocracy.

GoodData:SharingDataandFosteringPublicTrustandWillingness 6

TABLE1

Casesofpublicconcernregardingdatautilization

Event

Case

Overview

Factor

Installationof

Aninitiativeexaminedthepossibilityofcreatinghumanflow

1.Socialmovement

statisticstocontributetosafetymeasuresintheeventofa

12345

camerasinstations

disasterbytakingpicturesofpeoplepassingthroughstations.

Theinitiativewashaltedbecauseofprivacyconcerns.

Employment

Awebsitethatprovidesemploymentsupportservicescollected

2.Lawenforcement

datasuchasthebrowsinghistoryofstudentshuntingforjobs

12345

supportservice

andanalyseditbyAItocalculatethepossibilityofdecliningjob

offers.Thedatawassoldtomultiplecompanies.

Collectionof

Anemployeesuedacompanyforallegedlyviolatingthe

BiometricInformationPrivacyAct(BIPA)bycollecting

3.Lawenforcement

employees’

12345

employees’fingerprintsforattendancemanagementpurposes

fingerprints

withoutpriorconsent.Thecourtrejectedthesuit.

Advertising

Aclassactionlawsuitwasfiledagainstacompanyforreal-

4.Lawenforcement

timebidding(auctionbiddingforadvertisements),claiming

12345

auctionbidding

thatthecompanywasprocessingdatawithoutobtaining

appropriateconsentfromusers.

AhumanrightsNGOdemandedthatthegovernment

Corporate

investigateanAI-basedcorporaterecruitingtool,claiming

itconstitutedan“unfairanddeceptive”practice.Itwas

5.Socialmovement

recruitment

12345

concernedthatthealgorithms,basedonbiasedlearning,

algorithms

“promotediscrimination”bymakingitmorelikelytoselect

applicantswhoarewhiteormale.

6.Mediareport

Misrecognition

Aphotoapplicationidentifiedablackwomaninaphoto

12345

ofaphotoapp

as“agorilla”.

Shoplifterdetection

Privacyconcernswereraisedoverareportthatretailerswould

12345

7.Mediareport

usefacescanstodetectshopliftersandalertsecurityguards

system

whentheyenterthestore.

Humanitarianuse

AnNGOpublishedareportstatingthatduetoconcernsabout

8.Socialmovement

reliability,reusability,security,reputationandsocialimpact,

12345

ofbiometrics

theuseofbiometricsforhumanitarianpurposesshouldbe

reconsideredbecauserisksoftenoutweighbenefits.

COVID-19digital

Morethan100humanrightsNGOsissuedajointstatement

9.Socialmovement

expressingconcernoverhumanrightsviolationsinresponse

12345

surveillance

tothewidespreaduseofdigitalsurveillancetechnologyasa

measureagainstCOVID-19invariouscountries.

Cross-bordertransfer

Itwasreportedthatdataheldbyasocialnetworkingservice

12345

10.Mediareport

ofsocialnetworking

hadbeentransferredoverseasandthatitcouldhavebeen

servicedata

unintentionallyviewedbythirdparties.

11.Social

Approaches

AnNGOthatpromotessustainabilityinbusinessreleaseda

12345

basedonAIand

reporthighlightingtheimportanceoftakinghumanrights-based

movement

humanrights

approachesinthedevelopmentandimplementationofAI.

Surveillance

Itwasreportedthatfacialrecognitiontechnologydeveloped

byastart-upcompanythatwasabusinessassociateofthe

12.Mediareport

technologyofcitizens

12345

concernedprivatecompanywasusedtomonitorcitizensofa

inadifferentcountry

differentcountry.

13.Law

Impacton

Acaseoccurredwherepersonalinformationcollectedbysocial

12345

democratic

networkingserviceswasprovidedtothirdpartiesandusedfor

enforcement

decision-making

promotionrelatedtoelectionsandvoting.

Source:WorldEconomicForum

GoodData:SharingDataandFosteringPublicTrustandWillingness 7

1.4Thevariousplayersinhealthcareinnovation

Softwarehaseatentheworld…andhealthcareisnext.21

Innovatorsinthehealthcarefieldareaverydiverse

considerationsandinnovation(medicalprogress),

group.TheBigFiveUStechcompanies(Alphabet,

whichcanbeseeninethicalprinciplessuchas

Amazon,Apple,FacebookandMicrosoft)andthe

theDeclarationofHelsinki.24However,today’s

majortechcompaniesinChinaknownasBATs

innovatorsinthehealthcarefieldarenotnecessarily

understandthattheirstrengthsindata,resources

wellversedinthisarea.Also,somehealthcare

andecosystemscancreatesignificantvaluewhen

servicescanbedevelopedthroughnon-invasive

combinedwithreal-worldhealthcaredata,and

approaches,suchasexerciseanddietaryguidance,

theyareinvestinginandacquiringcompaniesin

orthroughdatausewithoutintervention.Thus,

thehealthcarefield.22Inadditiontothesetech

sinceassumedrisksandbenefitsfordatasubjects

companies,businessesinavarietyofother

differfromonecasetoanother,itisessentialto

industries,includingenergy,insurance,realestate

discusseachcase.

andtelecoms,areenteringthehealthcaremarket.

Furthermore,2019sawthebirthofadigitalhealth

Toacceleratehealthcareinnovationwhileprotecting

unicorncompanywiththetotalvalueofmorethan

socialvalues,theestablishmentofapractical

$90billion,23andanumberofotherstart-upsare

corporatedataethicsframeworkisneededthat

alsocontributingtotheexpansionofthemarket.

businessentitiescanrefertointheircapacityas

dataholders,sotheycandealinadvancewith

Inthefieldofmedicalresearch,agovernance

reactionsfromthepublic,asindicatedinthe

systemhasbeenestablishedtobalanceethical

previoussection.

1.5Issues

Thefollowingissuesonthesecondaryuseofdataanddatasharingcanbeidentified:

Lackofinitiativestoestablishagovernancestructureintheprivatesectorfortheappropriatesecondaryuseofdataanddatasharing

Risingpublicconcernaboutdatautilization

Concernsregardingthedataethicsliteracyofbusinessentitiesashealthcaredatausers.

Inthiscontext,thisWhitePaperpresentstwoframeworksastoolsforacceleratinginnovationwhilebuildingtrust.Itdescribesattitudesandprocessesthatvariousdatauserscanadopttoprotectsocialvalues.

– TheTrustandWillingnessFramework–Aframeworkforbuildingpublictrust

–TheGoodDataFramework–Anethicallysoundframeworkfordatahandling

GoodData:SharingDataandFosteringPublicTrustandWillingness 8

TheTrustandWillingnessFramework:Aframework

forbuildingpublictrust

Socialuncertaintyexistsbetweendatausersanddatasubjectsduetoinformationasymmetryandthecharacteristicsofdata.

2.1Theimportanceoftrustindatacirculation

Trustisstronglyrecognizedwhenitisbeingbrokenandlost.25

Socialuncertaintyexistsbetweendatausersand

focusesthediscussiononsocialuncertaintyand

datasubjectsduetoinformationasymmetryand

trust(Figure3).

thecharacteristicsofdata(intangible,easinessof

reproductionandtransfer,etc.).Inthiscontext,

Trust,inallofitsaspects,playsanimportantrole

socialuncertaintyreferstothesituationinwhichit

inpeople’slivesandfunctionsasalubricantfor

isdifficultforindividualdatasubjectstoaccurately

economicactivity.SociologistNiklasLuhmann

understandhowdatausersmanageorusetheir

viewstrustassomethingthat“reducessocial

data.Asindividualsmustgiveconsenttotheuse

complexitybyexceedingavailableinformation

oftheirdatadespitesocialuncertainty,whatis

andgeneralizingexpectationsofbehaviorinthat

importanthereistrust.

itreplacesmissinginformationwithaninternally

guaranteedsecurity”.26Ifindividualsororganizations

Trustisapolysemousword.Itisabroadtopic

weretobecomeunabletotrustotherpeopleor

thathasbeenstudiednotonlyinpsychologyand

organizations,theywouldhavetobeconstantly

sociology,butalsointhesocialsciences,science

vigilanttoprotectthemselves.Thecostofthis

andengineering,althoughthediscussionsacross

mistrustwouldbeextremelyhighandwouldhave

thesedisciplinesarenotnecessarilybasedonthe

asignificantnegativeimpactontheefficiencyof

samedefinitionandconcepts.ThisWhitePaper

societyandtheeconomyasawhole.

FIGURE3Importanceoftrustindatacirculation

Datasubjects

Socialuncertainties

Trust

Datacirculation

Datausers

Source:World

EconomicForum

GoodData:SharingDataandFosteringPublicTrustandWillingness 9

Peoplearenotalwaysveryconsciousoftrustintheirdailylives,however.Forinstance,trustliesbehindthebehaviourofnumerouspeoplewhoagreetothetermsofprivacypolicieswithoutreadingthem.Manypeopleexpectcompaniestoengageingooddatagovernanceorimplicitlybelievethatgovernancecanbeimprovedthroughlitigationorsocialcriticism.Trustisalsosocialcapitalasitreducesthecostoftransactionsandcooperation.Whentransactionsandcooperation

becomepartofadailyroutine,avirtuouscircleiscreatedbasedonthegeneralbeliefthatotherpeoplearetrustingalso.

Therefore,trustexistsevenwhenpeoplearenotawareofhavingtrust;itisonlywhenadiscrepancyarisesthatcausesittobreakdownthatdatausersandthepublicbecomekeenlyawareofit,asseeninthecasesofpublicconcernoverdatautilizationlistedinTable1.

2.2Whyandhowtrustisbrokenandlost

Theantonymofconsentisnotdissent,butsurprise.

ATelecomcompany

Whyandhowistrustbrokenandlost?

datautilizationphase.Thisgapcancausenegative

surprisestoindividualsandthepublic,resultingin

Certainresearchhascategorizedtrustinto“trust

brokenandlosttrust.

incompetence”and“trustinmotive”.27Matching

theperceptions,valuesandexpectationsof

Figure4outlinesthekindsofgapsthatarise

datasubjectsandthepublicwiththepurposes

betweentheperceptions,valuesandexpectations

andmotivesofdatausersfostersdatasubjects’

ofindividualsasdatasubjectsandtheactualdata

willingnesstoprovidedata.However,gaps

utilizationbydatausers,thereasonsthegaps

canoccurbetweenthemethodsandeffectsof

appearandtheireffects,alongeachphaseofthe

datautilizationandtheperceptions,valuesand

datautilizationprocess.

expectationsofindividualsandthepublicatthe

FIGURE4Gapsindatautilization

Datause

Planning

Data

Data

Publicreaction

Data

acquisition

processing

utilization

Datasharing

process

Contentof

datause description Utilizationmethod?purpose?impact Accumulatedgaps

Data planning

users

Gap1

Gap2

Gap3

Gap4

Totalgapcaused

Trust

bygaps1–4

Data

subjects

Perceptions?

Perceptions?values?expectations values?expectations

Source:WorldEconomicForum

GoodData:SharingDataandFosteringPublicTrustandWillingness 10

Withinthegovernancerelyingonlegalsanctions,themotivationforinnovationanddevelopmentmaybestifled

orinhibited,andonlyundulymildsanctionsmaybeapplied.

Gaps1to4inFigure4thatoccurineachphaseofdatautilizationaredescribedasfollows:

Gap1:Gaparisingfromuncertaintyaboutthemethodsusedtodealwithdatainanethicallyappropriatemannerattheplanningphase

Inthisplanningphase,ethicalconsiderationbasedonthepercep