2023年研究生類研究生入學(xué)考試專業(yè)課英語專業(yè)英漢互譯歷年高頻考點(diǎn)試題附答案難題帶詳解

2023年研究生類研究生入學(xué)考試專業(yè)課英語專業(yè)英漢互譯歷年高頻考點(diǎn)試題附答案難題帶詳解卷I一.歷年考點(diǎn)試題黑鉆版(共50題)1.Itisessentialforourapprenticetorememberthat,thoughhebeginwiththevilesthack-work—writingscoffingparagraphs,oradvertisingpamphlets,orfreelancesnippetsforthepapers—thateveninhack-workqualityshowsitselftothosecompetenttojudge;andhe'neednotalwayssubduehisgoldtotheleadinwhichheworks.Moreover,conscienceandinstinctaresurprisinglytrueandsane.Ifhefollowsthesuggestionsofhisowninward,hewillgenerallyberight.Moreoveragain,noonecanhelphimasmuchashecanhelphimself.Thereisnojobinthewritingworldthathecannothaveifhereallywantsit.Writingaboutsomethingheintimatelyknowsisasoundprinciple.HughWalpole,thatgreatlygiftednovelist,taughtschoolafterleavingCambridge,andverysensiblybeganbywritingaboutschool-teaching.Ifyoucaretoseehowwellhedidit,readTheGodsandMr.Perrin.Iwouldproposethistesttothewould-bewriter:Doeshefeel,honestly,thathecouldwriteasconvincinglyabouthisowntractoflife(whateveritmaybe)asWalpolewroteaboutthatboys'school?Ifso,hehasatruevocationforliterature.

Thefirstandmostnecessaryequipmentofanywriter,behereporter,advertisingcopy-man,poet,orhistorian,isswift,lively,accurateobservation.Andsinceconsciousnessisarapid,shallowriverwhichwecanonlyrarelydamupdeepenoughtogoswimmingandtakeourease,itishispositiveneed(unlessheisageniuswhocanaffordtoletdriftawaymuchofhisonlysourceofgold)tokeepanote-bookhandyforthesievingandskimmingofthisrunningstream.SamuelButlerhasgoodadviceonthistopic.Ofideas,hesays,youmustthrowsaltontheirtailsortheyflyawayandyouneverseetheirbrightplumageagain.Poems,stories,epigrams,allthehappiestfreaksofthemind,flitbyonwingsandathaphazardinstants.Theymustbecaughtinair...2.Herehundredsofpedestriansjostleeachotheronthestreets,camelscarrymerchandiseinfromtheSilkRoad,andteahousesandrestaurantsdoathrivingbusiness.3.Tellingstoriesisasbasictohumanbeingsaseating.Moreso,infact,forwhilefoodmakesuslive,storiesarewhatmakeourlivesworthliving.Theyarewhatmakeourconditionhuman.

ThiswasrecognizedfromtheverybeginningsofWesterncivilization.Hesiodtellsushowthefoundingmythswereinventedtoexplainhowtheworldcametobeandhowwecametobeinit.Mythswerestoriespeopletoldthemselvesinordertoexplainthemselvestothemselvesandtoothers.ButitwasAristotlewhofirstdevelopedthisinsightintoaphilosophicalpositionwhenheargued,inhisPoetics,thattheartofstorytelling—definedasthedramaticimitatingandplottingofhumanaction—iswhatgivesusashareableworld.

Itis,inshort,onlywhenhaphazardhappeningsaretransformedintostory,andthusmadememorableovertime,thatwebecomefullagentsofourhistory.Thisbecominghistoricalinvolvesatransitionfromthefluxofeventsintoameaningfulsocialorpoliticalcommunity—whatAristotleandtheGreekscalledapolis.Withoutthistransitionfromnaturetonarrative,fromtimesufferedtotimeenactedandenunciated,itisdebatablewhetheramerely,biologicallifecouldeverbeconsideredatrulyhumanone.4.1949年以后，一個(gè)真正的婦女解放過程開始了。男女平等被定為國策，所有婦女都參加生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)。這件事太偉大了，因?yàn)榫退闶窃谖鞣?，婦女對工作權(quán)、選舉權(quán)的爭取也要經(jīng)過100多年，但是中國女性直接就獲得了這些權(quán)利。而且女性參加社會(huì)生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)的比例一下就超過了很多西方國家，幾乎是100%的適齡并適合勞動(dòng)的婦女都出來工作，這應(yīng)該說是一個(gè)非常關(guān)鍵的進(jìn)步。

然而，那個(gè)年代有時(shí)是比較極端的。過于強(qiáng)調(diào)男女都一樣，男性能做到的，女性也能做到，男女之間沒什么區(qū)別，大家穿同樣的衣服，女孩兒也都不化妝，好像沒有性別的區(qū)分了。但造成這種現(xiàn)象的原因是過去女性的地位太低，轉(zhuǎn)到這個(gè)階段，女性被抑制的各種方面爆發(fā)了。此時(shí)，女性的地位得到極大提高，但性別差異也被忽略。5.Wethinkofretirementassomethingforthosewho,havingputinyearsofservice,yearnforapasturewithholesandflagsinit.Butafterfiveortenyearsnearthebeginningofthings,wheneverychallengeseemedterrifyingandeverysituationfilledwithopportunityforadvancement,Ihavefeltonethingverystrongly:Workisfortheveryyoungandtheveryold.Retirementshouldbereservedforthosewhocanenjoyit—thoseoldenoughtohaveachievedsomewisdomandperspectivebutyoungenoughtofeelthebloodintheirveinsandpossiblysomebodyelse'stoo.

It'sasimpleidea,easytoexecute.Afteraminimumtenureofemployment—say,tento12years,theworker,inthefullflushofadultvigorandcapacity,wouldberequiredtotakearetirementpackagethatincludedadecentseverance,aguaranteedstipend,andanadequatecontinuationofhealthinsurance.Afteratimetheluckyindividual,havingenjoyedyearsofcarefreeretirementactivities,attheageof58orso,wouldbeexpectedtoreturntotheranksoftheemployedandworkuntilunabletodosoanylonger,atwhichpointheorshewouldbeexpectedtogetlost.

Thinkofthebenefitstoeverygeneration!Theyoungandzestywouldhaveahostofjobsattheirdisposalandnopesky40-and-50-year-oldsblockingtheirwayuptheladder.Thoseproud,maturefolksinthehighsummeroftheiryearswouldroamtheplanetdoingastheywished.Perhapsthemostblessedinthisplanarethoseintheir50s,60s,and70s,whoarenowconsignedtotheragbinofdemographyjustwhentheywanttoworkmost.Inmyplanthisgroupreenterstheworkforcewithamazingenergy,alifetimeofexperience,andafullunderstandingofhowboringlifewithoutworkcanbe.Whataboontoanyofficethisindustrious,sociablegroupwouldbe,laboringharderandeatinganddrinkinglighterthantheiryoungercounterparts,andwillingtokissthefeetofanyorganizationgivingthemsomethingmeaningfultodo!AnyonewhohasspentanafternoonataretirementvillageknowswhatImean.6.WhenIwriteastoryIwanttomakeacertainkindofstructure,and]knowthefeelingIwanttogetfrombeinginsidethatstructure.Thisisthehardpartoftheexplanation,whereIhavetouseawordlike"feeling",whichisnotveryprecise,becauseifIattempttobemoreintellectuallyrespectableIwillhavetobedishonest."Feeling"willhavetodo.

Thereisnoblueprintforthestructure.It'snotaquestionof,"I'llmakethiskindofhousebecauseifIdoitrightitwillhavethiseffect."I'vegottomake,I'vegottobuildup,ahouse,astory,tofitaroundtheindescribable"feeling"thatislikethesoulofthestory,andwhichImustinsistuponindogged,embarrassedway,asbeingnomoredefinablethanthatAndIdon'tknowwhereitcomesfrom.Itseemstobealreadythere,andsomeunlikelyclue,suchasashopwindoworabitofconversation,makesmeawareofit.ThenIstartaccumulatingthematerialandputtingittogether.SomeofthematerialImayhavelyingaroundalready,inmemoriesandobservations,andsomeIinvent,andsomeIhavetogodiligentlylookingfor(factualdetails)，whilesomeisdumpedinmylap(anecdotes,bitsofspeech).IseehowthismaterialmightgotogethertomaketheshapeIneed,andItryit.IkeeptryingandseeingwhereIwentwrongandtryingagain.7.ForthefirsttimeinmylifeIwascoafrontedbythephenomenonofaudiblesilence.Whenwehadclimbedthefirstflightofstairs,Iaddedanotherdiscoverytomylimitedknowledgeofnaturalphenomena—thatoftangibledarkness.Amatchshoweduswheretheupwardroadcontinued.WewenttothenextfloorandthentothenextandthenextuntilIhadlostcountandthentherecamestillanotherfloor,andsuddenlywehadplentyoflight.Thisfloorwasonanevenheightwiththeroofofthechurch,anditwasusedasastoreroom.Coveredwithmanyinchesofdust,therelaytheabandonedsymbolsofavenerablefaithwhichhadbeendiscardedbythegoodpeopleofthecitymanyyearsago.Thatwhichhadmeantlifeanddeathtoourancestorswasherereducedtojunkandrubbish.Theindustriousrathadbuilthisnestamongthecarvedimagesandtheeverwatchfulspiderhadopenedupshopbetweentheoutspreadarmsofakindlysaint.

Thenextfloorshowedusfromwherewehadderivedourlight.Enormousopenwindowswithheavyironbarsmadethehighandbarrenroomtheroostingplaceofhundredsofpigeons.Thewindblewthroughtheironbarsandtheairwasfilledwithaweirdandpleasingmusic.Itwasthenoiseofthetownbelowus,butanoisewhichhadbeenpurifiedandcleansedbythedistance.Therumblingofheavycartsandtheclinkingofhorses'hoofs,thewindingofcranesandpulleys,thehissingsoundofthepatientsteamwhichhadbeensettodotheworkofmaninathousanddifferentways—theyhadallbeenblendedintoasoftlyrustlingwhisperwhichprovidedabeautifulbackgroundforthetremblingcooingofthepigeons.

Herethestairscametoanendandtheladdersbegan.Andafterthefirstladder(aslipperyoldthingwhichmadeonefeelhiswaywithacautiousfoot)therewasanewandevengreaterwonder,thetown-clock.Isawtheheartoftime.Icouldheartheheavypulsebeatsoftherapidseconds—one—two—three—uptosixty.Thenasuddenquiveringnoisewhenallthewheelsseemedtostopandanotherminutehadbeenchoppedoffeternity.8.Everybookstandsbyitself,likeaone-familyhouse,butbooksinalibraryarelikehousesinacity.Althoughtheyareseparate,togethertheyalladduptosomething;theyareconnectedwitheachotherandwithothercities.Thesameideas,orrelatedones,turnupindifferentplaces;thehumanproblemsthatrepeatthemselvesinliferepeatthemselvesinliterature,butwithdifferentsolutionsaccordingtodifferentwritingsatdifferenttimes.Booksinfluenceeachother;theylinkthepast,thepresentandthefutureandhavetheirowngenerations,likefamilies.Whereveryoustartreadingyouconnectyourselfwithoneofthefamiliesofideas,and,inthelongrun,younotonlyfindoutabouttheworldandthepeopleinit;youfindoutaboutyourself,too.

Readingcanonlybefunifyouexpectittobe.Ifyouconcentrateonbookssomebodytellsyouyou"ought"toread,youprobablywon'thavefun.Butifyouputdownabookyoudon'tlikeandtryanothertillyoufindonethatmeanssomethingtoyou,andthenrelaxwithit,youwillalmostcertainlyhaveagoodtime—andifyoubecome,asaresultofreading,better,wiser,kinder,ormoregentle,youwon'thavesufferedduringtheprocess.9.在中國，筆、墨、紙、硯(inkslab)，就是人們所說的“文房(thestudy)四寶”，在中華文明的傳承中起了重要作用。作為文化藝術(shù)工具，以其獨(dú)特性能催生了漢字特有的書法藝術(shù)，也促使中國畫形成了獨(dú)特的風(fēng)格。文房四寶不僅有實(shí)用價(jià)值，它們本身也是供人觀賞的藝術(shù)品，并逐步成為收藏品。文房四寶品類繁多，豐富多彩，選材制作不斷趨于完善、精美，歷代都有名品、名匠產(chǎn)生，成為一種深厚的文化積淀。在當(dāng)今時(shí)代，使用筆、墨、紙、硯進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)、寫作的人越來越少了，但是，在中國的書法、繪畫、收藏以及修身養(yǎng)性活動(dòng)中，它們?nèi)云鹬豢商娲淖饔谩?0.ItisnotacoincidencethattheglobaleconomyisexperiencingthemostseverecaseofunemploymentduringtheworsteconomiccrisissincetheGreatDepression.Unemploymentishighlydependentoneconomicactivity;infact,growthandunemploymentcanbethoughtofastwosidesofthesamecoin:wheneconomicactivityishigh,moreproductionhappensoverall,andmorepeopleareneededtoproducethehigheramountofgoodsandservices.Andwheneconomicactivityislow,firmscutjobsandunemploymentrises.Inthatsense,unemploymentiscountercyclical,meaningthatitriseswheneconomicgrowthislowandviceversa.

Butunemploymentdoesnotfallinlockstepwithanincreaseingrowth.Itismorecommonforbusinessestofirsttrytorecoverfromadownturnbyhavingthesamenumberofemployeesdomoreworkorturnoutmoreproducts—thatis,toincreasetheirproductivity.Onlyastherecoverytakesholdwouldbusinessesaddworkers.Asaconsequence,unemploymentmaystarttocomedownonlywell.afteraneconomicrecoverybegins.Thephenomenonworksinreverseatthestartofadownturn,whenfirmswouldratherreduceworkhours,orimposesomepaycutsbeforetheyletworkersgo.Unemploymentstartsrisingonlyifthedownturnisprolonged.Becauseunemploymentfollowsgrowthwithadelay,itiscalledalaggingindicatorofeconomicactivity.11.Today,onWorldTeachers'Day,wepayhomagetoallteachersfortheirpivotalroleinshapingchildren'slivesandfortheircriticalcontributiontothesocial,economicandintellectualdevelopmentofnations.

Wetakethisopportunitytocommendtheeffortsofteachers,especiallyfemaleteachers,whoaccepttoserveinhighrisk,deprivedanddisadvantagedareas,reachingouttotheexcluded,andbringingthemtheprospectofabetterlifethrougheducation.Teachersarealsocrucialtosustainablerecoveryandgrowthinpost-conflictandemergencysituations.Weespeciallyhonourthememoryandcommitmentofthoseteacherswhohavelosttheirlivesinemergencysituations.

Teachersprovidecontinuityandreassurance,bothduringandafternaturaldisastersandothercrises.Bygivinghopeforthefuture,theyhelptomitigatetheeffectsofconflict,disasteranddisplacement.Theyprovidemuch-neededpsycho-socialsupporttoeasethetraumaofchildrenandyouthwhohavewitnessedextremeviolence,orlivedthroughthedestructionoftheirhomesandthelossoffamilymembers.Supportingteachersinpost-crisissituationsisaninvestmentinpeaceanddevelopment.Lowstatus,lowsalaryandpoorworkingconditionsinfringeontherightsofteacherswhilstdiscouragingtalentedyoungpeoplefromjoiningandremainingintheteachingprofession.

Thequalityofteachertrainingisequallyimportant.Teacherswhoarewell-trainedandadequatelypaidarebetterequippedtoprovideadecenteducationandbeactivepromotersofthevaluesofcitizenship,peaceandinterculturaldialogue.Governmentsarethereforeurgedtocontinueinvestinginviablenationalpoliciesandprogrammesforteachertraining,recruitment,andincentivessothatteachersremainanddevelopwithintheprofession.Atthesametime,weurgedevelopmentpartnerstosupportgovernments,particularlyindevelopingcountries,intheirdeterminationtoinvestinwelltrainedteachers.Wealsocallforgreatereffortsandstructuresofsocialdialoguethatgiveteachersavoiceindecision-makingthroughtheirdemocraticallyelectedorganizations.12.Intheworldoftheactual,Jenniewassuchaspirit.Fromherearliestyouthgoodnessandmercyhadmoldedhereveryimpulse.DidSebastianfallandinjurehimself,itwasshewhostruggledwithstraininganxiety,carriedhimsafelytohismother.DidGeorgecomplainthathewashungry,shegavehimallofherbread.Manywerethehoursinwhichshehadrockedheryoungerbrothersandsisterstosleep,singingwhole-heartedlybetimesanddreamingfardreams.Sinceherearliestwalkingperiodshehadbeenastherighthandofhermother.Whatscrubbing,baking,errand-running,andnursingtherehadbeentodoshedid.Noonehadeverheardherrudelycomplain,thoughsheoftenthoughtofthehardnessofherlot.Sheknewthattherewereothergirlswhoseliveswereinfinitelyfreerandfuller,butitneveroccurredtohertobemeanlyenvious;herheartmightbelonely,butherlipscontinuedtosing.13.CollegesandaccreditingagenciesdodgedabulletthissummerasCongress,enactinglegislationtorenewtheHigherEducationAct,shieldedhighereducationfromtheU.S.EducationDepartment'seffortstostepupfederalregulationofhowaccreditorsandcollegesensurethatstudentsarelearning.ThelegislationbarredtheEducationDepartmentfromissuingregulationstoaffectaccreditors'standardsonstudentlearningoutcome.

ButLamarAlexanderwarnedinJune,collegeleadersshouldn'tletthemselvesthinkthattheshootinghasstopped.CongresswillnextrenewtheHigherEducationActinfive-years,DavidClearytoldagroupofcollegeandaccreditingofficialsthissummer,andin"theabsenceofgoodanswers"betweennowandthenabouthowhighereducationcanproveitseffectiveness,increasedfederalinterventionissuretofollow.

Totrytostartthatconversationquickly,theCouncilforHigherEducationAccreditationonMondayheldthefirstofwhatwillbeaseriesofnationalforumsaboutthefutureofhighereducationself-regulation.Numerouscriticsfromoutsidehighereducationhaveexpresseddoubtthatthehighereducationindustry,throughthepeer-review-basedsystemofaccreditation,caneffectivelyregulateitsownqualityandeffectiveness,giventhataccreditingagenciesaregovernedbytheinstitutionsbeingscrutinized.

ButMonday'sdiscussionwasdesigned,CHEAofficialssaid,nottobeatthatdrumbuttobrainstormaboutwhathighereducationofficialsmustdotoensurethatself-regulationsurvives."Weneedtomarshalammunitionwecouldusetodefendthesystemofself-regulation,"saidA.LeeFritschler,aprofessorofpublicpolicyatGeorgeMasonUniversityandformercollegepresidentandU.S.assistantsecretaryforpostsecondaryeducation.

"IfeellikeIamsingingtothechoirinthisroom,"MollyC.Broad,presidentoftheAmericanCouncilonEducation,saidatthestartofremarksinwhichshe,likevirtuallyallthespeakers,madeclearapreferencetolimitfurtherfederalincursionintohighereducationqualitycontrol.14.Shedidnotwanttothinkofthatnow.Allshewantedwasabreathingspaceinwhichtohurt,aquietplacetolickherwounds,ahaveninwhichtoplanhercampaign.ShethoughtofTaraanditwasasifagentlecoolhandwerestealingoverherheart.Shecouldseethewhitehousegleamingwelcometoherthroughthereddeningautumnleaves,feelthequiethushofthecountrytwilightcomingdownoverherlikeabenediction,feelthedewsfallingontheacresofgreenbushesstarredwithfleecywhite(白棉花),seetherawcoloroftheredearthandthedismaldarkbeautyofthepinesontherollinghills.15.科學(xué)發(fā)展觀是協(xié)調(diào)的發(fā)展觀。唯物辯證法認(rèn)為，世界是普遍聯(lián)系的，任何事物的發(fā)展必然與其他事物相互聯(lián)系、相互制約，只有協(xié)調(diào)好各方面關(guān)系，才能實(shí)現(xiàn)健康發(fā)展；否則，只能是畸形的發(fā)展。要實(shí)現(xiàn)全面發(fā)展，就必須立足新的歷史起點(diǎn)，處理好由發(fā)展的階段性特征所伴生的新矛盾和新問題，因此，協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展是實(shí)現(xiàn)全面發(fā)展的正確道路和政策途徑。協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展，是指各個(gè)方面的發(fā)展要相互適應(yīng)，就是要統(tǒng)籌城鄉(xiāng)發(fā)展、統(tǒng)籌區(qū)域發(fā)展、統(tǒng)籌經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展、統(tǒng)籌人與自然和諧發(fā)展、統(tǒng)籌國內(nèi)發(fā)展和對外開放，促進(jìn)現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)、各個(gè)方面相協(xié)調(diào)，促進(jìn)生產(chǎn)關(guān)系與生產(chǎn)力、上層建筑與經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)相協(xié)調(diào)。16.PrincipalherebyappointsagentasitsexclusiveagenttosellProductsinTerritory,withinandtotheextentoftherightgrantedhereunder,onbehalfofPrincipalandAgentacceptsandassumessuchappointment.17.Outsidemywindowthenightisstrugglingtowake;inthemoonlight,theblindedgardendreamssovividlyofitslostcolours.Thewhite-washedwallsarebrilliantagainstthedark-bluesky.Thewhitewallsofthehousecoldlyreverberatethelunarradiance.Themoonisfull.

Themoonisastone;butitisahighlynuminousstone.Or,tobemoreprecise,itisastoneaboutwhichandbecauseofwhichmenandwomenhavenuminousfeelings.Thus,thereisasoftmoonlightthatcangiveusthepeacethatpassesunderstanding.Thereisamoonlightthatinspiresakindofawe.Thereisacoldandausteremoonlightthattellsthesoulofitslonelinessanddesperateisolation,itsinsignificanceoritsuncleanness.Thereisanamorousmoonlightpromptingtolove—tolovenotonlyforanindividualbutsometimesevenforthewhaleuniverse.Butthemoonshinesonthebodyaswellas,throughthewindowsoftheeyes,withinthemind.Itaffectsthesouldirectly;butitcanaffectitalsobyobscureandcircuitousways—throughtheblood.Haftthehumanracelivesinmanifestobediencetothelunarrhythm;andthereisevidencetoshowthatthephysiologicalandthereforethespirituallife,notonlyofwomen,butofmentoo,mysteriouslyebbsandflowswiththechangesofthemoon.Thereareunreasonedjoys,inexplicablemiseries,laughtersandremorseswithoutacause.Theirsuddenandfantasticalternationsconstitutetheordinaryweatherofourminds.Thesemoods,arethechildrenofthebloodandhumours.Butthebloodandhumoursobey,amongmanyothermasters,thechangingmoon.Touchingthesouldirectlythroughtheeyesand,indirectly,alongthedarkchannelsoftheblood,themoonisdoublyadivinity.

Evenifwethinkofthemoonasonlyastone,weshallfinditsverystoninesspotentiallyanumen.Astonegonecold.Anairless,waterlessstoneandthepropheticimageofourownearthwhen,somefewmillionyearsfromnow,thesenescentsunshallhavelostitspresentfosteringpower...Andsoon.Thispassagecouldeasilybeprolonged—aStudyinPurple.ButIforbear.Leteveryreaderlayonasmuchoftheroyalrhetoricalcolourashefindstohistaste.Anyhow,purpleornopurple,therethestoneis—stony.Youcannotthinkaboutitforlongwithoutfindingyourselfinvadedbyoneorotherofseveralessentiallynuminoussentiments.ThesesentimentsbelongtooneorotheroftwocontrastedandcomplementarygroupsSentimentsofHumanInsignificanceSentimentsofHumanGreatness.18.如果發(fā)生不可抗力事件，或我們無法控制的任何其他以外事故，我方對遲交或不交貨概不負(fù)責(zé)。19.Nowthatthewaroftheearly1990'shaslonggone,touristsarepouringbackintotheEasternEuropeannationandenjoyingitslonghistory,beautifulscenery,richcultureandwonderfulfoodanddrink.20.本產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，安全可靠，制造簡易，維修方便，廣泛應(yīng)用于世界石油生產(chǎn)。21.詩與畫是兩個(gè)類型，在對象、工具、手法，各方面均不相同。但是類型的混淆，古已有之。在西洋，所謂utpicturepoesis，“詩既如此，畫亦同然”，早已成為藝術(shù)批評上的一句名言。我們中國也特別稱道王摩詰的“畫中有詩，詩中有畫”。究竟詩與畫是各有領(lǐng)域的。我們讀一首詩，可以欣賞其中的景物的描寫，所謂“歷歷如繪”。但詩之極致究竟別有所在，其著重點(diǎn)在于人的概念與情感。所謂詩意、詩趣、詩境，雖然多少有些抽象，究竟是以語言文字來表達(dá)最為適宜。我們看一幅畫，可以欣賞其中所蘊(yùn)藏的詩的情趣，但是并非所有的畫都有詩的情趣，而且畫的主要的功用是在描繪一個(gè)意象。我們說讀畫，實(shí)在是在畫里尋詩。

“蒙娜麗莎”的微笑，即是微笑，笑得美，笑得甜，笑得有味道，但是我們無法追問她為什么笑，她笑的是什么。盡管有許多人在猜這個(gè)微笑的謎，其實(shí)都是多此一舉。有人以為她是因?yàn)榘l(fā)現(xiàn)自己懷孕了而微笑，那微笑代表女性的驕傲與滿足。有人說：“怎見得她是因?yàn)榘l(fā)覺懷孕而微笑呢?也許她是因?yàn)榘l(fā)覺并未懷孕而微笑呢?”這樣的讀下去，是讀不出所以然來的。會(huì)心的微笑，只能心領(lǐng)神會(huì)，非文章詞句所能表達(dá)。像“蒙娜麗莎”這樣的畫，還有一些奧秘的意味可供揣測，此外像Watts的《希望》，畫的是一個(gè)女人跨在地球上彈著一只斷了弦的琴，也還有一點(diǎn)象征的意思可資領(lǐng)會(huì)，但是Sorolla的《二姊妹》，除了耀眼的陽光之外還有什么詩可讀?22.10月14日信已悉，兩塊布樣也已收到，謝謝。兩塊布樣已交工廠。

我們已向廠方說明，你們對質(zhì)量感到失望我們是十分關(guān)切的，也把這批貨已賣給新客戶一事告訴了他們，廠方深表遺憾，我們已與廠方談妥，立即將替換貨物按買方目的港指定地點(diǎn)交貨稅款已付條款發(fā)出。廠方還對這批替換貨物的品質(zhì)予以保證。

如果你方同意按所能得到的最高價(jià)處理掉這批次布，我們一俟聽到你方消息，就將兩者差額的付款通知單寄去。

給你方造成麻煩，深表歉意，并將采取一切措施以保證不再發(fā)生類似事情。23.DiscourseandtheTranslator

Thetitleofthisbookmightleadsometobelievethatourintentionis,somehow,toteachtranslatorshowtotranslate.Nothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth.Quiteapartfromthepresumptuousnessofsuchanaim,thereisarealsenseinwhichitistranslatorswhoareprovidinguswiththeevidenceforwhatweknowabouttranslating.Astranslatorsourselves,howoftenhavewefeltthat,ataparticularpointinourwork,somethinginterestingwastakingplace,someprocedureorsolutionwhichdeservedtoberecorded,someregularityoftheprocessoftranslatingwhichcouldbesystematizedandtestedagainstotherdata,ifonlywehadthetimetopauseinourwork,forgetaboutdeadlinesandbereflectiveforawhile.Butthatisaluxurywhichtranslatorscanrarelyafford—except,ofcourse,whentheycantaketimeofffromtranslating.

Meanwhile,interestingdevelopmentsaretakingplaceintheworldoftheoreticalstudies.Thegapbetweentheoryandpracticeintranslationstudieshasexistedfortoolong.Now,thankstoworkbeingdoneinseveraldifferenthutrelatedareas,thereisanopportunitytonarrowthatgap.Recenttrendsinsociolinguistics,discoursestudies,pragmaticsandsemiotics,togetherwithinsightsfromthefieldsofartificialintelligenceandconversationanalysis,haveadvancedourunderstandingofthewaycommunicationworks.Therelevancetotranslationstudiesofallofthisisobviousassoonastranslationisregardednotasasterilelinguisticexercisebutasanactofcommunication.This,then,isouraim:torelateanintegratedaccountofdiscourseprocessestothepracticalconcernsofthetranslator.Insodoing,wehopealsotobeabletoprovidepointerstoareasforfurtherresearch.Forthereismuchthatremainstobedone.Studiesincross-culturalcommunicationandincontrastivediscourselinguisticsare,relativelyspeaking,stillintheirinfancy.Butitisthisveryfactthatprovidesanoteofoptimismforthefuture.Thewayisnowopenforfruitfulanalysisoftranslationprocesses.Itisourhopethat,insomesmallmeasure,wehavebeenabletomakeacontributiontothisimportantareaofappliedlinguisticsresearch.24.Inthefirststageofournationalexistence,theopinionprevailedwithsomethatoursystemofconfederatedStatescouldnotoperatesuccessfullyoveranextendedterritory,andseriousobjectionshaveatdifferenttimesbeenmadetotheenlargementofourboundaries....Experiencehasshownthattheywerenotwellfounded....Asourpopulationhasexpanded,theUnion(聯(lián)邦)hasbeencementedandstrengthened.Asourboundarieshavebeenenlargedandouragriculturalpopulationhasbeenspreadoveralargesurface,ourfederativesystemhasacquiredadditionalstrengthandsecurity.Itmaybewelldoubtedwhetheritwouldnotbeingreaterdangerofoverthrowifourpresentpopulationwereconfinedtothecomparativelynarrowlimitsoftheoriginalthirteenstatesthanitisnowthattheyaresparselysettledoveramoreexpandedterritory.Itisconfidentlybelievedthatoursystemmaybesafelyextendedtotheutmostboundsofourterritoriallimits,andthatasitshallbeextendedthebondsofourUnion,sofarfrombeingweakened,willbecomestronger.25.Weacknowledgereceiptofyourletterofthe5thinst.AndregrettolearnthatyouareunabletoextendthesubjectL/C.26.LiteraryCompetence

Whenaspeakerofalanguagehearsaphoneticsequence,heisabletogiveitmeaningbecausehebringstotheactofcommunicationanamazingrepertoireofconsciousandunconsciousknowledge.Masteryofthephonological,syntacticandsemanticsystemsofhislanguageenableshimtoconvertthesoundsintodiscreteunits,torecognizewords,andtoassignastructuraldescriptionandinterpretationtotheresultingsentence,eventhoughitisquitenewtohim.Withoutthisimplicitknowledge,thisinternalizedgrammar,thesequenceofsoundsdoesnotspeaktohim.Weareneverthelessinclinedtosaythatthephonologicalandgrammaticalstructureandthemeaningarepropertiesoftheutterance,andthereisnoharminthatwayofspeakingsolongaswerememberthattheyarepropertiesoftheutteranceonlywithrespecttoaparticulargrammar.Anothergrammarwouldassigndifferentpropertiestothesequence(accordingtothegrammarofadifferentlanguage,forexample,itwouldbenonsense).Tospeakofthestructureofasentenceisnecessarilytoimplyaninternalizedgrammarthatgivesitthatstructure.

Wealsotendtothinkofmeaningandstructureaspropertiesofliteraryworks,andfromonepointofviewthisisperfectlycorrect:whenthesequenceofwordsistreatedasaliteraryworkithastheseproperties.Butthatqualificationsuggeststherelevanceandimportanceofthelinguisticanalogy.Theworkhasstructureandmeaningbecausei