雅思閱讀標(biāo)題題上課件

第六講：雅思閱讀標(biāo)題題（Heading）

第六講：雅思閱讀標(biāo)題題（Heading）1一、 題型要求

文章由若干段話組成，要求給每段話找個(gè)小標(biāo)題。小標(biāo)題即指該段話的段落大意，中心思想，主旨。題目形式通常是文章中的一段話標(biāo)出小標(biāo)題作為例子，要求選余下段落的小標(biāo)題。給出小標(biāo)題通常是原文的第一段。一、 題型要求文章由若干段話組成，要求給每段話找個(gè)小標(biāo)題。2二、特點(diǎn)：位于文章前特別耗時(shí)間開頭容易錯(cuò)錯(cuò)就錯(cuò)兩個(gè)二、特點(diǎn)：位于文章前3三、掌握段落主旨的兩種方法常用法：分析段落結(jié)構(gòu)，找主題句a)總分結(jié)構(gòu)b)分總結(jié)構(gòu)c)分總分結(jié)構(gòu)d)對(duì)比結(jié)構(gòu)e)并列結(jié)構(gòu)三、掌握段落主旨的兩種方法常用法：分析段落結(jié)構(gòu)，找主題句4簡(jiǎn)易法：重復(fù)出現(xiàn)時(shí)主旨a)原詞重復(fù)b)同類詞重復(fù)c)指代重復(fù)簡(jiǎn)易法：重復(fù)出現(xiàn)時(shí)主旨5總分結(jié)構(gòu)（劍3Test2）：Alltheseactivitiesmayhavedamagingenvironmentalimpacts.Forexample,landclearingforagricultureisthelargestsinglecauseofdeforestation;chemicalfertilisersandpesticidesmaycontaminatewatersupplies;moreintensivefarmingandtheabandonmentoffallowperiodstendtoexacerbatesoilerosion;andthespreadofmonocultureanduseofhigh-yieldingvarietiesofcropshavebeenaccompaniedbythe總分結(jié)構(gòu)（劍3Test2）：6disappearanceofoldvarietiesoffoodplantswhichmighthaveprovidedsomeinsuranceagainstpestsordiseasesinfuture.Soilerosionthreatenstheproductivityoflandinbothrichandpoorcountries.TheUnitedStates,wherethemostcarefulmeasurementshavebeendone,discoveredin1982thataboutone-fifthofitsfarmlandwaslosingtopsoilataratelikelytodiminishthesoil’sproductivity.Thecountrysubsequentlyembarkeduponaprogramtoconvert11percentofitscroppedlandtomeadoworforest.TopsoilinIndiaandChinaisvanishingmuchfasterthaninAmerica.disappearanceofoldvarieties71demandingenvironmentalimpacts(-)2deforestation(-)分析圖2disappearanceofoldplants(-)2soilerosion(-)2contaminatewater(-)3soilerosion4/5theUS6IndiaandChina1demandingenvironmentalimpac8總分總結(jié)構(gòu):劍三TIP3Q31Ⅰ

TheCrickandWatsonapproachtoresearch

Ⅱ

Antidotestobacterialinfection

Ⅲ

Thetestingofhypotheses

Ⅳ

Explainingtheinductivemethod

Ⅴ

Anticipatingresultsbeforedataiscollected

Ⅵ

Howresearchisdoneandhowitisreported

Ⅶ

Theroleofhypothesesinscientificresearch

Ⅷ

Deducingtheconsequencesofhypotheses

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KarlPopper'sclaimthatthescientificmethodishypothetico-deductive

Ⅹ

Theunbiasedresearcher

總分總結(jié)構(gòu):劍三TIP3Q31Ⅰ

TheCricka9Hypothesesarisebyguesswork,orbyinspiration,buthavingbeenformulatedtheycanandmustbetestedrigorously,usingtheappropriatemethodology.Ifthepredictionsyoumakeasaresultofdeducingcertainconsequencesfromyourhypothesisarenotshowntobecorrectthenyoudiscardormodifyyourhypothesis.Ifthepredictionsturnouttobecorrectthenyourhypothesishasbeensupportedandmayberetaineduntilsuchtimeassomefurthertestshowsitnottobecorrect.Onceyouhavearrivedatyourhypothesis,whichisaproductofyourimagination,youthenproceedtoastrictlylogicalandrigorousprocess,basedupondeductiveargument-hencetheterm'hypothetico-deductive'.

Hypothesesarisebyguesswork,10分析圖1hypothesescanandmustbetested2Ifthepredictionsarenotshowntobecorrect(-)3Ifthepredictionsturnouttobecorrect(+)4hypothetico-deductive分析圖1hypothesescanandmustb11分總結(jié)構(gòu)ListofHeadings

(i)Theeffectofchangingdemographicsonorganisations

(ii)FuturechangesintheEuropeanworkforce

(iii)Theunstructuredinterviewanditsvalidity

(iv)Theperson-skillsmatchapproachtoselection

(v)Theimplicationsofapoorperson-environmentfit

(vi)Somepoorselectiondecisions

(vii)Thevalidityofselectionprocedures

(viii)Theperson-environmentfit

(ix)PastandfuturedemographicchangesinEurope

(x)Adequateandinadequateexplanationsoforganizationalfailure

分總結(jié)構(gòu)12Anorganizationisonlyasgoodasthepeopleitemploys.Selectingtherightpersonforthejobinvolvesmorethanidentifyingtheessentialordesirablerangeofskills,educationalandprofessionalqualificationsnecessarytoperformthejobandthenrecruitingthecandidatewhoismostlikelytopossesstheseskillsoratleastisperceivedtohavetheabilityandpredispositiontoacquirethem.Thisisapurelyperson/skillsmatchapproachtoselection.

Anorganizationisonlyasgoo13分析圖1organization,asgoodas,people2skills,qualifications,ability3person/skillsmatch分析圖1organization,asgoodas,14Therearenowover700millionmotorvehiclesintheworld–andthenumberisrisingbymorethan40millioneachyear.Theaveragedistancedrivenbycarusersisgrowingtoo–from8kmadayperpersoninwesternEuropein1965to24kmadayin1995.Thisdependenceonmotorvehicleshasgivenrisetomajorproblems,includingenvironmentalpollution,depletionofoilresources,trafficcongestionandsafety(TS).Therearenowover700mill15SECTIONAThemeansbywhichanartformpresentsitsmessageisreferredtoasthemedium.Thus，soundproducedbyinstrumentsorhumanvoicesisthemediumofmusic.Paintoncanvasorpaperisthemediumofpainting.Forliterature，themediumiswrittenlanguage.Fortheater,itisastoryperformedbyactorsonastage.SECTIONBDramaissometimesseenasabranchofliteraturebecauseplays，likeliterature,areoftenprintedinbookform.However,thereisanimportantdifferencebetweenthetwoforms.Unlikeanovel，aplayiswrittentobeperformed,andthescriptofaplayisnotafinishedwork；itisanoutlineforaperformance.Thephysicalproductionoftheplay--thescenery,lighting，andcostumes--willaffecttheperformance,andsowilltheactors.Howtheactorsinterprettheirrolesgreatlyinfluencestheplay’seffectontheaudience.SECTIONCThebasicencounterintheaterisbetweentheperformersandtheaudience.Thisisaspecialtypeofencounterbecausetheperformersareplayingotherpeople，characters.Moreover,thecharactersarepartofahumanstorythathasbeenwrittenbyadramatist.Thiscombinationofelementsdistinguishestheaterfromotherartforms.SECTIONA16分總分結(jié)構(gòu)劍三T1P3Q30

ListofHeadings

Ⅰ

TheCrickandWatsonapproachtoresearch

Ⅱ

Antidotestobacterialinfection

Ⅲ

Thetestingofhypotheses

Ⅳ

Explainingtheinductivemethod

Ⅴ

Anticipatingresultsbeforedataiscollected

Ⅵ

Howresearchisdoneandhowitisreported

Ⅶ

Theroleofhypothesesinscientificresearch

Ⅷ

Deducingtheconsequencesofhypotheses

Ⅸ

KarlPopper'sclaimthatthescientificmethodishypothetico-deductive

Ⅹ

Theunbiasedresearcher

分總分結(jié)構(gòu)劍三T1P3Q30

ListofHeadi17Thereisnosuchthingasanunbiasedobservation.Everyactofobservationwemakeisafunctionofwhatwehaveseenorotherwiseexperiencedinthepast.Allscientificworkofanexperimentalorexploratorynaturestartswithsomeexpectationabouttheoutcome.Thisexpectationisahypothesis.Hypothesesprovidetheinitiativeandincentivefortheinquiryandinfluencethemethod.Itisinthelightofanexpectationthatsomeobservationsareheldtoberelevantandsomeirrelevant,thatonemethodologyischosenandothersdiscarded,thatsomeexperimentsareconductedandothersarenot.Whereisyournaive,pureandobjectiveresearchernow?

Thereisnosuchthingasanu18分析圖1…nosuch…unbiasedobservation…2Everyactofobservation…3…startswithsomeexpectation…4Thisexpectationisahypothesis5Hypothesesprovide…6Itisinthelightofanexpectation…7Whereisyour…researchernow分析圖1…nosuch…unbiasedobserva19并列結(jié)構(gòu)劍二T3P3StudentswhowanttoentertheUniversityofMontreal’sAthleticComplexneedmorethanjustaconventionalIDcard——theiridentitiesmustbeprovedgenuinebyanelectronichandscanner.InsomeCaliforniahousingestates,akeyaloneisinsufficienttogetsomeoneinthedoor;hisorhervoiceprintmustalsobeverified.AndsooncustomersatsomeJapanesebankswillhavetopresenttheirfacesforscanningbeforetheycanenterthebuildingandwithdrawtheirmoney.

并列結(jié)構(gòu)劍二T3P3Studentswhowantt20分析圖1IneedmorethanjustaconventionalIDcard2akeyaloneisinsufficienttogetsomeoneinthedoor3…willhavetopresenttheirfacesforscanning…分析圖1Ineedmorethanjustac21簡(jiǎn)易法——重復(fù)出現(xiàn)是主旨如果段落結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜，又存在大量生詞，可能導(dǎo)致我們難以找到主題句。這時(shí)候“簡(jiǎn)易法——重復(fù)出現(xiàn)是主旨”的作用就會(huì)顯現(xiàn)。如果一段話在不斷重復(fù)某一概念，就說(shuō)明這段話在圍繞這個(gè)概念展開，這個(gè)概念就是這段話的主旨。在一段話內(nèi)部重復(fù)出現(xiàn)可以分為三種類型：“原詞”重復(fù)、“同類詞”重復(fù)和“指代”。簡(jiǎn)易法——重復(fù)出現(xiàn)是主旨22同義詞重復(fù)：例如：“job/profession/career”屬于同義詞，可以概括成“work”。而“dance/ballet/classicalmusic/painting”屬