專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)-人工智能-最終版課件

Artificial

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IntelligenceSearch1contentDefinitionMeaningsHistoryandgreatmenDevelopinganddifficultiesKnowledgeCurrentsituationApplicationsandAchievementsFuturecontentDefinition2Definition定義

ArtificialIntelligence(AI)istheintelligenceofmachinesandthebranchofcomputersciencethataimstocreateit.DefinitioninAItextbook:”thestudyanddesignofintelligentagents”人工智能（AI）是機(jī)器智能與計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)，旨在創(chuàng)建它的分支。在AI教科書(shū)的定義：“學(xué)習(xí)的智能代理的設(shè)計(jì)?！盌efinition定義

ArtificialInte3人工智能是計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)的前沿，充滿機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn)。“AstudentinphysicsmightreasonablyfeelthatallthegoodideashavealreadybeentakenbyGalileo,Newton,Einstein,andtherest,andthatittakesmanyyearsofstudybeforeonecancontributenewideas,AI,ontheotherhand,stillhasopeningsforafull-timeEinstein.”_______《ArtificialIntelligence:AmodernApproach》（一位在物理學(xué)領(lǐng)域的學(xué)生會(huì)理所當(dāng)然的認(rèn)為所有的好點(diǎn)子已經(jīng)被伽利略，牛頓，愛(ài)因斯坦和其他人，它需要許多年前的研究能做出貢獻(xiàn)的新思路，另一方面，AI，仍然作為一個(gè)全職的愛(ài)因斯坦。）人工智能是計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)的前沿，充滿機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn)。4

“Scienceofmakingmachinesdothingsthatwouldrequireintelligenceifdonebyman.”讓機(jī)器做的事情，需要智慧，如果做了人的科學(xué)。Minsky“makecomputermoreusefulandtounderstandprinciplesthatmakeintelligencepossible.”使電腦更加有用和明白原則，使智力成為可能。

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“Scienceofmakingmachinesd5Theexcitingnewefforttomakecomputersthinks…machinewithminds,inthefullandliteralsense”(Haugeland1985)“Theartofcreatingmachinesthatperformfunctionsthatrequireintelligencewhenperformedbypeople”(Kurzweil,1990)“Thestudyofmentalfacultiesthroughtheuseofcomputationalmodels”(Charniaketal.1985)Afieldofstudythatseekstoexplainandemulateintelligentbehaviorintermsofcomputationalprocesses”(Schalkol,1990)SystemsthatthinklikehumansSystemsthatthinkrationallySystemsthatactlikehumansSystemsthatactrationallyViewsofAIfallintofourcategories:WhatisAI?Theexcitingnewefforttomak61956BirthEnthusiasm（狂熱）1966DifficultiesNeuralNetworksReborn1986ComputationalIntelligence1969IJCAIwasheld1970AIwaslaunchedKnowledgeEngineering1977Present國(guó)際人工智能聯(lián)合會(huì)議TheHistoryofAI1956BirthEnthusiasm（狂熱）1966Dif7SecondaryTranslation-MachineTranslation

thespiritiswillingbutthefleshisweak

thevodkaisgoodbutthemeatisrottenCombinatorialexplosionproblem(組合爆炸)

Thefactthataprogramcanfindasolutioninprincipledoesnotmeansthattheprogramcontainsanyofthemechanismsneededtofinditinpractice.Perceptronlimitations(感知機(jī)局限性)

Atwo-inputperceptroncannotbetrainedtorecognizewhenitstwoinputsaredifferent.DifficultiesSecondaryTranslation-M8McCarthy麥卡錫Minsky明斯基Shannon香農(nóng)GreatmenMcCarthy麥卡錫MinskyShannonGreatm9

TheAmericanscholarMcCarthywhoisconsideredthefatherofartificialintelligenceoforganizedaSociety,manyexpertsandscholarsgatheredtogetherforadiscussionofuptotwomonths.Invitingthemtoparticipateinthe"SummerDartmouthArtificialIntelligenceResearchSociety."Sincethen,thisfieldisnamed"artificialintelligence"McCarthy麥卡錫ExampleTheAmericanscholarMcCar10Inmachinelearning,in1957Rosenblatt(羅森布拉特)successfullydevelopedPerceptron(感知機(jī));在1957年機(jī)器產(chǎn)生時(shí)代，羅森布拉特成功的研制出感知機(jī)。achievement

Inmachinelearning,in1957R11Intheoremproving,in1958WangHaointheIBM-704machinewitha3-5minuteprovedall220theorem“PrincipiaMathematica”intherelevantpropositionalcalculus;In1965,Robinsonmadeduetotheresolutionprinciple(歸結(jié)原理);定理證明，1958年王皓用IBM-704機(jī)用3-5分鐘的證明所有220定理“數(shù)學(xué)原理”中的相關(guān)命題演算;1965年，羅賓遜作出了應(yīng)有的決議原則。Intheoremproving,in1958Wa12

Inpatternrecognition(模式識(shí)別),1959Selfridge(塞爾福里奇)launchedapatternrecognitionprogram;1965Robertspreparedadistinguishedbuildingblockconstructionprocedures(可分辨積木構(gòu)造程序);1959年塞爾弗里奇用模式識(shí)別推出了模式識(shí)別程序;1965年羅伯茨準(zhǔn)備了杰出的建筑模塊結(jié)構(gòu)的程序。

Inpatternrecognition(模式識(shí)別),13Intermsofproblemsolving(問(wèn)題求解):1960Newell(紐厄爾)compiledauniversalproblemsolver(GPS),cansolve11differenttypesofproblems;

Inexpertsystems(專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng)):theresultsofthe1968Feigenbaum(費(fèi)根鮑姆)developedDENDRALexpertsystemandputintouse;

achievement

在專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng)：1968的結(jié)果費(fèi)根鮑姆開(kāi)發(fā)DENDRAL“專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng)”并投入使用；在解決問(wèn)題方面：1960紐厄爾編譯一個(gè)普遍的問(wèn)題解決者(GPS),可以解決11個(gè)不同類(lèi)型的問(wèn)題;Intermsofproblemsolving(問(wèn)題14May2019,theU.S.IBM‘s“DeepBlue”supercomputerbeattheworldchesschampionGarryKasparov(卡斯帕羅夫).Thegreatachievementsofartificialintelligence2019五月，美國(guó)IBM的“深藍(lán)”超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)擊敗了國(guó)際象棋世界冠軍卡斯帕羅夫（卡斯帕羅夫）。May2019,theU.S.IBM‘s“Deep15ComputationalIntelligencethriving(90s-now)ArtificialNeuralNetwork人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)GeneticAlgorithm遺傳算法FuzzyReasoning模糊推理ParticleSwarmOptimization粒子群優(yōu)化ArtificialImmuneSystem人工免疫系統(tǒng)ComputationalIntelligencethr16Artificialintelligence(人工智能)Turingtest(圖靈測(cè)試)patternrecognition(模式識(shí)別)expertsystems(專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng))NeuralNetwork(神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò))Artificialintelligence(人工智能)17TheTuringtest(1936)Alanturing（1912-1954）TheTuringtestisatestofamachine'sabilitytoexhibitintelligentbehaviororindistinguishablefromthatofahuman.Ifthejudgercannotreliablytellthemachinefromthehuman,themachineissaidtohavepassedthetest.圖靈測(cè)試是一種測(cè)試機(jī)器的能力,表現(xiàn)出人類(lèi)的智能行為或難以區(qū)分的。如果測(cè)試的人不能明確地區(qū)分出人類(lèi)和機(jī)器,這臺(tái)機(jī)器就通過(guò)了測(cè)試。TheTuringtest(1936)Alantur18ApplicationsThemainareasGeneralmachineintelligence,conversationlbehavior,data-mining,一般機(jī)器智能,對(duì)話行為,數(shù)據(jù)挖掘Driverlesscars,robotsoccerandgames無(wú)人駕駛汽車(chē),機(jī)器人足球和游戲ApplicationsThemainareas19RobotsoccerConversationalbehaviorRobotsoccerConvers20Acomprehensivesurveypaperprovidesathoroughreviewofintelligentsystemsinprocessengineering.TheprocesscontrolresearchinthisareahaslargelybeenconcernedwiththreeAImethods:knowledge-basedsystems,neuralnerworksandfuzzylogic.一個(gè)廣泛的調(diào)查提供了一個(gè)全面的關(guān)于智能技術(shù)在工程進(jìn)程中的一系列問(wèn)題的復(fù)查，針對(duì)此領(lǐng)域的這項(xiàng)進(jìn)程控制調(diào)查研究主要集中在三個(gè)方面：知識(shí)庫(kù)系統(tǒng)、神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和模糊邏輯。Acomprehensivesurveypaperp21AImethods:knowledge-basedsystems,NeuralnetworksandFuzzylogicprovides人工智能主要集中在三個(gè)方面：知識(shí)庫(kù)系統(tǒng)、神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和模糊邏輯AImethods:knowledge-basedsys22Knowledge-basedsystems(KBS),alsoreferredtoasexpertsystems,useasetof“rules”toperformlogicalinferencesaboutthestateofaprocessoperationorsomeotheractivityofinterest.IndustrialapplicationsofKBSsystemshavelargelybeenconcernedwithsupervisory,whichhaveincludedthefollowingproblems:complexcontrolschemes,recoveryfromextremeconditonsandemergencyshutdowns.

知識(shí)庫(kù)系統(tǒng)（KBS）也就是專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng)，就是應(yīng)用一系列的規(guī)則對(duì)操作過(guò)程的狀態(tài)或其他關(guān)心的行為作出邏輯推理。知識(shí)庫(kù)系統(tǒng)在工業(yè)上主要應(yīng)用在管理活動(dòng)上。管理控制的應(yīng)用包括這樣一些問(wèn)題：復(fù)雜管理計(jì)劃、從極端條件和緊急停工的恢復(fù)。Knowledge-basedsystems(KBS),a23Neuralnetworksprovideapowerfulapproachfordevelopingempiricalnonlinearmodelsforvarietyofphysicalphenomena.Neuralnetworksalsoprovideapromisingapproachforpatternrecognitionproblemssuchassenordataanalysisandfaultydetectionwheretraditionalmodelingtechniquesarenoteasilyapplied.神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)為發(fā)展大量物理現(xiàn)象的非線性經(jīng)驗(yàn)?zāi)Ｐ吞峁┝擞行У耐緩健Ｉ窠?jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)同樣為模式識(shí)別問(wèn)題提供了非常有前景的途徑，如傳感數(shù)據(jù)分析、錯(cuò)誤檢測(cè)等這些傳統(tǒng)模型已不能輕松應(yīng)用的領(lǐng)域。

Neuralnetworksprovideapowe24Fuzzylogicprovidesconceptualframeworkforpracticalproblemswheresomeprocessvariablearerepresentedas“l(fā)inguisticvariables”whichhaveonlyafewpossiblevalues(e.g.verylarge,large,normal,smalletc.).ThusapplicationsoffuzzylogicandfuzzycontrolcanbeviewedasspecialcasesofKBS,whichhavefuzzyboundariesfortherules.模糊邏輯為實(shí)際問(wèn)題提供了一個(gè)概念上的框架。在這些實(shí)際問(wèn)題中，過(guò)程的變化被描述為語(yǔ)言上的變化，這些變化僅僅只有一些可能值（如很大、大、正常、小等）。因此，模糊邏輯和模糊控制就可看作是知識(shí)庫(kù)系統(tǒng)的特例，其規(guī)則之間的界限是模糊的。Fuzzylogicprovidesconceptu25MeaningofAIThemostimportantfieldsofresearchinthisareaareinformationprocessing,patternrecognition,game-playingcomputer,andappliedfieldssuchasmedicaldiagnosis.Presentresearchininformatio